IPFS
From the IPFS README.md on GitHub:
- IPFS (the InterPlanetary File System) is a new hypermedia distribution protocol, addressed by content and identities. IPFS enables the creation of completely distributed applications. It aims to make the web faster, safer, and more open.
- IPFS is a distributed file system that seeks to connect all computing devices with the same system of files. In some ways, this is similar to the original aims of the Web, but IPFS is actually more similar to a single BitTorrent swarm exchanging git objects.
Contents
Installation
Install the go-ipfs package or the go-ipfs-gitAUR package.
To start using IPFS you must first issue
$ ipfs init
as a user. This creates a ~/.ipfs
directory with all the necessary files in it.
Now you can start the IPFS daemon:
$ ipfs daemon
This starts your node, available via the ipfs
cli, or the web interface on localhost:5001/webui. Additionally, a local gateway goes up on localhost:8080 (the default port can be changed in ~/.ipfs/config
).
Using a service to start the daemon
For convenience you can automate the startup of IPFS daemon using a Systemd/User service. This ensures that the daemon starts when you log in, and that it is restarted if it crashes.
~/.config/systemd/user/ipfs.service
[Unit] Description=IPFS daemon After=network.target [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/ipfs daemon Restart=on-failure [Install] WantedBy=default.target
You can then enable and start the service unit:
$ systemctl --user enable --now ipfs
If you want the unit to keep working even after you have logged out, and start before you log in, you can enable lingering:
# loginctl enable-linger username
File sharing
To share a file using IPFS you need the daemon to be running.
$ ipfs add file
returns a hash. If someone shared this file via IPFS before, the hash would match that previous upload, making you the second source of the file.
To retrieve a file via the IPFS hash, use ipfs cat
:
$ ipfs cat /ipfs/QmYwAPJzv5CZsnA625s3Xf2nemtYgPpHdWEz79ojWnPbdG/readme
You can pipe this into any other application, for example, to watch a video with mpv:
$ ipfs cat QmWenbjgZnA6UguLtmUYayS6e7UQM7woB15zuEymSRRMoi | mpv -
Or you can download the file:
$ ipfs get QmWenbjgZnA6UguLtmUYayS6e7UQM7woB15zuEymSRRMoi
There is also an ipgetAUR utility, which acts like wget for IPFS. In addition it includes a bootstrap node, so you won't have to have ipfs daemon running or installed in order to use it. To download a file:
$ ipget QmWenbjgZnA6UguLtmUYayS6e7UQM7woB15zuEymSRRMoi
You can share both files and folders. Folders should be shared recursively:
$ ipfs add -r folder
To view all the files and caches in a folder (if hash is a folder):
$ ipfs ls QmYwAPJzv5CZsnA625s3Xf2nemtYgPpHdWEz79ojWnPbdG
Every file shared with network is accessible via the IPFS gateway on localhost:8080
like this:
http://localhost:8080/ipfs/QmWenbjgZnA6UguLtmUYayS6e7UQM7woB15zuEymSRRMoi
There are public gateways, allowing users with no IPFS node running to access files on the network. For example, the official website:
http://ipfs.io/ipfs/QmYwAPJzv5CZsnA625s3Xf2nemtYgPpHdWEz79ojWnPbdG
Simple hosting with name resolution
In IPFS files shared are never deleted, and with any change of a file its hash changes too. This makes such tasks as website hosting difficult, as any changes to a webpage, for example to an index.html
, would result in this webpage having a different hash, and the old webpage would be still accessible with the old hash. It is one of a network's goals to store all the content persistently with full history. IPFS offers a name service you can use to generate persistent caches - ipns. Ipns allows you to bind any hash to your node's unique id, generated at initialization.
You can view your id like this:
$ ipfs id
And to bind any hash to it:
$ ipfs name publish HASH
This would assign new hash generated by ipfs add
after file change to your node id, and hence make updated version of a folder/file accessible using the same address.
Note that when using ipns the address would have an ipns prefix instead of ipfs:
http://localhost:8080/ipns/QmPtMQErTfQMbZTMMpQh65cpk5y7D94WdYJurCeRqvXKmD/