EXTRACLANGTOOLS(1)

NAME
extraclangtools - Extra Clang Tools Documentation

Welcome to the clang-tools-extra project which contains extra tools built using Clang's tooling APIs.

EXTRA CLANG TOOLS 8.0.0 RELEASE NOTES

•   Introduction

•   What's New in Extra Clang Tools 8.0.0?

•   Improvements to clangd

•   Improvements to clang-query

•   Improvements to clang-tidy

    Written by the LLVM Team

  Introduction

This document contains the release notes for the Extra Clang Tools, part of the Clang release 8.0.0. Here we describe the status of the Extra Clang Tools in some detail, including major improvements from the previous release and new feature work. All LLVM releases may be downloaded from the LLVM releases web site.

For more information about Clang or LLVM, including information about the latest release, please see the Clang Web Site or the LLVM Web Site.

  What's New in Extra Clang Tools 8.0.0?

Some of the major new features and improvements to Extra Clang Tools are listed here. Generic improvements to Extra Clang Tools as a whole or to its underlying infrastructure are described first, followed by tool-specific sections.

  Improvements to clangd

•   clangd now adds namespace qualifiers in code completion, for example, if you type "vec", the list of completions will include "std::vector".

    See also: r343248.

•   When a global index is available, clangd will use it to augment the results of "go to definition" and "find references" queries. Global index also enables global code completion, which suggests symbols that are not imported in the current file and automatically inserts the missing #include directives.

•   clangd stores the symbol index on disk in a new compact binary serialization format. It is 10x more compact than YAML and 40% more compact than gzipped YAML.

    See also: r341375.

•   clangd has a new efficient symbol index suitable for complex and fuzzy queries and large code bases (e.g., LLVM, Chromium). This index is used for code completion, go to definition, and cross-references. The architecture of the index allows for complex and fuzzy retrieval criteria and sophisticated scoring.

    See also: discussion on the mailing list, design doc.

•   clangd has a new LSP extension that communicates information about activity on clangd's per-file worker thread. This information can be displayed to users to let them know that the language server is busy with something. For example, in clangd, building the AST blocks many other operations.

    More info: lsp-extension-file-status.

•   clangd has a new LSP extension that allows the client to supply the compilation commands over LSP, instead of finding compile_commands.json on disk.

    More info: lsp-extension-compilation-commands.

•   clangd has a new LSP extension that allows the client to request fixes to be sent together with diagnostics, instead of asynchronously.

    More info: lsp-extension-code-actions-in-diagnostics.

•   clangd has a new LSP extension that allows the client to resolve a symbol in a light-weight manner, without retrieving further information (like definition location, which may require consulting an index).

    More info: lsp-extension-symbol-info.

  Improvements to clang-query

•   A new command line parameter --preload was added to run commands from a file and then start the interactive interpreter.

•   The command q can was added as an alias for quit to exit the clang-query interpreter.

•   It is now possible to bind to named values (the result of let expressions). For example:

    let fn functionDecl()
    match fn.bind("foo")

•   It is now possible to write comments in clang-query code. This is primarily useful when using script-mode. Comments are all content following the # character on a line:

    # This is a comment
    match fn.bind("foo") # This is a trailing comment

•   The new set print-matcher true command now causes clang-query to print the evaluated matcher together with the resulting bindings.

•   A new output mode detailed-ast was added to clang-query. The existing dump output mode is now a deprecated alias for detailed-ast

•   Output modes can now be enabled or disabled non-exclusively. For example,

    # Enable detailed-ast without disabling other output, such as diag
    enable output detailed-ast
    m functionDecl()
    # Disable detailed-ast only
    disable output detailed-ast
    m functionDecl()

  Improvements to clang-tidy

•   New abseil-duration-comparison check.

    Checks for comparisons which should be done in the absl::Duration domain instead of the float of integer domains.

•   New abseil-duration-division check.

    Checks for uses of absl::Duration division that is done in a floating-point context, and recommends the use of a function that returns a floating-point value.

•   New abseil-duration-factory-float check.

    Checks for cases where the floating-point overloads of various absl::Duration factory functions are called when the more-efficient integer versions could be used instead.

•   New abseil-duration-factory-scale check.

    Checks for cases where arguments to absl::Duration factory functions are scaled internally and could be changed to a different factory function.

•   New abseil-duration-subtraction check.

    Checks for cases where subtraction should be performed in the absl::Duration domain.

•   New abseil-faster-strsplit-delimiter check.

    Finds instances of absl::StrSplit() or absl::MaxSplits() where the delimiter is a single character string literal and replaces with a character.

•   New abseil-no-internal-dependencies check.

    Gives a warning if code using Abseil depends on internal details.

•   New abseil-no-namespace check.

    Ensures code does not open namespace absl as that violates Abseil's compatibility guidelines.

•   New abseil-redundant-strcat-calls check.

    Suggests removal of unnecessary calls to absl::StrCat when the result is being passed to another absl::StrCat or absl::StrAppend.

•   New abseil-str-cat-append check.

    Flags uses of absl::StrCat() to append to a std::string. Suggests absl::StrAppend() should be used instead.

•   New abseil-upgrade-duration-conversions check.

    Finds calls to absl::Duration arithmetic operators and factories whose argument needs an explicit cast to continue compiling after upcoming API changes.

•   New bugprone-too-small-loop-variable check.

    Detects those for loops that have a loop variable with a "too small" type which means this type can't represent all values which are part of the iteration range.

•   New cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage check.

    Finds macro usage that is considered problematic because better language constructs exist for the task.

•   New google-objc-function-naming check.

    Checks that function names in function declarations comply with the naming conventions described in the Google Objective-C Style Guide.

•   New misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes check.

    Finds classes that not only contain the data (non-static member variables), but also have logic (non-static member functions), and diagnoses all member variables that have any other scope other than private.

•   New modernize-avoid-c-arrays check.

    Finds C-style array types and recommend to use std::array<> / std::vector<>.

•   New modernize-concat-nested-namespaces check.

    Checks for uses of nested namespaces in the form of namespace a { namespace b { ... }} and offers change to syntax introduced in C++17 standard: namespace a::b { ... }.

•   New modernize-deprecated-ios-base-aliases check.

    Detects usage of the deprecated member types of std::ios_base and replaces those that have a non-deprecated equivalent.

•   New modernize-use-nodiscard check.

    Adds [[nodiscard]] attributes (introduced in C++17) to member functions to highlight at compile time which return values should not be ignored.

•   New readability-const-return-type check.

    Checks for functions with a const-qualified return type and recommends removal of the const keyword.

•   New readability-isolate-decl check.

    Detects local variable declarations declaring more than one variable and tries to refactor the code to one statement per declaration.

•   New readability-magic-numbers check.

    Detects usage of magic numbers, numbers that are used as literals instead of introduced via constants or symbols.

•   New readability-redundant-preprocessor check.

    Finds potentially redundant preprocessor directives.

•   New readability-uppercase-literal-suffix check.

    Detects when the integral literal or floating point literal has non-uppercase suffix, and suggests to make the suffix uppercase. The list of destination suffixes can be optionally provided.

•   New alias cert-dcl16-c to readability-uppercase-literal-suffix added.

•   New alias cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays to modernize-avoid-c-arrays added.

•   New alias cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes to misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes added.

•   New alias hicpp-avoid-c-arrays to modernize-avoid-c-arrays added.

•   New alias hicpp-uppercase-literal-suffix to readability-uppercase-literal-suffix added.

•   The cppcoreguidelines-narrowing-conversions check now detects more narrowing conversions: - integer to narrower signed integer (this is compiler implementation defined), - integer - floating point narrowing conversions, - floating point - integer narrowing conversions, - constants with narrowing conversions (even in ternary operator).

•   The objc-property-declaration check now ignores the Acronyms and IncludeDefaultAcronyms options.

•   The readability-redundant-smartptr-get check does not warn about calls inside macros anymore by default.

•   The readability-uppercase-literal-suffix check does not warn about literal suffixes inside macros anymore by default.

CLANG-TIDY

  Contents

•   Clang-Tidy

•   Using clang-tidy

•   Suppressing Undesired Diagnostics

    See also:

  Clang-Tidy Checks

  abseil-duration-comparison

Checks for comparisons which should be in the absl::Duration domain instead of the floating point or integer domains.

N.B.: In cases where a Duration was being converted to an integer and then compared against a floating-point value, truncation during the Duration conversion might yield a different result. In practice this is very rare, and still indicates a bug which should be fixed.

Examples:

// Original - Comparison in the floating point domain
double x;
absl::Duration d;
if (x < absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d)) ...
// Suggested - Compare in the absl::Duration domain instead
if (absl::Seconds(x) < d) ...
// Original - Comparison in the integer domain
int x;
absl::Duration d;
if (x < absl::ToInt64Microseconds(d)) ...
// Suggested - Compare in the absl::Duration domain instead
if (absl::Microseconds(x) < d) ...

  abseil-duration-division

absl::Duration arithmetic works like it does with integers. That means that division of two absl::Duration objects returns an int64 with any fractional component truncated toward 0. See this link for more information on arithmetic with absl::Duration.

For example:

absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(3.5);
int64 sec1 = d / absl::Seconds(1);     // Truncates toward 0.
int64 sec2 = absl::ToInt64Seconds(d);  // Equivalent to division.
assert(sec1 == 3 && sec2 == 3);
double dsec = d / absl::Seconds(1);  // WRONG: Still truncates toward 0.
assert(dsec == 3.0);

If you want floating-point division, you should use either the absl::FDivDuration() function, or one of the unit conversion functions such as absl::ToDoubleSeconds(). For example:

absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(3.5);
double dsec1 = absl::FDivDuration(d, absl::Seconds(1));  // GOOD: No truncation.
double dsec2 = absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d);                 // GOOD: No truncation.
assert(dsec1 == 3.5 && dsec2 == 3.5);

This check looks for uses of absl::Duration division that is done in a floating-point context, and recommends the use of a function that returns a floating-point value.

  abseil-duration-factory-float

Checks for cases where the floating-point overloads of various absl::Duration factory functions are called when the more-efficient integer versions could be used instead.

This check will not suggest fixes for literals which contain fractional floating point values or non-literals. It will suggest removing superfluous casts.

Examples:

// Original - Providing a floating-point literal.
absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(10.0);
// Suggested - Use an integer instead.
absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(10);
// Original - Explicitly casting to a floating-point type.
absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(static_cast<double>(10));
// Suggested - Remove the explicit cast
absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(10);

  abseil-duration-factory-scale

Checks for cases where arguments to absl::Duration factory functions are scaled internally and could be changed to a different factory function. This check also looks for arguements with a zero value and suggests using absl::ZeroDuration() instead.

Examples:

// Original - Internal multiplication.
int x;
absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(60 * x);
// Suggested - Use absl::Minutes instead.
absl::Duration d = absl::Minutes(x);
// Original - Internal division.
int y;
absl::Duration d = absl::Milliseconds(y / 1000.);
// Suggested - Use absl:::Seconds instead.
absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(y);
// Original - Zero-value argument.
absl::Duration d = absl::Hours(0);
// Suggested = Use absl::ZeroDuration instead
absl::Duration d = absl::ZeroDuration();

  abseil-duration-subtraction

Checks for cases where subtraction should be performed in the absl::Duration domain. When subtracting two values, and the first one is known to be a conversion from absl::Duration, we can infer that the second should also be interpreted as an absl::Duration, and make that inference explicit.

