# Reference

- Subpackages
- Submodules
- urllib3.connection module
- urllib3.connectionpool module
- urllib3.exceptions module
- urllib3.fields module
- urllib3.filepost module
- urllib3.poolmanager module
- urllib3.request module
- urllib3.response module
- Module contents

## Subpackages

- urllib3.contrib package
  - urllib3.contrib.appengine module
  - urllib3.contrib.ntlmpool module
  - urllib3.contrib.pyopenssl module
  - urllib3.contrib.socks module
- urllib3.util package
  - urllib3.util.connection module
  - urllib3.util.request module
  - urllib3.util.response module
  - urllib3.util.retry module
  - urllib3.util.timeout module
  - urllib3.util.url module
  - Module contents

## Submodules

## urllib3.connection module

exception `urllib3.connection.``ConnectionError`

  Bases: `exceptions.Exception`

class `urllib3.connection.``DummyConnection`

  Bases: `object`

  Used to detect a failed ConnectionCls import.

class `urllib3.connection.``HTTPConnection`(*args, **kw)

  Bases: `httplib.HTTPConnection`, `object`

  Based on httplib.HTTPConnection but provides an extra constructor backwards-compatibility layer between older and newer Pythons.

  Additional keyword parameters are used to configure attributes of the connection. Accepted parameters include:

  > - `strict`: See the documentation on `urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`

  > - `source_address`: Set the source address for the current connection.

  > - `socket_options`: Set specific options on the underlying socket. If not specified, then defaults are loaded from `HTTPConnection.default_socket_options` which includes disabling Nagle’s algorithm (sets TCP_NODELAY to 1) unless the connection is behind a proxy.

  >   For example, if you wish to enable TCP Keep Alive in addition to the defaults, you might pass:

  >       HTTPConnection.default_socket_options + [
  >           (socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1),
  >       ]

  >   Or you may want to disable the defaults by passing an empty list (e.g., `[]`).

  `connect`()

    Connect to the host and port specified in __init__.

  `default_port` = 80
  `default_socket_options` = [(6, 1, 1)]

    Disable Nagle’s algorithm by default. `[(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)]`

  `host`

    Getter method to remove any trailing dots that indicate the hostname is an FQDN.

    In general, SSL certificates don’t include the trailing dot indicating a fully-qualified domain name, and thus, they don’t validate properly when checked against a domain name that includes the dot. In addition, some servers may not expect to receive the trailing dot when provided.

    However, the hostname with trailing dot is critical to DNS resolution; doing a lookup with the trailing dot will properly only resolve the appropriate FQDN, whereas a lookup without a trailing dot will search the system’s search domain list. Thus, it’s important to keep the original host around for use only in those cases where it’s appropriate (i.e., when doing DNS lookup to establish the actual TCP connection across which we’re going to send HTTP requests).

  `is_verified` = False

    Whether this connection verifies the host’s certificate.

  `request_chunked`(method, url, body=None, headers=None)

    Alternative to the common request method, which sends the body with chunked encoding and not as one block

  `socket_options` = None

    The socket options provided by the user. If no options are provided, we use the default options.

`urllib3.connection.``HTTPSConnection`

  alias of `urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection`

`urllib3.connection.``UnverifiedHTTPSConnection`

  alias of `urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection`

class `urllib3.connection.``VerifiedHTTPSConnection`(host, port=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, key_password=None, strict=None, timeout=<object object>, ssl_context=None, server_hostname=None, **kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection`

  Based on httplib.HTTPSConnection but wraps the socket with SSL certification.

  `assert_fingerprint` = None
  `ca_cert_dir` = None
  `ca_certs` = None
  `cert_reqs` = None
  `connect`()

    Connect to the host and port specified in __init__.

  `set_cert`(key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None, key_password=None, ca_certs=None, assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None, ca_cert_dir=None)

    This method should only be called once, before the connection is used.

  `ssl_version` = None

## urllib3.connectionpool module

class `urllib3.connectionpool.``ConnectionPool`(host, port=None)

  Bases: `object`

  Base class for all connection pools, such as `HTTPConnectionPool` and `HTTPSConnectionPool`.

  `QueueCls`

    alias of `urllib3.util.queue.LifoQueue`

  `close`()

    Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.

  `scheme` = None

class `urllib3.connectionpool.``HTTPConnectionPool`(host, port=None, strict=False, timeout=<object object>, maxsize=1, block=False, headers=None, retries=None, _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None, **conn_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool`, `urllib3.request.RequestMethods`

  Thread-safe connection pool for one host.

  Parameters: | host – Host used for this HTTP Connection (e.g. “localhost”), passed into `httplib.HTTPConnection`. port – Port used for this HTTP Connection (None is equivalent to 80), passed into `httplib.HTTPConnection`. strict – Causes BadStatusLine to be raised if the status line can’t be parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line, passed into `httplib.HTTPConnection`. Note Only works in Python 2. This parameter is ignored in Python 3. timeout – Socket timeout in seconds for each individual connection. This can be a float or integer, which sets the timeout for the HTTP request, or an instance of `urllib3.util.Timeout` which gives you more fine-grained control over request timeouts. After the constructor has been parsed, this is always a urllib3.util.Timeout object. maxsize – Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful in multithreaded situations. If `block` is set to False, more connections will be created but they will not be saved once they’ve been used. block – If set to True, no more than `maxsize` connections will be used at a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding. headers – Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given explicitly. retries – Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool. _proxy – Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see `urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`” _proxy_headers – A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly, instead, see `urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`” **conn_kw – Additional parameters are used to create fresh `urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`, `urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.

  `ConnectionCls`

    alias of `urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`

  `ResponseCls`

    alias of `urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`

  `close`()

    Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.

  `is_same_host`(url)

    Check if the given `url` is a member of the same host as this connection pool.

  `scheme` = 'http'
  `urlopen`(method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None, redirect=True, assert_same_host=True, timeout=<object object>, pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, chunked=False, body_pos=None, **response_kw)

    Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the lowest level call for making a request, so you’ll need to specify all the raw details.

    Note

    More commonly, it’s appropriate to use a convenience method provided by `RequestMethods`, such as `request()`.

    Note

    release_conn will only behave as expected if preload_content=False because we want to make preload_content=False the default behaviour someday soon without breaking backwards compatibility.