Examples:

// Original - Subtraction in the double domain
double x;
absl::Duration d;
double result = absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d) - x;
// Suggestion - Subtraction in the absl::Duration domain instead
double result = absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d - absl::Seconds(x));
// Original - Subtraction of two Durations in the double domain
absl::Duration d1, d2;
double result = absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d1) - absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d2);
// Suggestion - Subtraction in the absl::Duration domain instead
double result = absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d1 - d2);

Note: As with other clang-tidy checks, it is possible that multiple fixes may overlap (as in the case of nested expressions), so not all occurences can be transformed in one run. In particular, this may occur for nested subtraction expressions. Running clang-tidy multiple times will find and fix these overlaps.

  abseil-faster-strsplit-delimiter

Finds instances of absl::StrSplit() or absl::MaxSplits() where the delimiter is a single character string literal and replaces with a character. The check will offer a suggestion to change the string literal into a character. It will also catch code using absl::ByAnyChar() for just a single character and will transform that into a single character as well.

These changes will give the same result, but using characters rather than single character string literals is more efficient and readable.

Examples:

// Original - the argument is a string literal.
for (auto piece : absl::StrSplit(str, "B")) {
// Suggested - the argument is a character, which causes the more efficient
// overload of absl::StrSplit() to be used.
for (auto piece : absl::StrSplit(str, 'B')) {
// Original - the argument is a string literal inside absl::ByAnyChar call.
for (auto piece : absl::StrSplit(str, absl::ByAnyChar("B"))) {
// Suggested - the argument is a character, which causes the more efficient
// overload of absl::StrSplit() to be used and we do not need absl::ByAnyChar
// anymore.
for (auto piece : absl::StrSplit(str, 'B')) {
// Original - the argument is a string literal inside absl::MaxSplits call.
for (auto piece : absl::StrSplit(str, absl::MaxSplits("B", 1))) {
// Suggested - the argument is a character, which causes the more efficient
// overload of absl::StrSplit() to be used.
for (auto piece : absl::StrSplit(str, absl::MaxSplits('B', 1))) {
subl.. title:: clang-tidy - abseil-no-internal-dependencies

  abseil-no-internal-dependencies

Warns if code using Abseil depends on internal details. If something is in a namespace that includes the word “internal”, code is not allowed to depend upon it beaucse it’s an implementation detail. They cannot friend it, include it, you mention it or refer to it in any way. Doing so violates Abseil's compatibility guidelines and may result in breakage. See https://abseil.io/about/compatibility for more information.

The following cases will result in warnings:

absl::strings_internal::foo();
// warning triggered on this line
class foo {
  friend struct absl::container_internal::faa;
  // warning triggered on this line
};
absl::memory_internal::MakeUniqueResult();
// warning triggered on this line

  abseil-no-namespace

Ensures code does not open namespace absl as that violates Abseil's compatibility guidelines. Code should not open namespace absl as that conflicts with Abseil's compatibility guidelines and may result in breakage.

Any code that uses:

namespace absl {
 ...
}

will be prompted with a warning.

See the full Abseil compatibility guidelines for more information.

  abseil-redundant-strcat-calls

Suggests removal of unnecessary calls to absl::StrCat when the result is being passed to another call to absl::StrCat or absl::StrAppend.

The extra calls cause unnecessary temporary strings to be constructed. Removing them makes the code smaller and faster.

Examples:

std::string s = absl::StrCat("A", absl::StrCat("B", absl::StrCat("C", "D")));
//before
std::string s = absl::StrCat("A", "B", "C", "D");
//after
absl::StrAppend(&s, absl::StrCat("E", "F", "G"));
//before
absl::StrAppend(&s, "E", "F", "G");
//after

  abseil-str-cat-append

Flags uses of absl::StrCat() to append to a std::string. Suggests absl::StrAppend() should be used instead.

The extra calls cause unnecessary temporary strings to be constructed. Removing them makes the code smaller and faster.

a = absl::StrCat(a, b); // Use absl::StrAppend(&a, b) instead.

Does not diagnose cases where absl::StrCat() is used as a template argument for a functor.

  abseil-string-find-startswith

Checks whether a std::string::find() result is compared with 0, and suggests replacing with absl::StartsWith(). This is both a readability and performance issue.

string s = "...";
if (s.find("Hello World") == 0) { /* do something */ }

becomes

string s = "...";
if (absl::StartsWith(s, "Hello World")) { /* do something */ }

  Options

StringLikeClasses
    Semicolon-separated list of names of string-like classes. By default only std::basic_string is considered. The list of methods to considered is fixed.

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

AbseilStringsMatchHeader
    The location of Abseil's strings/match.h. Defaults to absl/strings/match.h.

  abseil-upgrade-duration-conversions

Finds calls to absl::Duration arithmetic operators and factories whose argument needs an explicit cast to continue compiling after upcoming API changes.

The operators *=, /=, *, and / for absl::Duration currently accept an argument of class type that is convertible to an arithmetic type. Such a call currently converts the value to an int64_t, even in a case such as std::atomic<float> that would result in lossy conversion.

Additionally, the absl::Duration factory functions (absl::Hours, absl::Minutes, etc) currently accept an int64_t or a floating-point type. Similar to the arithmetic operators, calls with an argument of class type that is convertible to an arithmetic type go through the int64_t path.

These operators and factories will be changed to only accept arithmetic types to prevent unintended behavior. After these changes are released, passing an argument of class type will no longer compile, even if the type is implicitly convertible to an arithmetic type.

Here are example fixes created by this check:

std::atomic<int> a;
absl::Duration d = absl::Milliseconds(a);
d *= a;

becomes

std::atomic<int> a;
absl::Duration d = absl::Milliseconds(static_cast<int64_t>(a));
d *= static_cast<int64_t>(a);

Note that this check always adds a cast to int64_t in order to preserve the current behavior of user code. It is possible that this uncovers unintended behavior due to types implicitly convertible to a floating-point type.

  android-cloexec-accept

The usage of accept() is not recommended, it's better to use accept4(). Without this flag, an opened sensitive file descriptor would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain.

Examples:

accept(sockfd, addr, addrlen);
// becomes
accept4(sockfd, addr, addrlen, SOCK_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-accept4

accept4() should include SOCK_CLOEXEC in its type argument to avoid the file descriptor leakage. Without this flag, an opened sensitive file would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain.

Examples:

accept4(sockfd, addr, addrlen, SOCK_NONBLOCK);
// becomes
accept4(sockfd, addr, addrlen, SOCK_NONBLOCK | SOCK_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-creat

The usage of creat() is not recommended, it's better to use open().

Examples:

int fd = creat(path, mode);
// becomes
int fd = open(path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, mode);

  android-cloexec-dup

The usage of dup() is not recommended, it's better to use fcntl(), which can set the close-on-exec flag. Otherwise, an opened sensitive file would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain.

Examples:

int fd = dup(oldfd);
// becomes
int fd = fcntl(oldfd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-epoll-create

The usage of epoll_create() is not recommended, it's better to use epoll_create1(), which allows close-on-exec.

Examples:

epoll_create(size);
// becomes
epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-epoll-create1

epoll_create1() should include EPOLL_CLOEXEC in its type argument to avoid the file descriptor leakage. Without this flag, an opened sensitive file would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain.

Examples:

epoll_create1(0);
// becomes
epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-fopen

fopen() should include e in their mode string; so re would be valid. This is equivalent to having set FD_CLOEXEC on that descriptor.

Examples:

fopen("fn", "r");
// becomes
fopen("fn", "re");

  android-cloexec-inotify-init

The usage of inotify_init() is not recommended, it's better to use inotify_init1().

Examples:

inotify_init();
// becomes
inotify_init1(IN_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-inotify-init1

inotify_init1() should include IN_CLOEXEC in its type argument to avoid the file descriptor leakage. Without this flag, an opened sensitive file would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain.

Examples:

inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK);
// becomes
inotify_init1(IN_NONBLOCK | IN_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-memfd-create

memfd_create() should include MFD_CLOEXEC in its type argument to avoid the file descriptor leakage. Without this flag, an opened sensitive file would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain.

Examples:

memfd_create(name, MFD_ALLOW_SEALING);
// becomes
memfd_create(name, MFD_ALLOW_SEALING | MFD_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-open

A common source of security bugs is code that opens a file without using the O_CLOEXEC flag. Without that flag, an opened sensitive file would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain, leaking that sensitive data. Open-like functions including open(), openat(), and open64() should include O_CLOEXEC in their flags argument.

Examples:

open("filename", O_RDWR);
open64("filename", O_RDWR);
openat(0, "filename", O_RDWR);
// becomes
open("filename", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
open64("filename", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
openat(0, "filename", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);

  android-cloexec-socket

socket() should include SOCK_CLOEXEC in its type argument to avoid the file descriptor leakage. Without this flag, an opened sensitive file would remain open across a fork+exec to a lower-privileged SELinux domain.

Examples:

socket(domain, type, SOCK_STREAM);
// becomes
socket(domain, type, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC);

  android-comparison-in-temp-failure-retry

Diagnoses comparisons that appear to be incorrectly placed in the argument to the TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY macro. Having such a use is incorrect in the vast majority of cases, and will often silently defeat the purpose of the TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY macro.

For context, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY is a convenience macro provided by both glibc and Bionic. Its purpose is to repeatedly run a syscall until it either succeeds, or fails for reasons other than being interrupted.

Example buggy usage looks like:

char cs[1];
while (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(STDIN_FILENO, cs, sizeof(cs)) != 0)) {
  // Do something with cs.
}

Because TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY will check for whether the result of the comparison is -1, and retry if so.

If you encounter this, the fix is simple: lift the comparison out of the TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY argument, like so:

char cs[1];
while (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(STDIN_FILENO, cs, sizeof(cs))) != 0) {
  // Do something with cs.
}

  boost-use-to-string

This check finds conversion from integer type like int to std::string or std::wstring using boost::lexical_cast, and replace it with calls to std::to_string and std::to_wstring.

It doesn't replace conversion from floating points despite the to_string overloads, because it would change the behaviour.

auto str = boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(42);
auto wstr = boost::lexical_cast<std::wstring>(2137LL);
// Will be changed to
auto str = std::to_string(42);
auto wstr = std::to_wstring(2137LL);

  bugprone-argument-comment

Checks that argument comments match parameter names.

The check understands argument comments in the form /*parameter_name=*/ that are placed right before the argument.

void f(bool foo);
...
f(/*bar=*/true);
// warning: argument name 'bar' in comment does not match parameter name 'foo'

The check tries to detect typos and suggest automated fixes for them.

  Options

StrictMode
    When zero (default value), the check will ignore leading and trailing underscores and case when comparing names -- otherwise they are taken into account.

  bugprone-assert-side-effect

Finds assert() with side effect.

The condition of assert() is evaluated only in debug builds so a condition with side effect can cause different behavior in debug / release builds.

  Options

AssertMacros
    A comma-separated list of the names of assert macros to be checked.

CheckFunctionCalls
    Whether to treat non-const member and non-member functions as they produce side effects. Disabled by default because it can increase the number of false positive warnings.

  bugprone-bool-pointer-implicit-conversion

Checks for conditions based on implicit conversion from a bool pointer to bool.