    Parameters: | method – HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.) body – Data to send in the request body (useful for creating POST requests, see HTTPConnectionPool.post_url for more convenience). headers – Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent, If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided, these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers. retries (`Retry`, False, or an int.) – Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a `MaxRetryError` exception. Pass `None` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a `Retry` object for fine-grained control over different types of retries. Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times, but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry. If `False`, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects, the redirect response will be returned. redirect – If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302, 303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries will disable redirect, too. assert_same_host – If `True`, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When False, you can use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts. timeout – If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of `urllib3.util.Timeout`. pool_timeout – If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will block for `pool_timeout` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no connection is available within the time period. release_conn – If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if you read the entire contents of the response such as when preload_content=True). This is useful if you’re not preloading the response’s content immediately. You will need to call `r.release_conn()` on the response `r` to return the connection back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of `response_kw.get('preload_content', True)`. chunked – If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard content-length form. Defaults to False. body_pos (int) – Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or redirect. Typically this won’t need to be set because urllib3 will auto-populate the value when needed. **response_kw – Additional parameters are passed to `urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib()`

class `urllib3.connectionpool.``HTTPSConnectionPool`(host, port=None, strict=False, timeout=<object object>, maxsize=1, block=False, headers=None, retries=None, _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None, key_password=None, ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None, assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None, ca_cert_dir=None, **conn_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`

  Same as `HTTPConnectionPool`, but HTTPS.

  When Python is compiled with the `ssl` module, then `VerifiedHTTPSConnection` is used, which can verify certificates, instead of `HTTPSConnection`.

  `VerifiedHTTPSConnection` uses one of `assert_fingerprint`, `assert_hostname` and `host` in this order to verify connections. If `assert_hostname` is False, no verification is done.

  The `key_file`, `cert_file`, `cert_reqs`, `ca_certs`, `ca_cert_dir`, `ssl_version`, `key_password` are only used if `ssl` is available and are fed into `urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket()` to upgrade the connection socket into an SSL socket.

  `ConnectionCls`

    alias of `urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection`

  `scheme` = 'https'

`urllib3.connectionpool.``connection_from_url`(url, **kw)

  Given a url, return an `ConnectionPool` instance of its host.

  This is a shortcut for not having to parse out the scheme, host, and port of the url before creating an `ConnectionPool` instance.

  Parameters: | url – Absolute URL string that must include the scheme. Port is optional. **kw – Passes additional parameters to the constructor of the appropriate `ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.

  Example:

      >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
      >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')

## urllib3.exceptions module

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``BodyNotHttplibCompatible`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Body should be httplib.HTTPResponse like (have an fp attribute which returns raw chunks) for read_chunked().

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ClosedPoolError`(pool, message)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.PoolError`

  Raised when a request enters a pool after the pool has been closed.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ConnectTimeoutError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutError`

  Raised when a socket timeout occurs while connecting to a server

`urllib3.exceptions.``ConnectionError`

  Renamed to ProtocolError but aliased for backwards compatibility.

  alias of `urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError`

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``DecodeError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised when automatic decoding based on Content-Type fails.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``DependencyWarning`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPWarning`

  Warned when an attempt is made to import a module with missing optional dependencies.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``EmptyPoolError`(pool, message)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.PoolError`

  Raised when a pool runs out of connections and no more are allowed.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``HTTPError`

  Bases: `exceptions.Exception`

  Base exception used by this module.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``HTTPWarning`

  Bases: `exceptions.Warning`

  Base warning used by this module.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``HeaderParsingError`(defects, unparsed_data)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised by assert_header_parsing, but we convert it to a log.warning statement.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``HostChangedError`(pool, url, retries=3)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.RequestError`

  Raised when an existing pool gets a request for a foreign host.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``IncompleteRead`(partial, expected)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`, `httplib.IncompleteRead`

  Response length doesn’t match expected Content-Length

  Subclass of http_client.IncompleteRead to allow int value for partial to avoid creating large objects on streamed reads.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``InsecurePlatformWarning`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.SecurityWarning`

  Warned when certain SSL configuration is not available on a platform.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``InsecureRequestWarning`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.SecurityWarning`

  Warned when making an unverified HTTPS request.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``InvalidHeader`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  The header provided was somehow invalid.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``LocationParseError`(location)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.LocationValueError`

  Raised when get_host or similar fails to parse the URL input.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``LocationValueError`

  Bases: `exceptions.ValueError`, `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised when there is something wrong with a given URL input.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``MaxRetryError`(pool, url, reason=None)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.RequestError`

  Raised when the maximum number of retries is exceeded.

  Parameters: | pool (`HTTPConnectionPool`) – The connection pool url (string) – The requested Url reason (exceptions.Exception) – The underlying error

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``NewConnectionError`(pool, message)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.ConnectTimeoutError`, `urllib3.exceptions.PoolError`

  Raised when we fail to establish a new connection. Usually ECONNREFUSED.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``PoolError`(pool, message)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Base exception for errors caused within a pool.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ProtocolError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised when something unexpected happens mid-request/response.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ProxyError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised when the connection to a proxy fails.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ProxySchemeUnknown`(scheme)

  Bases: `exceptions.AssertionError`, `exceptions.ValueError`

  ProxyManager does not support the supplied scheme

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ReadTimeoutError`(pool, url, message)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutError`, `urllib3.exceptions.RequestError`

  Raised when a socket timeout occurs while receiving data from a server

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``RequestError`(pool, url, message)

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.PoolError`

  Base exception for PoolErrors that have associated URLs.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ResponseError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Used as a container for an error reason supplied in a MaxRetryError.

  `GENERIC_ERROR` = 'too many error responses'
  `SPECIFIC_ERROR` = 'too many {status_code} error responses'

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``ResponseNotChunked`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.ProtocolError`, `exceptions.ValueError`

  Response needs to be chunked in order to read it as chunks.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``SNIMissingWarning`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPWarning`

  Warned when making a HTTPS request without SNI available.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``SSLError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised when SSL certificate fails in an HTTPS connection.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``SecurityWarning`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPWarning`

  Warned when performing security reducing actions

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``SubjectAltNameWarning`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.SecurityWarning`

  Warned when connecting to a host with a certificate missing a SAN.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``SystemTimeWarning`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.SecurityWarning`

  Warned when system time is suspected to be wrong

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``TimeoutError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised when a socket timeout error occurs.

  Catching this error will catch both `ReadTimeoutErrors` and `ConnectTimeoutErrors`.

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``TimeoutStateError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  Raised when passing an invalid state to a timeout

exception `urllib3.exceptions.``UnrewindableBodyError`

  Bases: `urllib3.exceptions.HTTPError`

  urllib3 encountered an error when trying to rewind a body

## urllib3.fields module

class `urllib3.fields.``RequestField`(name, data, filename=None, headers=None, header_formatter=<function format_header_param_html5>)

  Bases: `object`

  A data container for request body parameters.

  Parameters: | name – The name of this request field. Must be unicode. data – The data/value body. filename – An optional filename of the request field. Must be unicode. headers – An optional dict-like object of headers to initially use for the field. header_formatter – An optional callable that is used to encode and format the headers. By default, this is `format_header_param_html5()`.

  classmethod `from_tuples`(fieldname, value, header_formatter=<function format_header_param_html5>)

    A `RequestField` factory from old-style tuple parameters.

    Supports constructing `RequestField` from parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional. For example:

        'foo': 'bar',
        'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
        'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
        'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(), 'image/jpeg'),
        'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',

    Field names and filenames must be unicode.

  `make_multipart`(content_disposition=None, content_type=None, content_location=None)

    Makes this request field into a multipart request field.

    This method overrides “Content-Disposition”, “Content-Type” and “Content-Location” headers to the request parameter.

    Parameters: | content_type – The ‘Content-Type’ of the request body. content_location – The ‘Content-Location’ of the request body.

  `render_headers`()

    Renders the headers for this request field.

`urllib3.fields.``format_header_param`(name, value)

  Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter using the HTML5 strategy.

  Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows the HTML5 Working Draft Section 4.10.22.7 and matches the behavior of curl and modern browsers.

  Parameters: | name – The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only. value – The value of the parameter, provided as `bytes` or str`.
  Ret: | A unicode string, stripped of troublesome characters.

`urllib3.fields.``format_header_param_html5`(name, value)

  Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter using the HTML5 strategy.

  Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows the HTML5 Working Draft Section 4.10.22.7 and matches the behavior of curl and modern browsers.

  Parameters: | name – The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only. value – The value of the parameter, provided as `bytes` or str`.
  Ret: | A unicode string, stripped of troublesome characters.

`urllib3.fields.``format_header_param_rfc2231`(name, value)

  Helper function to format and quote a single header parameter using the strategy defined in RFC 2231.

  Particularly useful for header parameters which might contain non-ASCII values, like file names. This follows RFC 2388 Section 4.4.

  Parameters: | name – The name of the parameter, a string expected to be ASCII only. value – The value of the parameter, provided as `bytes` or str`.
  Ret: | An RFC-2231-formatted unicode string.

`urllib3.fields.``guess_content_type`(filename, default='application/octet-stream')

  Guess the “Content-Type” of a file.

  Parameters: | filename – The filename to guess the “Content-Type” of using `mimetypes`. default – If no “Content-Type” can be guessed, default to default.

## urllib3.filepost module

`urllib3.filepost.``choose_boundary`()

  Our embarrassingly-simple replacement for mimetools.choose_boundary.

`urllib3.filepost.``encode_multipart_formdata`(fields, boundary=None)

  Encode a dictionary of `fields` using the multipart/form-data MIME format.

  Parameters: | fields – Dictionary of fields or list of (key, `RequestField`). boundary – If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using `urllib3.filepost.choose_boundary()`.

`urllib3.filepost.``iter_field_objects`(fields)

  Iterate over fields.

  Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts, and lists of `RequestField`.

`urllib3.filepost.``iter_fields`(fields)

  Deprecated since version 1.6.

  Iterate over fields.

  The addition of `RequestField` makes this function obsolete. Instead, use `iter_field_objects()`, which returns `RequestField` objects.

  Supports list of (k, v) tuples and dicts.

## urllib3.poolmanager module

class `urllib3.poolmanager.``PoolManager`(num_pools=10, headers=None, **connection_pool_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.request.RequestMethods`

  Allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of necessary connection pools for you.

  Parameters: | num_pools – Number of connection pools to cache before discarding the least recently used pool. headers – Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given explicitly. **connection_pool_kw – Additional parameters are used to create fresh `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.

  Example:

      >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
      >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
      >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/mail')
      >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://yahoo.com/')
      >>> len(manager.pools)
      2

  `clear`()

    Empty our store of pools and direct them all to close.

    This will not affect in-flight connections, but they will not be re-used after completion.

  `connection_from_context`(request_context)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the request context.

    `request_context` must at least contain the `scheme` key and its value must be a key in `key_fn_by_scheme` instance variable.

  `connection_from_host`(host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.

    If `port` isn’t given, it will be derived from the `scheme` using `urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme`. If `pool_kwargs` is provided, it is merged with the instance’s `connection_pool_kw` variable and used to create the new connection pool, if one is needed.

  `connection_from_pool_key`(pool_key, request_context=None)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the provided pool key.

    `pool_key` should be a namedtuple that only contains immutable objects. At a minimum it must have the `scheme`, `host`, and `port` fields.

  `connection_from_url`(url, pool_kwargs=None)

    Similar to `urllib3.connectionpool.connection_from_url()`.

    If `pool_kwargs` is not provided and a new pool needs to be constructed, `self.connection_pool_kw` is used to initialize the `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool`. If `pool_kwargs` is provided, it is used instead. Note that if a new pool does not need to be created for the request, the provided `pool_kwargs` are not used.

  `proxy` = None
  `urlopen`(method, url, redirect=True, **kw)

    Same as `urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen()` with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri portion of the `url`.

    The given `url` parameter must be absolute, such that an appropriate `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` can be chosen for it.

class `urllib3.poolmanager.``ProxyManager`(proxy_url, num_pools=10, headers=None, proxy_headers=None, **connection_pool_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager`

  Behaves just like `PoolManager`, but sends all requests through the defined proxy, using the CONNECT method for HTTPS URLs.