Example:

bool *p;
if (p) {
  // Never used in a pointer-specific way.
}

  bugprone-copy-constructor-init

Finds copy constructors where the constructor doesn't call the copy constructor of the base class.

class Copyable {
public:
  Copyable() = default;
  Copyable(const Copyable &) = default;
};
class X2 : public Copyable {
  X2(const X2 &other) {} // Copyable(other) is missing
};

Also finds copy constructors where the constructor of the base class don't have parameter.

class X4 : public Copyable {
  X4(const X4 &other) : Copyable() {} // other is missing
};

The check also suggests a fix-its in some cases.

  bugprone-dangling-handle

Detect dangling references in value handles like std::experimental::string_view. These dangling references can be a result of constructing handles from temporary values, where the temporary is destroyed soon after the handle is created.

Examples:

string_view View = string();  // View will dangle.
string A;
View = A + "A";  // still dangle.
vector<string_view> V;
V.push_back(string());  // V[0] is dangling.
V.resize(3, string());  // V[1] and V[2] will also dangle.
string_view f() {
  // All these return values will dangle.
  return string();
  string S;
  return S;
  char Array[10]{};
  return Array;
}

  Options

HandleClasses
    A semicolon-separated list of class names that should be treated as handles. By default only std::experimental::basic_string_view is considered.

  bugprone-exception-escape

Finds functions which may throw an exception directly or indirectly, but they should not. The functions which should not throw exceptions are the following: * Destructors * Move constructors * Move assignment operators * The main() functions * swap() functions * Functions marked with throw() or noexcept * Other functions given as option

A destructor throwing an exception may result in undefined behavior, resource leaks or unexpected termination of the program. Throwing move constructor or move assignment also may result in undefined behavior or resource leak. The swap() operations expected to be non throwing most of the cases and they are always possible to implement in a non throwing way. Non throwing swap() operations are also used to create move operations. A throwing main() function also results in unexpected termination.

WARNING! This check may be expensive on large source files.

  Options

FunctionsThatShouldNotThrow
    Comma separated list containing function names which should not throw. An example value for this parameter can be WinMain which adds function WinMain() in the Windows API to the list of the funcions which should not throw. Default value is an empty string.

IgnoredExceptions
    Comma separated list containing type names which are not counted as thrown exceptions in the check. Default value is an empty string.

  bugprone-fold-init-type

The check flags type mismatches in folds like std::accumulate that might result in loss of precision. std::accumulate folds an input range into an initial value using the type of the latter, with operator+ by default. This can cause loss of precision through:

•   Truncation: The following code uses a floating point range and an int initial value, so trucation wil happen at every application of operator+ and the result will be 0, which might not be what the user expected.

    auto a = {0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f};
    return std::accumulate(std::begin(a), std::end(a), 0);

•   Overflow: The following code also returns 0.

    auto a = {65536LL * 65536 * 65536};
    return std::accumulate(std::begin(a), std::end(a), 0);

  bugprone-forward-declaration-namespace

Checks if an unused forward declaration is in a wrong namespace.

The check inspects all unused forward declarations and checks if there is any declaration/definition with the same name existing, which could indicate that the forward declaration is in a potentially wrong namespace.

namespace na { struct A; }
namespace nb { struct A {}; }
nb::A a;
// warning : no definition found for 'A', but a definition with the same name
// 'A' found in another namespace 'nb::'

This check can only generate warnings, but it can't suggest a fix at this point.

  bugprone-forwarding-reference-overload

The check looks for perfect forwarding constructors that can hide copy or move constructors. If a non const lvalue reference is passed to the constructor, the forwarding reference parameter will be a better match than the const reference parameter of the copy constructor, so the perfect forwarding constructor will be called, which can be confusing. For detailed description of this issue see: Scott Meyers, Effective Modern C++, Item 26.

Consider the following example:

class Person {
public:
  // C1: perfect forwarding ctor
  template<typename T>
  explicit Person(T&& n) {}
  // C2: perfect forwarding ctor with parameter default value
  template<typename T>
  explicit Person(T&& n, int x = 1) {}
  // C3: perfect forwarding ctor guarded with enable_if
  template<typename T, typename X = enable_if_t<is_special<T>,void>>
  explicit Person(T&& n) {}
  // (possibly compiler generated) copy ctor
  Person(const Person& rhs);
};

The check warns for constructors C1 and C2, because those can hide copy and move constructors. We suppress warnings if the copy and the move constructors are both disabled (deleted or private), because there is nothing the perfect forwarding constructor could hide in this case. We also suppress warnings for constructors like C3 that are guarded with an enable_if, assuming the programmer was aware of the possible hiding.

  Background

For deciding whether a constructor is guarded with enable_if, we consider the default values of the type parameters and the types of the constructor parameters. If any part of these types is std::enable_if or std::enable_if_t, we assume the constructor is guarded.

  bugprone-inaccurate-erase

Checks for inaccurate use of the erase() method.

Algorithms like remove() do not actually remove any element from the container but return an iterator to the first redundant element at the end of the container. These redundant elements must be removed using the erase() method. This check warns when not all of the elements will be removed due to using an inappropriate overload.

  bugprone-incorrect-roundings

Checks the usage of patterns known to produce incorrect rounding. Programmers often use:

(int)(double_expression + 0.5)

to round the double expression to an integer. The problem with this:

1.  It is unnecessarily slow.

2.  It is incorrect. The number 0.499999975 (smallest representable float number below 0.5) rounds to 1.0. Even worse behavior for negative numbers where both -0.5f and -1.4f both round to 0.0.

  bugprone-integer-division

Finds cases where integer division in a floating point context is likely to cause unintended loss of precision.

No reports are made if divisions are part of the following expressions:

•   operands of operators expecting integral or bool types,

•   call expressions of integral or bool types, and

•   explicit cast expressions to integral or bool types,

    as these are interpreted as signs of deliberateness from the programmer.

    Examples:

    float floatFunc(float);
    int intFunc(int);
    double d;
    int i = 42;
    // Warn, floating-point values expected.
    d = 32 * 8 / (2 + i);
    d = 8 * floatFunc(1 + 7 / 2);
    d = i / (1 << 4);
    // OK, no integer division.
    d = 32 * 8.0 / (2 + i);
    d = 8 * floatFunc(1 + 7.0 / 2);
    d = (double)i / (1 << 4);
    // OK, there are signs of deliberateness.
    d = 1 << (i / 2);
    d = 9 + intFunc(6 * i / 32);
    d = (int)(i / 32) - 8;

  bugprone-lambda-function-name

Checks for attempts to get the name of a function from within a lambda expression. The name of a lambda is always something like operator(), which is almost never what was intended.

Example:

void FancyFunction() {
  [] { printf("Called from %s\n", __func__); }();
  [] { printf("Now called from %s\n", __FUNCTION__); }();
}

Output:

Called from operator()
Now called from operator()

Likely intended output:

Called from FancyFunction
Now called from FancyFunction

  bugprone-macro-parentheses

Finds macros that can have unexpected behaviour due to missing parentheses.

Macros are expanded by the preprocessor as-is. As a result, there can be unexpected behaviour; operators may be evaluated in unexpected order and unary operators may become binary operators, etc.

When the replacement list has an expression, it is recommended to surround it with parentheses. This ensures that the macro result is evaluated completely before it is used.

It is also recommended to surround macro arguments in the replacement list with parentheses. This ensures that the argument value is calculated properly.

  bugprone-macro-repeated-side-effects

Checks for repeated argument with side effects in macros.

  bugprone-misplaced-operator-in-strlen-in-alloc

Finds cases where 1 is added to the string in the argument to strlen(), strnlen(), strnlen_s(), wcslen(), wcsnlen(), and wcsnlen_s() instead of the result and the value is used as an argument to a memory allocation function (malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), alloca()) or the new[] operator in C++. The check detects error cases even if one of these functions (except the new[] operator) is called by a constant function pointer. Cases where 1 is added both to the parameter and the result of the strlen()-like function are ignored, as are cases where the whole addition is surrounded by extra parentheses.

C example code:

void bad_malloc(char *str) {
  char *c = (char*) malloc(strlen(str + 1));
}

The suggested fix is to add 1 to the return value of strlen() and not to its argument. In the example above the fix would be

char *c = (char*) malloc(strlen(str) + 1);

C++ example code:

void bad_new(char *str) {
  char *c = new char[strlen(str + 1)];
}

As in the C code with the malloc() function, the suggested fix is to add 1 to the return value of strlen() and not to its argument. In the example above the fix would be

char *c = new char[strlen(str) + 1];

Example for silencing the diagnostic:

void bad_malloc(char *str) {
  char *c = (char*) malloc(strlen((str + 1)));
}

  bugprone-misplaced-widening-cast

This check will warn when there is a cast of a calculation result to a bigger type. If the intention of the cast is to avoid loss of precision then the cast is misplaced, and there can be loss of precision. Otherwise the cast is ineffective.

Example code:

long f(int x) {
    return (long)(x * 1000);
}

The result x * 1000 is first calculated using int precision. If the result exceeds int precision there is loss of precision. Then the result is casted to long.

If there is no loss of precision then the cast can be removed or you can explicitly cast to int instead.

If you want to avoid loss of precision then put the cast in a proper location, for instance:

long f(int x) {
    return (long)x * 1000;
}

  Implicit casts

Forgetting to place the cast at all is at least as dangerous and at least as common as misplacing it. If CheckImplicitCasts is enabled the check also detects these cases, for instance:

long f(int x) {
    return x * 1000;
}

  Floating point

Currently warnings are only written for integer conversion. No warning is written for this code:

double f(float x) {
    return (double)(x * 10.0f);
}

  Options

CheckImplicitCasts
    If non-zero, enables detection of implicit casts. Default is non-zero.

  bugprone-move-forwarding-reference

Warns if std::move is called on a forwarding reference, for example:

template <typename T>
void foo(T&& t) {
  bar(std::move(t));
}

Forwarding references should typically be passed to std::forward instead of std::move, and this is the fix that will be suggested.

(A forwarding reference is an rvalue reference of a type that is a deduced function template argument.)

In this example, the suggested fix would be

bar(std::forward<T>(t));

  Background

Code like the example above is sometimes written with the expectation that T&& will always end up being an rvalue reference, no matter what type is deduced for T, and that it is therefore not possible to pass an lvalue to foo(). However, this is not true. Consider this example:

std::string s = "Hello, world";
foo(s);

This code compiles and, after the call to foo(), s is left in an indeterminate state because it has been moved from. This may be surprising to the caller of foo() because no std::move was used when calling foo().

The reason for this behavior lies in the special rule for template argument deduction on function templates like foo() -- i.e. on function templates that take an rvalue reference argument of a type that is a deduced function template argument. (See section [temp.deduct.call]/3 in the C++11 standard.)

If foo() is called on an lvalue (as in the example above), then T is deduced to be an lvalue reference. In the example, T is deduced to be std::string &. The type of the argument t therefore becomes std::string& &&; by the reference collapsing rules, this collapses to std::string&.

This means that the foo(s) call passes s as an lvalue reference, and foo() ends up moving s and thereby placing it into an indeterminate state.

  bugprone-multiple-statement-macro

Detect multiple statement macros that are used in unbraced conditionals. Only the first statement of the macro will be inside the conditional and the other ones will be executed unconditionally.

Example:

#define INCREMENT_TWO(x, y) (x)++; (y)++
if (do_increment)
  INCREMENT_TWO(a, b);  // (b)++ will be executed unconditionally.

  bugprone-parent-virtual-call

Detects and fixes calls to grand-...parent virtual methods instead of calls to overridden parent's virtual methods.

class A {
  int virtual foo() {...}
};
class B: public A {
  int foo() override {...}
};
class C: public B {
  int foo() override { A::foo(); }
//                     ^^^^^^^^
// warning: qualified name A::foo refers to a member overridden in subclass; did you mean 'B'?  [bugprone-parent-virtual-call]
};

  bugprone-sizeof-container

The check finds usages of sizeof on expressions of STL container types. Most likely the user wanted to use .size() instead.

All class/struct types declared in namespace std:: having a const size() method are considered containers, with the exception of std::bitset and std::array.

Examples:

std::string s;
int a = 47 + sizeof(s); // warning: sizeof() doesn't return the size of the container. Did you mean .size()?
int b = sizeof(std::string); // no warning, probably intended.
std::string array_of_strings[10];
int c = sizeof(array_of_strings) / sizeof(array_of_strings[0]); // no warning, definitely intended.
std::array<int, 3> std_array;
int d = sizeof(std_array); // no warning, probably intended.

  bugprone-sizeof-expression

The check finds usages of sizeof expressions which are most likely errors.

The sizeof operator yields the size (in bytes) of its operand, which may be an expression or the parenthesized name of a type. Misuse of this operator may be leading to errors and possible software vulnerabilities.

  Suspicious usage of 'sizeof(K)'

A common mistake is to query the sizeof of an integer literal. This is equivalent to query the size of its type (probably int). The intent of the programmer was probably to simply get the integer and not its size.

#define BUFLEN 42
char buf[BUFLEN];
memset(buf, 0, sizeof(BUFLEN));  // sizeof(42) ==> sizeof(int)

  Suspicious usage of 'sizeof(expr)'

In cases, where there is an enum or integer to represent a type, a common mistake is to query the sizeof on the integer or enum that represents the type that should be used by sizeof. This results in the size of the integer and not of the type the integer represents:

enum data_type {
  FLOAT_TYPE,
  DOUBLE_TYPE
};
struct data {
  data_type type;
  void* buffer;
  data_type get_type() {
    return type;
  }
};
void f(data d, int numElements) {
  // should be sizeof(float) or sizeof(double), depending on d.get_type()
  int numBytes = numElements * sizeof(d.get_type());
  ...
}

  Suspicious usage of 'sizeof(this)'

The this keyword is evaluated to a pointer to an object of a given type. The expression sizeof(this) is returning the size of a pointer. The programmer most likely wanted the size of the object and not the size of the pointer.

class Point {
  [...]
  size_t size() { return sizeof(this); }  // should probably be sizeof(*this)
  [...]
};

  Suspicious usage of 'sizeof(char*)'

There is a subtle difference between declaring a string literal with char* A = "" and char A[] = "". The first case has the type char* instead of the aggregate type char[]. Using sizeof on an object declared with char* type is returning the size of a pointer instead of the number of characters (bytes) in the string literal.

const char* kMessage = "Hello World!";      // const char kMessage[] = "...";
void getMessage(char* buf) {
  memcpy(buf, kMessage, sizeof(kMessage));  // sizeof(char*)
}

  Suspicious usage of 'sizeof(A*)'

A common mistake is to compute the size of a pointer instead of its pointee. These cases may occur because of explicit cast or implicit conversion.

int A[10];
memset(A, 0, sizeof(A + 0));
struct Point point;
memset(point, 0, sizeof(&point));

  Suspicious usage of 'sizeof(...)/sizeof(...)'

Dividing sizeof expressions is typically used to retrieve the number of elements of an aggregate. This check warns on incompatible or suspicious cases.

In the following example, the entity has 10-bytes and is incompatible with the type int which has 4 bytes.

char buf[] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };  // sizeof(buf) => 10
void getMessage(char* dst) {
  memcpy(dst, buf, sizeof(buf) / sizeof(int));  // sizeof(int) => 4  [incompatible sizes]
}

In the following example, the expression sizeof(Values) is returning the size of char*. One can easily be fooled by its declaration, but in parameter declaration the size '10' is ignored and the function is receiving a char*.

char OrderedValues[10] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
return CompareArray(char Values[10]) {
  return memcmp(OrderedValues, Values, sizeof(Values)) == 0;  // sizeof(Values) ==> sizeof(char*) [implicit cast to char*]
}

  Suspicious 'sizeof' by 'sizeof' expression

Multiplying sizeof expressions typically makes no sense and is probably a logic error. In the following example, the programmer used * instead of /.

const char kMessage[] = "Hello World!";
void getMessage(char* buf) {
  memcpy(buf, kMessage, sizeof(kMessage) * sizeof(char));  //  sizeof(kMessage) / sizeof(char)
}

This check may trigger on code using the arraysize macro. The following code is working correctly but should be simplified by using only the sizeof operator.

extern Object objects[100];
void InitializeObjects() {
  memset(objects, 0, arraysize(objects) * sizeof(Object));  // sizeof(objects)
}

  Suspicious usage of 'sizeof(sizeof(...))'

Getting the sizeof of a sizeof makes no sense and is typically an error hidden through macros.

#define INT_SZ sizeof(int)
int buf[] = { 42 };
void getInt(int* dst) {
  memcpy(dst, buf, sizeof(INT_SZ));  // sizeof(sizeof(int)) is suspicious.
}

  Options

WarnOnSizeOfConstant
    When non-zero, the check will warn on an expression like sizeof(CONSTANT). Default is 1.

WarnOnSizeOfIntegerExpression
    When non-zero, the check will warn on an expression like sizeof(expr) where the expression results in an integer. Default is 0.

WarnOnSizeOfThis
    When non-zero, the check will warn on an expression like sizeof(this). Default is 1.

WarnOnSizeOfCompareToConstant
    When non-zero, the check will warn on an expression like sizeof(epxr) <= k for a suspicious constant k while k is 0 or greater than 0x8000. Default is 1.

  bugprone-string-constructor

Finds string constructors that are suspicious and probably errors.

A common mistake is to swap parameters to the 'fill' string-constructor.

Examples:

std::string str('x', 50); // should be str(50, 'x')

Calling the string-literal constructor with a length bigger than the literal is suspicious and adds extra random characters to the string.

Examples:

std::string("test", 200);   // Will include random characters after "test".

Creating an empty string from constructors with parameters is considered suspicious. The programmer should use the empty constructor instead.

Examples:

std::string("test", 0);   // Creation of an empty string.

  Options

WarnOnLargeLength
    When non-zero, the check will warn on a string with a length greater than LargeLengthThreshold. Default is 1.

LargeLengthThreshold
    An integer specifying the large length threshold. Default is 0x800000.

  bugprone-string-integer-assignment

The check finds assignments of an integer to std::basic_string<CharT> (std::string, std::wstring, etc.). The source of the problem is the following assignment operator of std::basic_string<CharT>:

basic_string& operator=( CharT ch );

Numeric types can be implicitly casted to character types.

std::string s;
int x = 5965;
s = 6;
s = x;

Use the appropriate conversion functions or character literals.

std::string s;
int x = 5965;
s = '6';
s = std::to_string(x);

In order to suppress false positives, use an explicit cast.

std::string s;
s = static_cast<char>(6);

  bugprone-string-literal-with-embedded-nul

Finds occurrences of string literal with embedded NUL character and validates their usage.

  Invalid escaping

Special characters can be escaped within a string literal by using their hexadecimal encoding like \x42. A common mistake is to escape them like this \0x42 where the \0 stands for the NUL character.

const char* Example[] = "Invalid character: \0x12 should be \x12";
const char* Bytes[] = "\x03\0x02\0x01\0x00\0xFF\0xFF\0xFF";

  Truncated literal

String-like classes can manipulate strings with embedded NUL as they are keeping track of the bytes and the length. This is not the case for a char* (NUL-terminated) string.

A common mistake is to pass a string-literal with embedded NUL to a string constructor expecting a NUL-terminated string. The bytes after the first NUL character are truncated.

std::string str("abc\0def");  // "def" is truncated
str += "\0";                  // This statement is doing nothing
if (str == "\0abc") return;   // This expression is always true

  bugprone-suspicious-enum-usage

The checker detects various cases when an enum is probably misused (as a bitmask ).

1.  When "ADD" or "bitwise OR" is used between two enum which come from different types and these types value ranges are not disjoint.

    The following cases will be investigated only using StrictMode. We regard the enum as a (suspicious) bitmask if the three conditions below are true at the same time:

•   at most half of the elements of the enum are non pow-of-2 numbers (because of short enumerations)

•   there is another non pow-of-2 number than the enum constant representing all choices (the result "bitwise OR" operation of all enum elements)

•   enum type variable/enumconstant is used as an argument of a + or "bitwise OR " operator

    So whenever the non pow-of-2 element is used as a bitmask element we diagnose a misuse and give a warning.

2.  Investigating the right hand side of += and |= operator.

3.  Check only the enum value side of a | and + operator if one of them is not enum val.

4.  Check both side of | or + operator where the enum values are from the same enum type.

    Examples:

    enum { A, B, C };
    enum { D, E, F = 5 };
    enum { G = 10, H = 11, I = 12 };
    unsigned flag;
    flag =
        A |
        H; // OK, disjoint value intervalls in the enum types ->probably good use.
    flag = B | F; // Warning, have common values so they are probably misused.
    // Case 2:
    enum Bitmask {
      A = 0,
      B = 1,
      C = 2,
      D = 4,
      E = 8,
      F = 16,
      G = 31 // OK, real bitmask.
    };
    enum Almostbitmask {
      AA = 0,
      BB = 1,
      CC = 2,
      DD = 4,
      EE = 8,
      FF = 16,
      GG // Problem, forgot to initialize.
    };
    unsigned flag = 0;
    flag |= E; // OK.
    flag |=
        EE; // Warning at the decl, and note that it was used here as a bitmask.

  Options

StrictMode
    Default value: 0. When non-null the suspicious bitmask usage will be investigated additionally to the different enum usage check.

  bugprone-suspicious-memset-usage

This check finds memset() calls with potential mistakes in their arguments. Considering the function as void* memset(void* destination, int fill_value, size_t byte_count), the following cases are covered:

Case 1: Fill value is a character ``'0'``

Filling up a memory area with ASCII code 48 characters is not customary, possibly integer zeroes were intended instead. The check offers a replacement of '0' with 0. Memsetting character pointers with '0' is allowed.

Case 2: Fill value is truncated

Memset converts fill_value to unsigned char before using it. If fill_value is out of unsigned character range, it gets truncated and memory will not contain the desired pattern.

Case 3: Byte count is zero

Calling memset with a literal zero in its byte_count argument is likely to be unintended and swapped with fill_value. The check offers to swap these two arguments.

Corresponding cpplint.py check name: runtime/memset.

Examples:

void foo() {
  int i[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
  int *ip = i;
  char c = '1';
  char *cp = &c;
  int v = 0;
  // Case 1
  memset(ip, '0', 1); // suspicious
  memset(cp, '0', 1); // OK
  // Case 2
  memset(ip, 0xabcd, 1); // fill value gets truncated
  memset(ip, 0x00, 1);   // OK
  // Case 3
  memset(ip, sizeof(int), v); // zero length, potentially swapped
  memset(ip, 0, 1);           // OK
}

  bugprone-suspicious-missing-comma

String literals placed side-by-side are concatenated at translation phase 6 (after the preprocessor). This feature is used to represent long string literal on multiple lines.