  Parameters: | proxy_url – The URL of the proxy to be used. proxy_headers – A dictionary containing headers that will be sent to the proxy. In case of HTTP they are being sent with each request, while in the HTTPS/CONNECT case they are sent only once. Could be used for proxy authentication.

  Example:

        >>> proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager('http://localhost:3128/')
        >>> r1 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
        >>> r2 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/')
        >>> len(proxy.pools)
        1
        >>> r3 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/')
        >>> r4 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://twitter.com/')
        >>> len(proxy.pools)
        3

  `connection_from_host`(host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.

    If `port` isn’t given, it will be derived from the `scheme` using `urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme`. If `pool_kwargs` is provided, it is merged with the instance’s `connection_pool_kw` variable and used to create the new connection pool, if one is needed.

  `urlopen`(method, url, redirect=True, **kw)

    Same as HTTP(S)ConnectionPool.urlopen, `url` must be absolute.

`urllib3.poolmanager.``proxy_from_url`(url, **kw)

## urllib3.request module

class `urllib3.request.``RequestMethods`(headers=None)

  Bases: `object`

  Convenience mixin for classes who implement a `urlopen()` method, such as `HTTPConnectionPool` and `PoolManager`.

  Provides behavior for making common types of HTTP request methods and decides which type of request field encoding to use.

  Specifically,

  `request_encode_url()` is for sending requests whose fields are encoded in the URL (such as GET, HEAD, DELETE).

  `request_encode_body()` is for sending requests whose fields are encoded in the body of the request using multipart or www-form-urlencoded (such as for POST, PUT, PATCH).

  `request()` is for making any kind of request, it will look up the appropriate encoding format and use one of the above two methods to make the request.

  Initializer parameters:

  Parameters: | headers – Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given explicitly.

  `request`(method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw)

    Make a request using `urlopen()` with the appropriate encoding of `fields` based on the `method` used.

    This is a convenience method that requires the least amount of manual effort. It can be used in most situations, while still having the option to drop down to more specific methods when necessary, such as `request_encode_url()`, `request_encode_body()`, or even the lowest level `urlopen()`.

  `request_encode_body`(method, url, fields=None, headers=None, encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None, **urlopen_kw)

    Make a request using `urlopen()` with the `fields` encoded in the body. This is useful for request methods like POST, PUT, PATCH, etc.

    When `encode_multipart=True` (default), then `urllib3.filepost.encode_multipart_formdata()` is used to encode the payload with the appropriate content type. Otherwise `urllib.urlencode()` is used with the ‘application/x-www-form-urlencoded’ content type.

    Multipart encoding must be used when posting files, and it’s reasonably safe to use it in other times too. However, it may break request signing, such as with OAuth.

    Supports an optional `fields` parameter of key/value strings AND key/filetuple. A filetuple is a (filename, data, MIME type) tuple where the MIME type is optional. For example:

        fields = {
            'foo': 'bar',
            'fakefile': ('foofile.txt', 'contents of foofile'),
            'realfile': ('barfile.txt', open('realfile').read()),
            'typedfile': ('bazfile.bin', open('bazfile').read(),
                          'image/jpeg'),
            'nonamefile': 'contents of nonamefile field',
        }

    When uploading a file, providing a filename (the first parameter of the tuple) is optional but recommended to best mimic behavior of browsers.

    Note that if `headers` are supplied, the ‘Content-Type’ header will be overwritten because it depends on the dynamic random boundary string which is used to compose the body of the request. The random boundary string can be explicitly set with the `multipart_boundary` parameter.

  `request_encode_url`(method, url, fields=None, headers=None, **urlopen_kw)

    Make a request using `urlopen()` with the `fields` encoded in the url. This is useful for request methods like GET, HEAD, DELETE, etc.

  `urlopen`(method, url, body=None, headers=None, encode_multipart=True, multipart_boundary=None, **kw)

## urllib3.response module

class `urllib3.response.``BrotliDecoder`

  Bases: `object`

  `decompress`(data)
  `flush`()

class `urllib3.response.``DeflateDecoder`

  Bases: `object`

  `decompress`(data)

class `urllib3.response.``GzipDecoder`

  Bases: `object`

  `decompress`(data)

class `urllib3.response.``GzipDecoderState`

  Bases: `object`

  `FIRST_MEMBER` = 0
  `OTHER_MEMBERS` = 1
  `SWALLOW_DATA` = 2

class `urllib3.response.``HTTPResponse`(body='', headers=None, status=0, version=0, reason=None, strict=0, preload_content=True, decode_content=True, original_response=None, pool=None, connection=None, msg=None, retries=None, enforce_content_length=False, request_method=None, request_url=None)

  Bases: `io.IOBase`

  HTTP Response container.

  Backwards-compatible to httplib’s HTTPResponse but the response `body` is loaded and decoded on-demand when the `data` property is accessed. This class is also compatible with the Python standard library’s `io` module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that framework.

  Extra parameters for behaviour not present in httplib.HTTPResponse:

  Parameters: | preload_content – If True, the response’s body will be preloaded during construction. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header. original_response – When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an httplib.HTTPResponse object, it’s convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It’s otherwise unused. retries – The retries contains the last `Retry` that was used during the request. enforce_content_length – Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error.

  `CONTENT_DECODERS` = ['gzip', 'deflate', 'br']
  `DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES` = (<type 'exceptions.IOError'>, <class 'zlib.error'>, <class 'brotli.brotli.Error'>)
  `REDIRECT_STATUSES` = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
  `close`()

    Flush and close the IO object.

    This method has no effect if the file is already closed.

  `closed`
  `connection`
  `data`
  `fileno`()

    Returns underlying file descriptor if one exists.

    An IOError is raised if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.

  `flush`()

    Flush write buffers, if applicable.

    This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.

  classmethod `from_httplib`(r, **response_kw)

    Given an `httplib.HTTPResponse` instance `r`, return a corresponding `urllib3.response.HTTPResponse` object.

    Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along with `original_response=r`.

  `get_redirect_location`()

    Should we redirect and where to?

    Returns: | Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status code and valid location. `None` if redirect status and no location. `False` if not a redirect status code.

  `getheader`(name, default=None)
  `getheaders`()
  `geturl`()

    Returns the URL that was the source of this response. If the request that generated this response redirected, this method will return the final redirect location.

  `info`()
  `isclosed`()
  `read`(amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False)

    Similar to `httplib.HTTPResponse.read()`, but with two additional parameters: `decode_content` and `cache_content`.

    Parameters: | amt – How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped because it doesn’t make sense to cache partial content as the full response. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header. cache_content – If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This is useful if you want the `.data` property to continue working after having `.read()` the file object. (Overridden if `amt` is set.)

  `read_chunked`(amt=None, decode_content=None)

    Similar to `HTTPResponse.read()`, but with an additional parameter: `decode_content`.

    Parameters: | amt – How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped because it doesn’t make sense to cache partial content as the full response. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header.

  `readable`()

    Return whether object was opened for reading.

    If False, read() will raise IOError.

  `readinto`(b)
  `release_conn`()
  `stream`(amt=65536, decode_content=None)

    A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until `amt` bytes have been read from the connection or until the connection is closed.

    Parameters: | amt – How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will never be returned. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header.

  `supports_chunked_reads`()

    Checks if the underlying file-like object looks like a httplib.HTTPResponse object. We do this by testing for the fp attribute. If it is present we assume it returns raw chunks as processed by read_chunked().

  `tell`()

    Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from the amount of content returned by :meth:`HTTPResponse.read` if bytes are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).

class `urllib3.response.``MultiDecoder`(modes)

  Bases: `object`

  From RFC7231:
    If one or more encodings have been applied to a representation, the sender that applied the encodings MUST generate a Content-Encoding header field that lists the content codings in the order in which they were applied.
  `decompress`(data)
  `flush`()

## Module contents

urllib3 - Thread-safe connection pooling and re-using.

class `urllib3.``HTTPConnectionPool`(host, port=None, strict=False, timeout=<object object>, maxsize=1, block=False, headers=None, retries=None, _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None, **conn_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool`, `urllib3.request.RequestMethods`

  Thread-safe connection pool for one host.

  Parameters: | host – Host used for this HTTP Connection (e.g. “localhost”), passed into `httplib.HTTPConnection`. port – Port used for this HTTP Connection (None is equivalent to 80), passed into `httplib.HTTPConnection`. strict – Causes BadStatusLine to be raised if the status line can’t be parsed as a valid HTTP/1.0 or 1.1 status line, passed into `httplib.HTTPConnection`. Note Only works in Python 2. This parameter is ignored in Python 3. timeout – Socket timeout in seconds for each individual connection. This can be a float or integer, which sets the timeout for the HTTP request, or an instance of `urllib3.util.Timeout` which gives you more fine-grained control over request timeouts. After the constructor has been parsed, this is always a urllib3.util.Timeout object. maxsize – Number of connections to save that can be reused. More than 1 is useful in multithreaded situations. If `block` is set to False, more connections will be created but they will not be saved once they’ve been used. block – If set to True, no more than `maxsize` connections will be used at a time. When no free connections are available, the call will block until a connection has been released. This is a useful side effect for particular multithreaded situations where one does not want to use more than maxsize connections per host to prevent flooding. headers – Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given explicitly. retries – Retry configuration to use by default with requests in this pool. _proxy – Parsed proxy URL, should not be used directly, instead, see `urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`” _proxy_headers – A dictionary with proxy headers, should not be used directly, instead, see `urllib3.connectionpool.ProxyManager`” **conn_kw – Additional parameters are used to create fresh `urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`, `urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection` instances.

  `ConnectionCls`

    alias of `urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection`

  `ResponseCls`

    alias of `urllib3.response.HTTPResponse`

  `close`()

    Close all pooled connections and disable the pool.

  `is_same_host`(url)

    Check if the given `url` is a member of the same host as this connection pool.

  `scheme` = 'http'
  `urlopen`(method, url, body=None, headers=None, retries=None, redirect=True, assert_same_host=True, timeout=<object object>, pool_timeout=None, release_conn=None, chunked=False, body_pos=None, **response_kw)

    Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the lowest level call for making a request, so you’ll need to specify all the raw details.

    Note

    More commonly, it’s appropriate to use a convenience method provided by `RequestMethods`, such as `request()`.

    Note

    release_conn will only behave as expected if preload_content=False because we want to make preload_content=False the default behaviour someday soon without breaking backwards compatibility.

    Parameters: | method – HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.) body – Data to send in the request body (useful for creating POST requests, see HTTPConnectionPool.post_url for more convenience). headers – Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent, If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided, these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers. retries (`Retry`, False, or an int.) – Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a `MaxRetryError` exception. Pass `None` to retry until you receive a response. Pass a `Retry` object for fine-grained control over different types of retries. Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times, but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry. If `False`, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects, the redirect response will be returned. redirect – If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302, 303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries will disable redirect, too. assert_same_host – If `True`, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When False, you can use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts. timeout – If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of `urllib3.util.Timeout`. pool_timeout – If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will block for `pool_timeout` seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no connection is available within the time period. release_conn – If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if you read the entire contents of the response such as when preload_content=True). This is useful if you’re not preloading the response’s content immediately. You will need to call `r.release_conn()` on the response `r` to return the connection back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of `response_kw.get('preload_content', True)`. chunked – If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard content-length form. Defaults to False. body_pos (int) – Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or redirect. Typically this won’t need to be set because urllib3 will auto-populate the value when needed. **response_kw – Additional parameters are passed to `urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.from_httplib()`

class `urllib3.``HTTPSConnectionPool`(host, port=None, strict=False, timeout=<object object>, maxsize=1, block=False, headers=None, retries=None, _proxy=None, _proxy_headers=None, key_file=None, cert_file=None, cert_reqs=None, key_password=None, ca_certs=None, ssl_version=None, assert_hostname=None, assert_fingerprint=None, ca_cert_dir=None, **conn_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool`

  Same as `HTTPConnectionPool`, but HTTPS.

  When Python is compiled with the `ssl` module, then `VerifiedHTTPSConnection` is used, which can verify certificates, instead of `HTTPSConnection`.

  `VerifiedHTTPSConnection` uses one of `assert_fingerprint`, `assert_hostname` and `host` in this order to verify connections. If `assert_hostname` is False, no verification is done.