For instance, the following declarations are equivalent:

const char* A[] = "This is a test";
const char* B[] = "This" " is a "    "test";

A common mistake done by programmers is to forget a comma between two string literals in an array initializer list.

const char* Test[] = {
  "line 1",
  "line 2"     // Missing comma!
  "line 3",
  "line 4",
  "line 5"
};

The array contains the string "line 2line3" at offset 1 (i.e. Test[1]). Clang won't generate warnings at compile time.

This check may warn incorrectly on cases like:

const char* SupportedFormat[] = {
  "Error %s",
  "Code " PRIu64,   // May warn here.
  "Warning %s",
};

  Options

SizeThreshold
    An unsigned integer specifying the minimum size of a string literal to be considered by the check. Default is 5U.

RatioThreshold
    A string specifying the maximum threshold ratio [0, 1.0] of suspicious string literals to be considered. Default is ".2".

MaxConcatenatedTokens
    An unsigned integer specifying the maximum number of concatenated tokens. Default is 5U.

  bugprone-suspicious-semicolon

Finds most instances of stray semicolons that unexpectedly alter the meaning of the code. More specifically, it looks for if, while, for and for-range statements whose body is a single semicolon, and then analyzes the context of the code (e.g. indentation) in an attempt to determine whether that is intentional.

if (x < y);
{
  x++;
}

Here the body of the if statement consists of only the semicolon at the end of the first line, and x will be incremented regardless of the condition.

while ((line = readLine(file)) != NULL);
  processLine(line);

As a result of this code, processLine() will only be called once, when the while loop with the empty body exits with line == NULL. The indentation of the code indicates the intention of the programmer.

if (x >= y);
x -= y;

While the indentation does not imply any nesting, there is simply no valid reason to have an if statement with an empty body (but it can make sense for a loop). So this check issues a warning for the code above.

To solve the issue remove the stray semicolon or in case the empty body is intentional, reflect this using code indentation or put the semicolon in a new line. For example:

while (readWhitespace());
  Token t = readNextToken();

Here the second line is indented in a way that suggests that it is meant to be the body of the while loop - whose body is in fact empty, because of the semicolon at the end of the first line.

Either remove the indentation from the second line:

while (readWhitespace());
Token t = readNextToken();

... or move the semicolon from the end of the first line to a new line:

while (readWhitespace())
  ;
  Token t = readNextToken();

In this case the check will assume that you know what you are doing, and will not raise a warning.

  bugprone-suspicious-string-compare

Find suspicious usage of runtime string comparison functions. This check is valid in C and C++.

Checks for calls with implicit comparator and proposed to explicitly add it.

if (strcmp(...))       // Implicitly compare to zero
if (!strcmp(...))      // Won't warn
if (strcmp(...) != 0)  // Won't warn

Checks that compare function results (i,e, strcmp) are compared to valid constant. The resulting value is

<  0    when lower than,
>  0    when greater than,
== 0    when equals.

A common mistake is to compare the result to 1 or -1.

if (strcmp(...) == -1)  // Incorrect usage of the returned value.

Additionally, the check warns if the results value is implicitly cast to a suspicious non-integer type. It's happening when the returned value is used in a wrong context.

if (strcmp(...) < 0.)  // Incorrect usage of the returned value.

  Options

WarnOnImplicitComparison
    When non-zero, the check will warn on implicit comparison. 1 by default.

WarnOnLogicalNotComparison
    When non-zero, the check will warn on logical not comparison. 0 by default.

StringCompareLikeFunctions
    A string specifying the comma-separated names of the extra string comparison functions. Default is an empty string. The check will detect the following string comparison functions: __builtin_memcmp, __builtin_strcasecmp, __builtin_strcmp, __builtin_strncasecmp, __builtin_strncmp, _mbscmp, _mbscmp_l, _mbsicmp, _mbsicmp_l, _mbsnbcmp, _mbsnbcmp_l, _mbsnbicmp, _mbsnbicmp_l, _mbsncmp, _mbsncmp_l, _mbsnicmp, _mbsnicmp_l, _memicmp, _memicmp_l, _stricmp, _stricmp_l, _strnicmp, _strnicmp_l, _wcsicmp, _wcsicmp_l, _wcsnicmp, _wcsnicmp_l, lstrcmp, lstrcmpi, memcmp, memicmp, strcasecmp, strcmp, strcmpi, stricmp, strncasecmp, strncmp, strnicmp, wcscasecmp, wcscmp, wcsicmp, wcsncmp, wcsnicmp, wmemcmp.

  bugprone-swapped-arguments

Finds potentially swapped arguments by looking at implicit conversions.

  bugprone-terminating-continue

Detects do while loops with a condition always evaluating to false that have a continue statement, as this continue terminates the loop effectively.

void f() {
do {
      // some code
  continue; // terminating continue
  // some other code
} while(false);

  bugprone-throw-keyword-missing

Warns about a potentially missing throw keyword. If a temporary object is created, but the object's type derives from (or is the same as) a class that has 'EXCEPTION', 'Exception' or 'exception' in its name, we can assume that the programmer's intention was to throw that object.

Example:

void f(int i) {
  if (i < 0) {
    // Exception is created but is not thrown.
    std::runtime_error("Unexpected argument");
  }
}

  bugprone-too-small-loop-variable

Detects those for loops that have a loop variable with a "too small" type which means this type can't represent all values which are part of the iteration range.

int main() {
  long size = 294967296l;
  for (short i = 0; i < size; ++i) {}
}

This for loop is an infinite loop because the short type can't represent all values in the [0..size] interval.

In a real use case size means a container's size which depends on the user input.

int doSomething(const std::vector& items) {
  for (short i = 0; i < items.size(); ++i) {}
}

This algorithm works for small amount of objects, but will lead to freeze for a a larger user input.

  bugprone-undefined-memory-manipulation

Finds calls of memory manipulation functions memset(), memcpy() and memmove() on not TriviallyCopyable objects resulting in undefined behavior.

  bugprone-undelegated-constructor

Finds creation of temporary objects in constructors that look like a function call to another constructor of the same class.

The user most likely meant to use a delegating constructor or base class initializer.

  bugprone-unused-raii

Finds temporaries that look like RAII objects.

The canonical example for this is a scoped lock.

{
  scoped_lock(&global_mutex);
  critical_section();
}

The destructor of the scoped_lock is called before the critical_section is entered, leaving it unprotected.

We apply a number of heuristics to reduce the false positive count of this check:

•   Ignore code expanded from macros. Testing frameworks make heavy use of this.

•   Ignore types with trivial destructors. They are very unlikely to be RAII objects and there's no difference when they are deleted.

•   Ignore objects at the end of a compound statement (doesn't change behavior).

•   Ignore objects returned from a call.

  bugprone-unused-return-value

Warns on unused function return values. The checked funtions can be configured.

  Options

CheckedFunctions
    Semicolon-separated list of functions to check. Defaults to ::std::async;::std::launder;::std::remove;::std::remove_if;::std::unique;::std::unique_ptr::release;::std::basic_string::empty;::std::vector::empty. This means that the calls to following functions are checked by default:

•   std::async(). Not using the return value makes the call synchronous.

•   std::launder(). Not using the return value usually means that the function interface was misunderstood by the programmer. Only the returned pointer is "laundered", not the argument.

•   std::remove(), std::remove_if() and std::unique(). The returned iterator indicates the boundary between elements to keep and elements to be removed. Not using the return value means that the information about which elements to remove is lost.

•   std::unique_ptr::release(). Not using the return value can lead to resource leaks if the same pointer isn't stored anywhere else. Often, ignoring the release() return value indicates that the programmer confused the function with reset().

•   std::basic_string::empty() and std::vector::empty(). Not using the return value often indicates that the programmer confused the function with clear().

  bugprone-use-after-move

Warns if an object is used after it has been moved, for example:

std::string str = "Hello, world!\n";
std::vector<std::string> messages;
messages.emplace_back(std::move(str));
std::cout << str;

The last line will trigger a warning that str is used after it has been moved.

The check does not trigger a warning if the object is reinitialized after the move and before the use. For example, no warning will be output for this code:

messages.emplace_back(std::move(str));
str = "Greetings, stranger!\n";
std::cout << str;

The check takes control flow into account. A warning is only emitted if the use can be reached from the move. This means that the following code does not produce a warning:

if (condition) {
  messages.emplace_back(std::move(str));
} else {
  std::cout << str;
}

On the other hand, the following code does produce a warning:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
  std::cout << str;
  messages.emplace_back(std::move(str));
}

(The use-after-move happens on the second iteration of the loop.)

In some cases, the check may not be able to detect that two branches are mutually exclusive. For example (assuming that i is an int):

if (i == 1) {
  messages.emplace_back(std::move(str));
}
if (i == 2) {
  std::cout << str;
}

In this case, the check will erroneously produce a warning, even though it is not possible for both the move and the use to be executed.

An erroneous warning can be silenced by reinitializing the object after the move:

if (i == 1) {
  messages.emplace_back(std::move(str));
  str = "";
}
if (i == 2) {
  std::cout << str;
}

Subsections below explain more precisely what exactly the check considers to be a move, use, and reinitialization.

  Unsequenced moves, uses, and reinitializations

In many cases, C++ does not make any guarantees about the order in which sub-expressions of a statement are evaluated. This means that in code like the following, it is not guaranteed whether the use will happen before or after the move:

void f(int i, std::vector<int> v);
std::vector<int> v = { 1, 2, 3 };
f(v[1], std::move(v));

In this kind of situation, the check will note that the use and move are unsequenced.

The check will also take sequencing rules into account when reinitializations occur in the same statement as moves or uses. A reinitialization is only considered to reinitialize a variable if it is guaranteed to be evaluated after the move and before the use.

  Move

The check currently only considers calls of std::move on local variables or function parameters. It does not check moves of member variables or global variables.

Any call of std::move on a variable is considered to cause a move of that variable, even if the result of std::move is not passed to an rvalue reference parameter.

This means that the check will flag a use-after-move even on a type that does not define a move constructor or move assignment operator. This is intentional. Developers may use std::move on such a type in the expectation that the type will add move semantics in the future. If such a std::move has the potential to cause a use-after-move, we want to warn about it even if the type does not implement move semantics yet.

Furthermore, if the result of std::move is passed to an rvalue reference parameter, this will always be considered to cause a move, even if the function that consumes this parameter does not move from it, or if it does so only conditionally. For example, in the following situation, the check will assume that a move always takes place:

std::vector<std::string> messages;
void f(std::string &&str) {
  // Only remember the message if it isn't empty.
  if (!str.empty()) {
    messages.emplace_back(std::move(str));
  }
}
std::string str = "";
f(std::move(str));

The check will assume that the last line causes a move, even though, in this particular case, it does not. Again, this is intentional.

When analyzing the order in which moves, uses and reinitializations happen (see section Unsequenced moves, uses, and reinitializations), the move is assumed to occur in whichever function the result of the std::move is passed to.

  Use

Any occurrence of the moved variable that is not a reinitialization (see below) is considered to be a use.

An exception to this are objects of type std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr and std::weak_ptr, which have defined move behavior (objects of these classes are guaranteed to be empty after they have been moved from). Therefore, an object of these classes will only be considered to be used if it is dereferenced, i.e. if operator*, operator-> or operator[] (in the case of std::unique_ptr<T []>) is called on it.

If multiple uses occur after a move, only the first of these is flagged.

  Reinitialization

The check considers a variable to be reinitialized in the following cases:

•   The variable occurs on the left-hand side of an assignment.