  The `key_file`, `cert_file`, `cert_reqs`, `ca_certs`, `ca_cert_dir`, `ssl_version`, `key_password` are only used if `ssl` is available and are fed into `urllib3.util.ssl_wrap_socket()` to upgrade the connection socket into an SSL socket.

  `ConnectionCls`

    alias of `urllib3.connection.VerifiedHTTPSConnection`

  `scheme` = 'https'

class `urllib3.``PoolManager`(num_pools=10, headers=None, **connection_pool_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.request.RequestMethods`

  Allows for arbitrary requests while transparently keeping track of necessary connection pools for you.

  Parameters: | num_pools – Number of connection pools to cache before discarding the least recently used pool. headers – Headers to include with all requests, unless other headers are given explicitly. **connection_pool_kw – Additional parameters are used to create fresh `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` instances.

  Example:

      >>> manager = PoolManager(num_pools=2)
      >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
      >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://google.com/mail')
      >>> r = manager.request('GET', 'http://yahoo.com/')
      >>> len(manager.pools)
      2

  `clear`()

    Empty our store of pools and direct them all to close.

    This will not affect in-flight connections, but they will not be re-used after completion.

  `connection_from_context`(request_context)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the request context.

    `request_context` must at least contain the `scheme` key and its value must be a key in `key_fn_by_scheme` instance variable.

  `connection_from_host`(host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.

    If `port` isn’t given, it will be derived from the `scheme` using `urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme`. If `pool_kwargs` is provided, it is merged with the instance’s `connection_pool_kw` variable and used to create the new connection pool, if one is needed.

  `connection_from_pool_key`(pool_key, request_context=None)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the provided pool key.

    `pool_key` should be a namedtuple that only contains immutable objects. At a minimum it must have the `scheme`, `host`, and `port` fields.

  `connection_from_url`(url, pool_kwargs=None)

    Similar to `urllib3.connectionpool.connection_from_url()`.

    If `pool_kwargs` is not provided and a new pool needs to be constructed, `self.connection_pool_kw` is used to initialize the `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool`. If `pool_kwargs` is provided, it is used instead. Note that if a new pool does not need to be created for the request, the provided `pool_kwargs` are not used.

  `proxy` = None
  `urlopen`(method, url, redirect=True, **kw)

    Same as `urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPConnectionPool.urlopen()` with custom cross-host redirect logic and only sends the request-uri portion of the `url`.

    The given `url` parameter must be absolute, such that an appropriate `urllib3.connectionpool.ConnectionPool` can be chosen for it.

class `urllib3.``ProxyManager`(proxy_url, num_pools=10, headers=None, proxy_headers=None, **connection_pool_kw)

  Bases: `urllib3.poolmanager.PoolManager`

  Behaves just like `PoolManager`, but sends all requests through the defined proxy, using the CONNECT method for HTTPS URLs.

  Parameters: | proxy_url – The URL of the proxy to be used. proxy_headers – A dictionary containing headers that will be sent to the proxy. In case of HTTP they are being sent with each request, while in the HTTPS/CONNECT case they are sent only once. Could be used for proxy authentication.

  Example:

        >>> proxy = urllib3.ProxyManager('http://localhost:3128/')
        >>> r1 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://google.com/')
        >>> r2 = proxy.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/')
        >>> len(proxy.pools)
        1
        >>> r3 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/')
        >>> r4 = proxy.request('GET', 'https://twitter.com/')
        >>> len(proxy.pools)
        3

  `connection_from_host`(host, port=None, scheme='http', pool_kwargs=None)

    Get a `ConnectionPool` based on the host, port, and scheme.

    If `port` isn’t given, it will be derived from the `scheme` using `urllib3.connectionpool.port_by_scheme`. If `pool_kwargs` is provided, it is merged with the instance’s `connection_pool_kw` variable and used to create the new connection pool, if one is needed.

  `urlopen`(method, url, redirect=True, **kw)

    Same as HTTP(S)ConnectionPool.urlopen, `url` must be absolute.

class `urllib3.``HTTPResponse`(body='', headers=None, status=0, version=0, reason=None, strict=0, preload_content=True, decode_content=True, original_response=None, pool=None, connection=None, msg=None, retries=None, enforce_content_length=False, request_method=None, request_url=None)

  Bases: `io.IOBase`

  HTTP Response container.

  Backwards-compatible to httplib’s HTTPResponse but the response `body` is loaded and decoded on-demand when the `data` property is accessed. This class is also compatible with the Python standard library’s `io` module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that framework.

  Extra parameters for behaviour not present in httplib.HTTPResponse:

  Parameters: | preload_content – If True, the response’s body will be preloaded during construction. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header. original_response – When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an httplib.HTTPResponse object, it’s convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It’s otherwise unused. retries – The retries contains the last `Retry` that was used during the request. enforce_content_length – Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error.

  `CONTENT_DECODERS` = ['gzip', 'deflate', 'br']
  `DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES` = (<type 'exceptions.IOError'>, <class 'zlib.error'>, <class 'brotli.brotli.Error'>)
  `REDIRECT_STATUSES` = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]
  `close`()

    Flush and close the IO object.

    This method has no effect if the file is already closed.

  `closed`
  `connection`
  `data`
  `fileno`()

    Returns underlying file descriptor if one exists.

    An IOError is raised if the IO object does not use a file descriptor.

  `flush`()

    Flush write buffers, if applicable.

    This is not implemented for read-only and non-blocking streams.

  classmethod `from_httplib`(r, **response_kw)

    Given an `httplib.HTTPResponse` instance `r`, return a corresponding `urllib3.response.HTTPResponse` object.

    Remaining parameters are passed to the HTTPResponse constructor, along with `original_response=r`.

  `get_redirect_location`()

    Should we redirect and where to?

    Returns: | Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status code and valid location. `None` if redirect status and no location. `False` if not a redirect status code.

  `getheader`(name, default=None)
  `getheaders`()
  `geturl`()

    Returns the URL that was the source of this response. If the request that generated this response redirected, this method will return the final redirect location.

  `info`()
  `isclosed`()
  `read`(amt=None, decode_content=None, cache_content=False)

    Similar to `httplib.HTTPResponse.read()`, but with two additional parameters: `decode_content` and `cache_content`.

    Parameters: | amt – How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped because it doesn’t make sense to cache partial content as the full response. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header. cache_content – If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This is useful if you want the `.data` property to continue working after having `.read()` the file object. (Overridden if `amt` is set.)