•   The variable is passed to a function as a non-const pointer or non-const lvalue reference. (It is assumed that the variable may be an out-parameter for the function.)

•   clear() or assign() is called on the variable and the variable is of one of the standard container types basic_string, vector, deque, forward_list, list, set, map, multiset, multimap, unordered_set, unordered_map, unordered_multiset, unordered_multimap.

•   reset() is called on the variable and the variable is of type std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr or std::weak_ptr.

•   A member function marked with the [[clang::reinitializes]] attribute is called on the variable.

    If the variable in question is a struct and an individual member variable of that struct is written to, the check does not consider this to be a reinitialization -- even if, eventually, all member variables of the struct are written to. For example:

    struct S {
      std::string str;
      int i;
    };
    S s = { "Hello, world!\n", 42 };
    S s_other = std::move(s);
    s.str = "Lorem ipsum";
    s.i = 99;

    The check will not consider s to be reinitialized after the last line; instead, the line that assigns to s.str will be flagged as a use-after-move. This is intentional as this pattern of reinitializing a struct is error-prone. For example, if an additional member variable is added to S, it is easy to forget to add the reinitialization for this additional member. Instead, it is safer to assign to the entire struct in one go, and this will also avoid the use-after-move warning.

  bugprone-virtual-near-miss

Warn if a function is a near miss (ie. the name is very similar and the function signiture is the same) to a virtual function from a base class.

Example:

struct Base {
  virtual void func();
};
struct Derived : Base {
  virtual funk();
  // warning: 'Derived::funk' has a similar name and the same signature as virtual method 'Base::func'; did you mean to override it?
};

  cert-dcl03-c

The cert-dcl03-c check is an alias, please see misc-static-assert for more information.

  cert-dcl16-c

The cert-dcl16-c check is an alias, please see readability-uppercase-literal-suffix for more information.

  cert-dcl21-cpp

This check flags postfix operator++ and operator-- declarations if the return type is not a const object. This also warns if the return type is a reference type.

This check corresponds to the CERT C++ Coding Standard recommendation DCL21-CPP. Overloaded postfix increment and decrement operators should return a const object.

  cert-dcl50-cpp

This check flags all function definitions (but not declarations) of C-style variadic functions.

This check corresponds to the CERT C++ Coding Standard rule DCL50-CPP. Do not define a C-style variadic function.

  cert-dcl54-cpp

The cert-dcl54-cpp check is an alias, please see misc-new-delete-overloads for more information.

  cert-dcl58-cpp

Modification of the std or posix namespace can result in undefined behavior. This check warns for such modifications.

Examples:

namespace std {
  int x; // May cause undefined behavior.
}

This check corresponds to the CERT C++ Coding Standard rule DCL58-CPP. Do not modify the standard namespaces.

  cert-dcl59-cpp

The cert-dcl59-cpp check is an alias, please see google-build-namespaces for more information.

  cert-env33-c

This check flags calls to system(), popen(), and _popen(), which execute a command processor. It does not flag calls to system() with a null pointer argument, as such a call checks for the presence of a command processor but does not actually attempt to execute a command.

This check corresponds to the CERT C Coding Standard rule ENV33-C. Do not call system().

  cert-err09-cpp

The cert-err09-cpp check is an alias, please see misc-throw-by-value-catch-by-reference for more information.

  cert-err34-c

This check flags calls to string-to-number conversion functions that do not verify the validity of the conversion, such as atoi() or scanf(). It does not flag calls to strtol(), or other, related conversion functions that do perform better error checking.

#include <stdlib.h>
void func(const char *buff) {
  int si;
  if (buff) {
    si = atoi(buff); /* 'atoi' used to convert a string to an integer, but function will
                         not report conversion errors; consider using 'strtol' instead. */
  } else {
    /* Handle error */
  }
}

This check corresponds to the CERT C Coding Standard rule ERR34-C. Detect errors when converting a string to a number.

  cert-err52-cpp

This check flags all call expressions involving setjmp() and longjmp().

This check corresponds to the CERT C++ Coding Standard rule ERR52-CPP. Do not use setjmp() or longjmp().

  cert-err58-cpp

This check flags all static or thread_local variable declarations where the initializer for the object may throw an exception.

This check corresponds to the CERT C++ Coding Standard rule ERR58-CPP. Handle all exceptions thrown before main() begins executing.

  cert-err60-cpp

This check flags all throw expressions where the exception object is not nothrow copy constructible.

This check corresponds to the CERT C++ Coding Standard rule ERR60-CPP. Exception objects must be nothrow copy constructible.

  cert-err61-cpp

The cert-err61-cpp check is an alias, please see misc-throw-by-value-catch-by-reference for more information.

  cert-fio38-c

The cert-fio38-c check is an alias, please see misc-non-copyable-objects for more information.

  cert-flp30-c

This check flags for loops where the induction expression has a floating-point type.

This check corresponds to the CERT C Coding Standard rule FLP30-C. Do not use floating-point variables as loop counters.

  cert-msc30-c

The cert-msc30-c check is an alias, please see cert-msc50-cpp for more information.

  cert-msc32-c

The cert-msc32-c check is an alias, please see cert-msc51-cpp for more information.

  cert-msc50-cpp

Pseudorandom number generators use mathematical algorithms to produce a sequence of numbers with good statistical properties, but the numbers produced are not genuinely random. The std::rand() function takes a seed (number), runs a mathematical operation on it and returns the result. By manipulating the seed the result can be predictable. This check warns for the usage of std::rand().

  cert-msc51-cpp

This check flags all pseudo-random number engines, engine adaptor instantiations and srand() when initialized or seeded with default argument, constant expression or any user-configurable type. Pseudo-random number engines seeded with a predictable value may cause vulnerabilities e.g. in security protocols. This is a CERT security rule, see MSC51-CPP. Ensure your random number generator is properly seeded and MSC32-C. Properly seed pseudorandom number generators.

Examples:

void foo() {
  std::mt19937 engine1; // Diagnose, always generate the same sequence
  std::mt19937 engine2(1); // Diagnose
  engine1.seed(); // Diagnose
  engine2.seed(1); // Diagnose
  std::time_t t;
  engine1.seed(std::time(&t)); // Diagnose, system time might be controlled by user
  int x = atoi(argv[1]);
  std::mt19937 engine3(x);  // Will not warn
}

  Options

DisallowedSeedTypes
    A comma-separated list of the type names which are disallowed. Default values are time_t, std::time_t.

  cert-oop11-cpp

The cert-oop11-cpp check is an alias, please see performance-move-constructor-init for more information.

  cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays

The cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays check is an alias, please see modernize-avoid-c-arrays for more information.

  cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto

The usage of goto for control flow is error prone and should be replaced with looping constructs. Only forward jumps in nested loops are accepted.

This check implements ES.76 from the CppCoreGuidelines and 6.3.1 from High Integrity C++.

For more information on why to avoid programming with goto you can read the famous paper A Case against the GO TO Statement..

The check diagnoses goto for backward jumps in every language mode. These should be replaced with C/C++ looping constructs.

// Bad, handwritten for loop.
int i = 0;
// Jump label for the loop
loop_start:
do_some_operation();
if (i < 100) {
  ++i;
  goto loop_start;
}
// Better
for(int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
  do_some_operation();

Modern C++ needs goto only to jump out of nested loops.

for(int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
  for(int j = 0; j < 100; ++j) {
    if (i * j > 500)
      goto early_exit;
  }
}
early_exit:
some_operation();

All other uses of goto are diagnosed in C++.

  cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers

The cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers check is an alias, please see readability-magic-numbers for more information.

  cppcoreguidelines-c-copy-assignment-signature

The cppcoreguidelines-c-copy-assignment-signature check is an alias, please see misc-unconventional-assign-operator for more information.

  cppcoreguidelines-interfaces-global-init

This check flags initializers of globals that access extern objects, and therefore can lead to order-of-initialization problems.

This rule is part of the "Interfaces" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Ri-global-init

Note that currently this does not flag calls to non-constexpr functions, and therefore globals could still be accessed from functions themselves.

  cppcoreguidelines-macro-usage

Finds macro usage that is considered problematic because better language constructs exist for the task.

The relevant sections in the C++ Core Guidelines are Enum.1, ES.30, ES.31 and ES.33.

  Options

AllowedRegexp
    A regular expression to filter allowed macros. For example DEBUG*|LIBTORRENT*|TORRENT*|UNI* could be applied to filter libtorrent. Default value is ^DEBUG_*.

CheckCapsOnly
    Boolean flag to warn on all macros except those with CAPS_ONLY names. This option is intended to ease introduction of this check into older code bases. Default value is 0/false.

IgnoreCommandLineMacros
    Boolean flag to toggle ignoring command-line-defined macros. Default value is 1/true.

  cppcoreguidelines-narrowing-conversions

Checks for silent narrowing conversions, e.g: int i = 0; i += 0.1;. While the issue is obvious in this former example, it might not be so in the following: void MyClass::f(double d) { int_member_ += d; }.

This rule is part of the "Expressions and statements" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, corresponding to rule ES.46. See

https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#es46-avoid-lossy-narrowing-truncating-arithmetic-conversions.

We enforce only part of the guideline, more specifically, we flag narrowing conversions from:

•   an integer to a narrower integer (e.g. char to unsigned char),

•   an integer to a narrower floating-point (e.g. uint64_t to float),

•   a floating-point to an integer (e.g. double to int),

•   a floating-point to a narrower floating-point (e.g. double to float) if WarnOnFloatingPointNarrowingConversion Option is set.

This check will flag:

•   All narrowing conversions that are not marked by an explicit cast (c-style or static_cast). For example: int i = 0; i += 0.1;, void f(int); f(0.1);,

•   All applications of binary operators with a narrowing conversions. For example: int i; i+= 0.1;.

  Options

WarnOnFloatingPointNarrowingConversion
    When non-zero, the check will warn on narrowing floating point conversion (e.g. double to float). 1 by default.

PedanticMode
    When non-zero, the check will warn on assigning a floating point constant to an integer value even if the floating point value is exactly representable in the destination type (e.g. int i = 1.0;). 0 by default.

  FAQ

•   What does "narrowing conversion from 'int' to 'float'" mean?

    An IEEE754 Floating Point number can represent all integer values in the range [-2^PrecisionBits, 2^PrecisionBits] where PrecisionBits is the number of bits in the mantissa.

    For float this would be [-2^23, 2^23], where int can represent values in the range [-2^31, 2^31-1].

•   What does "implementation-defined" mean?

    You may have encountered messages like "narrowing conversion from 'unsigned int' to signed type 'int' is implementation-defined". The C/C++ standard does not mandate two’s complement for signed integers, and so the compiler is free to define what the semantics are for converting an unsigned integer to signed integer. Clang's implementation uses the two’s complement format.

  cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc

This check handles C-Style memory management using malloc(), realloc(), calloc() and free(). It warns about its use and tries to suggest the use of an appropriate RAII object. Furthermore, it can be configured to check against a user-specified list of functions that are used for memory management (e.g. posix_memalign()). See C++ Core Guidelines.

There is no attempt made to provide fix-it hints, since manual resource management isn't easily transformed automatically into RAII.