  `read_chunked`(amt=None, decode_content=None)

    Similar to `HTTPResponse.read()`, but with an additional parameter: `decode_content`.

    Parameters: | amt – How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped because it doesn’t make sense to cache partial content as the full response. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header.

  `readable`()

    Return whether object was opened for reading.

    If False, read() will raise IOError.

  `readinto`(b)
  `release_conn`()
  `stream`(amt=65536, decode_content=None)

    A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until `amt` bytes have been read from the connection or until the connection is closed.

    Parameters: | amt – How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will never be returned. decode_content – If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the ‘content-encoding’ header.

  `supports_chunked_reads`()

    Checks if the underlying file-like object looks like a httplib.HTTPResponse object. We do this by testing for the fp attribute. If it is present we assume it returns raw chunks as processed by read_chunked().

  `tell`()

    Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from the amount of content returned by :meth:`HTTPResponse.read` if bytes are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).

class `urllib3.``Retry`(total=10, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None, method_whitelist=frozenset(['HEAD', 'TRACE', 'GET', 'PUT', 'OPTIONS', 'DELETE']), status_forcelist=None, backoff_factor=0, raise_on_redirect=True, raise_on_status=True, history=None, respect_retry_after_header=True, remove_headers_on_redirect=frozenset(['Authorization']))

  Bases: `object`

  Retry configuration.

  Each retry attempt will create a new Retry object with updated values, so they can be safely reused.

  Retries can be defined as a default for a pool:

      retries = Retry(connect=5, read=2, redirect=5)
      http = PoolManager(retries=retries)
      response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')

  Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool):

      response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=Retry(10))

  Retries can be disabled by passing `False`:

      response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', retries=False)

  Errors will be wrapped in `MaxRetryError` unless retries are disabled, in which case the causing exception will be raised.

  - Parameters: | total (int) – Total number of retries to allow. Takes precedence over other counts. Set to `None` to remove this constraint and fall back on other counts. It’s a good idea to set this to some sensibly-high value to account for unexpected edge cases and avoid infinite retry loops. Set to `0` to fail on the first retry. Set to `False` to disable and imply `raise_on_redirect=False`. connect (int) – How many connection-related errors to retry on. These are errors raised before the request is sent to the remote server, which we assume has not triggered the server to process the request. Set to `0` to fail on the first retry of this type. read (int) – How many times to retry on read errors. These errors are raised after the request was sent to the server, so the request may have side-effects. Set to `0` to fail on the first retry of this type. redirect (int) – How many redirects to perform. Limit this to avoid infinite redirect loops. A redirect is a HTTP response with a status code 301, 302, 303, 307 or 308. Set to `0` to fail on the first retry of this type. Set to `False` to disable and imply `raise_on_redirect=False`. status (int) – How many times to retry on bad status codes. These are retries made on responses, where status code matches `status_forcelist`. Set to `0` to fail on the first retry of this type. method_whitelist (iterable) – Set of uppercased HTTP method verbs that we should retry on. By default, we only retry on methods which are considered to be idempotent (multiple requests with the same parameters end with the same state). See `Retry.DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST`. Set to a `False` value to retry on any verb. status_forcelist (iterable) – A set of integer HTTP status codes that we should force a retry on. A retry is initiated if the request method is in `method_whitelist` and the response status code is in `status_forcelist`. By default, this is disabled with `None`. backoff_factor (float) – A backoff factor to apply between attempts after the second try (most errors are resolved immediately by a second try without a delay). urllib3 will sleep for:
        {backoff factor} * (2 ** ({number of total retries} - 1))
  seconds. If the backoff_factor is 0.1, then `sleep()` will sleep for [0.0s, 0.2s, 0.4s, …] between retries. It will never be longer than `Retry.BACKOFF_MAX`. By default, backoff is disabled (set to 0). raise_on_redirect (bool) – Whether, if the number of redirects is exhausted, to raise a MaxRetryError, or to return a response with a response code in the 3xx range. raise_on_status (bool) – Similar meaning to `raise_on_redirect`: whether we should raise an exception, or return a response, if status falls in `status_forcelist` range and retries have been exhausted. history (tuple) – The history of the request encountered during each call to `increment()`. The list is in the order the requests occurred. Each list item is of class `RequestHistory`. respect_retry_after_header (bool) – Whether to respect Retry-After header on status codes defined as `Retry.RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES` or not. remove_headers_on_redirect (iterable) – Sequence of headers to remove from the request when a response indicating a redirect is returned before firing off the redirected request.

  `BACKOFF_MAX` = 120

    Maximum backoff time.

  `DEFAULT` = Retry(total=3, connect=None, read=None, redirect=None, status=None)
  `DEFAULT_METHOD_WHITELIST` = frozenset(['HEAD', 'TRACE', 'GET', 'PUT', 'OPTIONS', 'DELETE'])
  `DEFAULT_REDIRECT_HEADERS_BLACKLIST` = frozenset(['Authorization'])
  `RETRY_AFTER_STATUS_CODES` = frozenset([503, 413, 429])
  classmethod `from_int`(retries, redirect=True, default=None)

    Backwards-compatibility for the old retries format.

  `get_backoff_time`()

    Formula for computing the current backoff

    Return type: | float

  `get_retry_after`(response)

    Get the value of Retry-After in seconds.

  `increment`(method=None, url=None, response=None, error=None, _pool=None, _stacktrace=None)

    Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters.

    Parameters: | response (`HTTPResponse`) – A response object, or None, if the server did not return a response. error (Exception) – An error encountered during the request, or None if the response was received successfully.
    Returns: | A new `Retry` object.

  `is_exhausted`()

    Are we out of retries?

  `is_retry`(method, status_code, has_retry_after=False)

    Is this method/status code retryable? (Based on whitelists and control variables such as the number of total retries to allow, whether to respect the Retry-After header, whether this header is present, and whether the returned status code is on the list of status codes to be retried upon on the presence of the aforementioned header)

  `new`(**kw)
  `parse_retry_after`(retry_after)
  `sleep`(response=None)

    Sleep between retry attempts.

    This method will respect a server’s `Retry-After` response header and sleep the duration of the time requested. If that is not present, it will use an exponential backoff. By default, the backoff factor is 0 and this method will return immediately.