// Warns each of the following lines.
// Containers like std::vector or std::string should be used.
char* some_string = (char*) malloc(sizeof(char) * 20);
char* some_string = (char*) realloc(sizeof(char) * 30);
free(some_string);
int* int_array = (int*) calloc(30, sizeof(int));
// Rather use a smartpointer or stack variable.
struct some_struct* s = (struct some_struct*) malloc(sizeof(struct some_struct));

  Options

Allocations
    Semicolon-separated list of fully qualified names of memory allocation functions. Defaults to ::malloc;::calloc.

Deallocations
    Semicolon-separated list of fully qualified names of memory allocation functions. Defaults to ::free.

Reallocations
    Semicolon-separated list of fully qualified names of memory allocation functions. Defaults to ::realloc.

  cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes

The cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes check is an alias, please see misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes for more information.

  cppcoreguidelines-owning-memory

This check implements the type-based semantics of gsl::owner<T*>, which allows static analysis on code, that uses raw pointers to handle resources like dynamic memory, but won't introduce RAII concepts.

The relevant sections in the C++ Core Guidelines are I.11, C.33, R.3 and GSL.Views The definition of a gsl::owner<T*> is straight forward

namespace gsl { template <typename T> owner = T; }

It is therefore simple to introduce the owner even without using an implementation of the Guideline Support Library.

All checks are purely type based and not (yet) flow sensitive.

The following examples will demonstrate the correct and incorrect initializations of owners, assignment is handled the same way. Note that both new and malloc()-like resource functions are considered to produce resources.

// Creating an owner with factory functions is checked.
gsl::owner<int*> function_that_returns_owner() { return gsl::owner<int*>(new int(42)); }
// Dynamic memory must be assigned to an owner
int* Something = new int(42); // BAD, will be caught
gsl::owner<int*> Owner = new int(42); // Good
gsl::owner<int*> Owner = new int[42]; // Good as well
// Returned owner must be assigned to an owner
int* Something = function_that_returns_owner(); // Bad, factory function
gsl::owner<int*> Owner = function_that_returns_owner(); // Good, result lands in owner
// Something not a resource or owner should not be assigned to owners
int Stack = 42;
gsl::owner<int*> Owned = &Stack; // Bad, not a resource assigned

In the case of dynamic memory as resource, only gsl::owner<T*> variables are allowed to be deleted.

// Example Bad, non-owner as resource handle, will be caught.
int* NonOwner = new int(42); // First warning here, since new must land in an owner
delete NonOwner; // Second warning here, since only owners are allowed to be deleted
// Example Good, Ownership correclty stated
gsl::owner<int*> Owner = new int(42); // Good
delete Owner; // Good as well, statically enforced, that only owners get deleted

The check will furthermore ensure, that functions, that expect a gsl::owner<T*> as argument get called with either a gsl::owner<T*> or a newly created resource.

void expects_owner(gsl::owner<int*> o) { delete o; }
// Bad Code
int NonOwner = 42;
expects_owner(&NonOwner); // Bad, will get caught
// Good Code
gsl::owner<int*> Owner = new int(42);
expects_owner(Owner); // Good
expects_owner(new int(42)); // Good as well, recognized created resource
// Port legacy code for better resource-safety
gsl::owner<FILE*> File = fopen("my_file.txt", "rw+");
FILE* BadFile = fopen("another_file.txt", "w"); // Bad, warned
// ... use the file
fclose(File); // Ok, File is annotated as 'owner<>'
fclose(BadFile); // BadFile is not an 'owner<>', will be warned

  Options

LegacyResourceProducers
    Semicolon-separated list of fully qualified names of legacy functions that create resources but cannot introduce gsl::owner<>. Defaults to ::malloc;::aligned_alloc;::realloc;::calloc;::fopen;::freopen;::tmpfile.

LegacyResourceConsumers
    Semicolon-separated list of fully qualified names of legacy functions expecting resource owners as pointer arguments but cannot introduce gsl::owner<>. Defaults to ::free;::realloc;::freopen;::fclose.

  Limitations

Using gsl::owner<T*> in a typedef or alias is not handled correctly.

using heap_int = gsl::owner<int*>;
heap_int allocated = new int(42); // False positive!

The gsl::owner<T*> is declared as a templated type alias. In template functions and classes, like in the example below, the information of the type aliases gets lost. Therefore using gsl::owner<T*> in a heavy templated code base might lead to false positives.

Known code constructs that do not get diagnosed correctly are:

•   std::exchange

•   std::vector<gsl::owner<T*>>

    // This template function works as expected. Type information doesn't get lost.
    template <typename T>
    void delete_owner(gsl::owner<T*> owned_object) {
      delete owned_object; // Everything alright
    }
    gsl::owner<int*> function_that_returns_owner() { return gsl::owner<int*>(new int(42)); }
    // Type deduction does not work for auto variables.
    // This is caught by the check and will be noted accordingly.
    auto OwnedObject = function_that_returns_owner(); // Type of OwnedObject will be int*
    // Problematic function template that looses the typeinformation on owner
    template <typename T>
    void bad_template_function(T some_object) {
      // This line will trigger the warning, that a non-owner is assigned to an owner
      gsl::owner<T*> new_owner = some_object;
    }
    // Calling the function with an owner still yields a false positive.
    bad_template_function(gsl::owner<int*>(new int(42)));
    // The same issue occurs with templated classes like the following.
    template <typename T>
    class OwnedValue {
    public:
      const T getValue() const { return _val; }
    private:
      T _val;
    };
    // Code, that yields a false positive.
    OwnedValue<gsl::owner<int*>> Owner(new int(42)); // Type deduction yield T -> int *
    // False positive, getValue returns int* and not gsl::owner<int*>
    gsl::owner<int*> OwnedInt = Owner.getValue();

    Another limitation of the current implementation is only the type based checking. Suppose you have code like the following:

    // Two owners with assigned resources
    gsl::owner<int*> Owner1 = new int(42);
    gsl::owner<int*> Owner2 = new int(42);
    Owner2 = Owner1; // Conceptual Leak of initial resource of Owner2!
    Owner1 = nullptr;

    The semantic of a gsl::owner<T*> is mostly like a std::unique_ptr<T>, therefore assignment of two gsl::owner<T*> is considered a move, which requires that the resource Owner2 must have been released before the assignment. This kind of condition could be catched in later improvements of this check with flowsensitive analysis. Currently, the Clang Static Analyzer catches this bug for dynamic memory, but not for general types of resources.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay

This check flags all array to pointer decays.

Pointers should not be used as arrays. span<T> is a bounds-checked, safe alternative to using pointers to access arrays.

This rule is part of the "Bounds safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-bounds-decay.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-constant-array-index

This check flags all array subscript expressions on static arrays and std::arrays that either do not have a constant integer expression index or are out of bounds (for std::array). For out-of-bounds checking of static arrays, see the -Warray-bounds Clang diagnostic.

This rule is part of the "Bounds safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-bounds-arrayindex.

  Options

GslHeader
    The check can generate fixes after this option has been set to the name of the include file that contains gsl::at(), e.g. "gsl/gsl.h".

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-pointer-arithmetic

This check flags all usage of pointer arithmetic, because it could lead to an invalid pointer. Subtraction of two pointers is not flagged by this check.

Pointers should only refer to single objects, and pointer arithmetic is fragile and easy to get wrong. span<T> is a bounds-checked, safe type for accessing arrays of data.

This rule is part of the "Bounds safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-bounds-arithmetic.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast

This check flags all uses of const_cast in C++ code.

Modifying a variable that was declared const is undefined behavior, even with const_cast.

This rule is part of the "Type safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-type-constcast.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-cstyle-cast

This check flags all use of C-style casts that perform a static_cast downcast, const_cast, or reinterpret_cast.

Use of these casts can violate type safety and cause the program to access a variable that is actually of type X to be accessed as if it were of an unrelated type Z. Note that a C-style (T)expression cast means to perform the first of the following that is possible: a const_cast, a static_cast, a static_cast followed by a const_cast, a reinterpret_cast, or a reinterpret_cast followed by a const_cast. This rule bans (T)expression only when used to perform an unsafe cast.

This rule is part of the "Type safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-type-cstylecast.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init

The check flags user-defined constructor definitions that do not initialize all fields that would be left in an undefined state by default construction, e.g. builtins, pointers and record types without user-provided default constructors containing at least one such type. If these fields aren't initialized, the constructor will leave some of the memory in an undefined state.

For C++11 it suggests fixes to add in-class field initializers. For older versions it inserts the field initializers into the constructor initializer list. It will also initialize any direct base classes that need to be zeroed in the constructor initializer list.

The check takes assignment of fields in the constructor body into account but generates false positives for fields initialized in methods invoked in the constructor body.

The check also flags variables with automatic storage duration that have record types without a user-provided constructor and are not initialized. The suggested fix is to zero initialize the variable via {} for C++11 and beyond or = {} for older language versions.

  Options

IgnoreArrays
    If set to non-zero, the check will not warn about array members that are not zero-initialized during construction. For performance critical code, it may be important to not initialize fixed-size array members. Default is 0.

    This rule is part of the "Type safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, corresponding to rule Type.6. See https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-type-memberinit.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast

This check flags all uses of reinterpret_cast in C++ code.

Use of these casts can violate type safety and cause the program to access a variable that is actually of type X to be accessed as if it were of an unrelated type Z.

This rule is part of the "Type safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-type-reinterpretcast.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast

This check flags all usages of static_cast, where a base class is casted to a derived class. In those cases, a fix-it is provided to convert the cast to a dynamic_cast.

Use of these casts can violate type safety and cause the program to access a variable that is actually of type X to be accessed as if it were of an unrelated type Z.

This rule is part of the "Type safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-type-downcast.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-union-access

This check flags all access to members of unions. Passing unions as a whole is not flagged.

Reading from a union member assumes that member was the last one written, and writing to a union member assumes another member with a nontrivial destructor had its destructor called. This is fragile because it cannot generally be enforced to be safe in the language and so relies on programmer discipline to get it right.

This rule is part of the "Type safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-type-unions.

  cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg

This check flags all calls to c-style vararg functions and all use of va_arg.

To allow for SFINAE use of vararg functions, a call is not flagged if a literal 0 is passed as the only vararg argument.

Passing to varargs assumes the correct type will be read. This is fragile because it cannot generally be enforced to be safe in the language and so relies on programmer discipline to get it right.

This rule is part of the "Type safety" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, see https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#Pro-type-varargs.

  cppcoreguidelines-slicing

Flags slicing of member variables or vtable. Slicing happens when copying a derived object into a base object: the members of the derived object (both member variables and virtual member functions) will be discarded. This can be misleading especially for member function slicing, for example:

struct B { int a; virtual int f(); };
struct D : B { int b; int f() override; };
void use(B b) {  // Missing reference, intended?
  b.f();  // Calls B::f.
}
D d;
use(d);  // Slice.

See the relevant C++ Core Guidelines sections for details: https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#es63-dont-slice https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#c145-access-polymorphic-objects-through-pointers-and-references

  cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions

The check finds classes where some but not all of the special member functions are defined.

By default the compiler defines a copy constructor, copy assignment operator, move constructor, move assignment operator and destructor. The default can be suppressed by explicit user-definitions. The relationship between which functions will be suppressed by definitions of other functions is complicated and it is advised that all five are defaulted or explicitly defined.

Note that defining a function with = delete is considered to be a definition.

This rule is part of the "Constructors, assignments, and destructors" profile of the C++ Core Guidelines, corresponding to rule C.21. See

https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md#c21-if-you-define-or-delete-any-default-operation-define-or-delete-them-all.