  `sleep_for_retry`(response=None)

class `urllib3.``Timeout`(total=None, connect=<object object>, read=<object object>)

  Bases: `object`

  Timeout configuration.

  Timeouts can be defined as a default for a pool:

      timeout = Timeout(connect=2.0, read=7.0)
      http = PoolManager(timeout=timeout)
      response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/')

  Or per-request (which overrides the default for the pool):

      response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/', timeout=Timeout(10))

  Timeouts can be disabled by setting all the parameters to `None`:

      no_timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None)
      response = http.request('GET', 'http://example.com/, timeout=no_timeout)

  Parameters: | total (integer, float, or None) – This combines the connect and read timeouts into one; the read timeout will be set to the time leftover from the connect attempt. In the event that both a connect timeout and a total are specified, or a read timeout and a total are specified, the shorter timeout will be applied. Defaults to None. connect (integer, float, or None) – The maximum amount of time to wait for a connection attempt to a server to succeed. Omitting the parameter will default the connect timeout to the system default, probably the global default timeout in socket.py. None will set an infinite timeout for connection attempts. read (integer, float, or None) – The maximum amount of time to wait between consecutive read operations for a response from the server. Omitting the parameter will default the read timeout to the system default, probably the global default timeout in socket.py. None will set an infinite timeout.

  Note

  Many factors can affect the total amount of time for urllib3 to return an HTTP response.

  For example, Python’s DNS resolver does not obey the timeout specified on the socket. Other factors that can affect total request time include high CPU load, high swap, the program running at a low priority level, or other behaviors.

  In addition, the read and total timeouts only measure the time between read operations on the socket connecting the client and the server, not the total amount of time for the request to return a complete response. For most requests, the timeout is raised because the server has not sent the first byte in the specified time. This is not always the case; if a server streams one byte every fifteen seconds, a timeout of 20 seconds will not trigger, even though the request will take several minutes to complete.

  If your goal is to cut off any request after a set amount of wall clock time, consider having a second “watcher” thread to cut off a slow request.

  `DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` = <object object>

    A sentinel object representing the default timeout value

  `clone`()

    Create a copy of the timeout object

    Timeout properties are stored per-pool but each request needs a fresh Timeout object to ensure each one has its own start/stop configured.

    Returns: | a copy of the timeout object
    Return type: | `Timeout`

  `connect_timeout`

    Get the value to use when setting a connection timeout.

    This will be a positive float or integer, the value None (never timeout), or the default system timeout.

    Returns: | Connect timeout.
    Return type: | int, float, `Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None

  classmethod `from_float`(timeout)

    Create a new Timeout from a legacy timeout value.

    The timeout value used by httplib.py sets the same timeout on the connect(), and recv() socket requests. This creates a `Timeout` object that sets the individual timeouts to the `timeout` value passed to this function.

    Parameters: | timeout (integer, float, sentinel default object, or None) – The legacy timeout value.
    Returns: | Timeout object
    Return type: | `Timeout`

  `get_connect_duration`()

    Gets the time elapsed since the call to `start_connect()`.

    Returns: | Elapsed time.
    Return type: | float
    Raises: | urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError – if you attempt to get duration for a timer that hasn’t been started.

  `read_timeout`

    Get the value for the read timeout.

    This assumes some time has elapsed in the connection timeout and computes the read timeout appropriately.

    If self.total is set, the read timeout is dependent on the amount of time taken by the connect timeout. If the connection time has not been established, a `TimeoutStateError` will be raised.

    Returns: | Value to use for the read timeout.
    Return type: | int, float, `Timeout.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT` or None
    Raises: | urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError – If `start_connect()` has not yet been called on this object.

  `start_connect`()

    Start the timeout clock, used during a connect() attempt

    Raises: | urllib3.exceptions.TimeoutStateError – if you attempt to start a timer that has been started already.

`urllib3.``add_stderr_logger`(level=10)

  Helper for quickly adding a StreamHandler to the logger. Useful for debugging.

  Returns the handler after adding it.

`urllib3.``connection_from_url`(url, **kw)

  Given a url, return an `ConnectionPool` instance of its host.

  This is a shortcut for not having to parse out the scheme, host, and port of the url before creating an `ConnectionPool` instance.

  Parameters: | url – Absolute URL string that must include the scheme. Port is optional. **kw – Passes additional parameters to the constructor of the appropriate `ConnectionPool`. Useful for specifying things like timeout, maxsize, headers, etc.

  Example:

      >>> conn = connection_from_url('http://google.com/')
      >>> r = conn.request('GET', '/')

`urllib3.``disable_warnings`(category=<class 'urllib3.exceptions.HTTPWarning'>)

  Helper for quickly disabling all urllib3 warnings.

`urllib3.``encode_multipart_formdata`(fields, boundary=None)

  Encode a dictionary of `fields` using the multipart/form-data MIME format.

  Parameters: | fields – Dictionary of fields or list of (key, `RequestField`). boundary – If not specified, then a random boundary will be generated using `urllib3.filepost.choose_boundary()`.

`urllib3.``get_host`(url)

  Deprecated. Use `parse_url()` instead.

`urllib3.``make_headers`(keep_alive=None, accept_encoding=None, user_agent=None, basic_auth=None, proxy_basic_auth=None, disable_cache=None)

  Shortcuts for generating request headers.

  Parameters: | keep_alive – If `True`, adds ‘connection: keep-alive’ header. accept_encoding – Can be a boolean, list, or string. `True` translates to ‘gzip,deflate’. List will get joined by comma. String will be used as provided. user_agent – String representing the user-agent you want, such as “python-urllib3/0.6” basic_auth – Colon-separated username:password string for ‘authorization: basic …’ auth header. proxy_basic_auth – Colon-separated username:password string for ‘proxy-authorization: basic …’ auth header. disable_cache – If `True`, adds ‘cache-control: no-cache’ header.

  Example:

      >>> make_headers(keep_alive=True, user_agent="Batman/1.0")
      {'connection': 'keep-alive', 'user-agent': 'Batman/1.0'}
      >>> make_headers(accept_encoding=True)
      {'accept-encoding': 'gzip,deflate'}

`urllib3.``proxy_from_url`(url, **kw)