  Options

AllowSoleDefaultDtor
    When set to 1 (default is 0), this check doesn't flag classes with a sole, explicitly defaulted destructor. An example for such a class is:

    struct A {
      virtual ~A() = default;
    };

AllowMissingMoveFunctions
    When set to 1 (default is 0), this check doesn't flag classes which define no move operations at all. It still flags classes which define only one of either move constructor or move assignment operator. With this option enabled, the following class won't be flagged:

    struct A {
      A(const A&);
      A& operator=(const A&);
      ~A();
    }

  fuchsia-default-arguments

Warns if a function or method is declared or called with default arguments.

For example, the declaration:

int foo(int value = 5) { return value; }

will cause a warning.

A function call expression that uses a default argument will be diagnosed. Calling it without defaults will not cause a warning:

foo();  // warning
foo(0); // no warning

See the features disallowed in Fuchsia at https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/zircon/+/master/docs/cxx.md

  fuchsia-header-anon-namespaces

The fuchsia-header-anon-namespaces check is an alias, please see google-build-namespace for more information.

  fuchsia-multiple-inheritance

Warns if a class inherits from multiple classes that are not pure virtual.

For example, declaring a class that inherits from multiple concrete classes is disallowed:

class Base_A {
public:
  virtual int foo() { return 0; }
};
class Base_B {
public:
  virtual int bar() { return 0; }
};
// Warning
class Bad_Child1 : public Base_A, Base_B {};

A class that inherits from a pure virtual is allowed:

class Interface_A {
public:
  virtual int foo() = 0;
};
class Interface_B {
public:
  virtual int bar() = 0;
};
// No warning
class Good_Child1 : public Interface_A, Interface_B {
  virtual int foo() override { return 0; }
  virtual int bar() override { return 0; }
};

See the features disallowed in Fuchsia at https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/zircon/+/master/docs/cxx.md

  fuchsia-overloaded-operator

Warns if an operator is overloaded, except for the assignment (copy and move) operators.

For example:

int operator+(int);     // Warning
B &operator=(const B &Other);  // No warning
B &operator=(B &&Other) // No warning

See the features disallowed in Fuchsia at https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/zircon/+/master/docs/cxx.md

  fuchsia-restrict-system-includes

Checks for allowed system includes and suggests removal of any others.

It is important to note that running this check with fixes may break code, as the fix removes headers. Fixes are applied to source and header files, but not to system headers.

For example, given the allowed system includes 'a.h,b*':

#include <a.h>
#include <b.h>
#include <bar.h>
#include <c.h>    // Warning, as c.h is not explicitly allowed

All system includes can be allowed with '*', and all can be disallowed with an empty string ('').

  Options

Includes
    A string containing a comma separated glob list of allowed include filenames. Similar to the -checks glob list for running clang-tidy itself, the two wildcard characters are '*' and '-', to include and exclude globs, respectively.The default is '*', which allows all includes.

  fuchsia-statically-constructed-objects

Warns if global, non-trivial objects with static storage are constructed, unless the object is statically initialized with a constexpr constructor or has no explicit constructor.

For example:

class A {};
class B {
public:
  B(int Val) : Val(Val) {}
private:
  int Val;
};
class C {
public:
  C(int Val) : Val(Val) {}
  constexpr C() : Val(0) {}
private:
  int Val;
};
static A a;         // No warning, as there is no explicit constructor
static C c(0);      // No warning, as constructor is constexpr
static B b(0);      // Warning, as constructor is not constexpr
static C c2(0, 1);  // Warning, as constructor is not constexpr
static int i;       // No warning, as it is trivial
extern int get_i();
static C(get_i())   // Warning, as the constructor is dynamically initialized

See the features disallowed in Fuchsia at https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/zircon/+/master/docs/cxx.md

  fuchsia-trailing-return

Functions that have trailing returns are disallowed, except for those using decltype specifiers and lambda with otherwise unutterable return types.

For example:

// No warning
int add_one(const int arg) { return arg; }
// Warning
auto get_add_one() -> int (*)(const int) {
  return add_one;
}

Exceptions are made for lambdas and decltype specifiers:

// No warning
auto lambda = [](double x, double y) -> double {return x + y;};
// No warning
template <typename T1, typename T2>
auto fn(const T1 &lhs, const T2 &rhs) -> decltype(lhs + rhs) {
  return lhs + rhs;
}

See the features disallowed in Fuchsia at https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/zircon/+/master/docs/cxx.md

  fuchsia-virtual-inheritance

Warns if classes are defined with virtual inheritance.

For example, classes should not be defined with virtual inheritance:

class B : public virtual A {};   // warning

See the features disallowed in Fuchsia at https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/zircon/+/master/docs/cxx.md

  google-build-explicit-make-pair

Check that make_pair's template arguments are deduced.

G++ 4.6 in C++11 mode fails badly if make_pair's template arguments are specified explicitly, and such use isn't intended in any case.

Corresponding cpplint.py check name: build/explicit_make_pair.

  google-build-namespaces

cert-dcl59-cpp redirects here as an alias for this check. fuchsia-header-anon-namespaces redirects here as an alias for this check.

Finds anonymous namespaces in headers.

https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Namespaces

Corresponding cpplint.py check name: build/namespaces.

  Options

HeaderFileExtensions
    A comma-separated list of filename extensions of header files (the filename extensions should not include "." prefix). Default is "h,hh,hpp,hxx". For header files without an extension, use an empty string (if there are no other desired extensions) or leave an empty element in the list. e.g., "h,hh,hpp,hxx," (note the trailing comma).

  google-build-using-namespace

Finds using namespace directives.

The check implements the following rule of the Google C++ Style Guide: You may not use a using-directive to make all names from a namespace available.

// Forbidden -- This pollutes the namespace.
using namespace foo;

Corresponding cpplint.py check name: build/namespaces.

  google-default-arguments

Checks that default arguments are not given for virtual methods.

See https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Default_Arguments

  google-explicit-constructor

Checks that constructors callable with a single argument and conversion operators are marked explicit to avoid the risk of unintentional implicit conversions.

Consider this example:

struct S {
  int x;
  operator bool() const { return true; }
};
bool f() {
  S a{1};
  S b{2};
  return a == b;
}

The function will return true, since the objects are implicitly converted to bool before comparison, which is unlikely to be the intent.

The check will suggest inserting explicit before the constructor or conversion operator declaration. However, copy and move constructors should not be explicit, as well as constructors taking a single initializer_list argument.

This code:

struct S {
  S(int a);
  explicit S(const S&);
  operator bool() const;
  ...

will become

struct S {
  explicit S(int a);
  S(const S&);
  explicit operator bool() const;
  ...

See https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Explicit_Constructors

  google-global-names-in-headers

Flag global namespace pollution in header files. Right now it only triggers on using declarations and directives.

The relevant style guide section is https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Namespaces.

  Options

HeaderFileExtensions
    A comma-separated list of filename extensions of header files (the filename extensions should not contain "." prefix). Default is "h". For header files without an extension, use an empty string (if there are no other desired extensions) or leave an empty element in the list. e.g., "h,hh,hpp,hxx," (note the trailing comma).

  google-objc-avoid-throwing-exception

Finds uses of throwing exceptions usages in Objective-C files.

For the same reason as the Google C++ style guide, we prefer not throwing exceptions from Objective-C code.

The corresponding C++ style guide rule: https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Exceptions

Instead, prefer passing in NSError ** and return BOOL to indicate success or failure.

A counterexample:

- (void)readFile {
  if ([self isError]) {
    @throw [NSException exceptionWithName:...];
  }
}

Instead, returning an error via NSError ** is preferred:

- (BOOL)readFileWithError:(NSError **)error {
  if ([self isError]) {
    *error = [NSError errorWithDomain:...];
    return NO;
  }
  return YES;
}

The corresponding style guide rule: http://google.github.io/styleguide/objcguide.html#avoid-throwing-exceptions

  google-objc-function-naming

Finds function declarations in Objective-C files that do not follow the pattern described in the Google Objective-C Style Guide.

The corresponding style guide rule can be found here: https://google.github.io/styleguide/objcguide.html#function-names

All function names should be in Pascal case. Functions whose storage class is not static should have an appropriate prefix.

The following code sample does not follow this pattern:

static bool is_positive(int i) { return i > 0; }
bool IsNegative(int i) { return i < 0; }

The sample above might be corrected to the following code:

static bool IsPositive(int i) { return i > 0; }
bool *ABCIsNegative(int i) { return i < 0; }

  google-objc-global-variable-declaration

Finds global variable declarations in Objective-C files that do not follow the pattern of variable names in Google's Objective-C Style Guide.

The corresponding style guide rule: http://google.github.io/styleguide/objcguide.html#variable-names

All the global variables should follow the pattern of g[A-Z].* (variables) or k[A-Z].* (constants). The check will suggest a variable name that follows the pattern if it can be inferred from the original name.

For code:

static NSString* myString = @"hello";

The fix will be:

static NSString* gMyString = @"hello";

Another example of constant:

static NSString* const myConstString = @"hello";

The fix will be:

static NSString* const kMyConstString = @"hello";

However for code that prefixed with non-alphabetical characters like:

static NSString* __anotherString = @"world";

The check will give a warning message but will not be able to suggest a fix. The user need to fix it on his own.

  google-readability-braces-around-statements

The google-readability-braces-around-statements check is an alias, please see readability-braces-around-statements for more information.

  google-readability-casting

Finds usages of C-style casts.

https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Casting

Corresponding cpplint.py check name: readability/casting.

This check is similar to -Wold-style-cast, but it suggests automated fixes in some cases. The reported locations should not be different from the ones generated by -Wold-style-cast.

  google-readability-function-size

The google-readability-function-size check is an alias, please see readability-function-size for more information.

  google-readability-namespace-comments

The google-readability-namespace-comments check is an alias, please see llvm-namespace-comment for more information.

  google-readability-todo

Finds TODO comments without a username or bug number.

The relevant style guide section is https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#TODO_Comments.

Corresponding cpplint.py check: readability/todo

  google-runtime-int

Finds uses of short, long and long long and suggest replacing them with u?intXX(_t)?.

The corresponding style guide rule: https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Integer_Types.

Correspondig cpplint.py check: runtime/int.

  Options

UnsignedTypePrefix
    A string specifying the unsigned type prefix. Default is uint.

SignedTypePrefix
    A string specifying the signed type prefix. Default is int.

TypeSuffix
    A string specifying the type suffix. Default is an empty string.

  google-runtime-operator

Finds overloads of unary operator &.

https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Operator_Overloading

Corresponding cpplint.py check name: runtime/operator.

  google-runtime-references

Checks the usage of non-constant references in function parameters.

The corresponding style guide rule: https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Reference_Arguments

  Options

WhiteListTypes
    A semicolon-separated list of names of whitelist types. Default is empty.

  hicpp-avoid-c-arrays

The hicpp-avoid-c-arrays check is an alias, please see modernize-avoid-c-arrays for more information.

  hicpp-avoid-goto

The hicpp-avoid-goto check is an alias to cppcoreguidelines-avoid-goto. Rule 6.3.1 High Integrity C++ requires that goto only skips parts of a block and is not used for other reasons.

Both coding guidelines implement the same exception to the usage of goto.

  hicpp-braces-around-statements

The hicpp-braces-around-statements check is an alias, please see readability-braces-around-statements for more information. It enforces the rule 6.1.1.

  hicpp-deprecated-headers

The hicpp-deprecated-headers check is an alias, please see modernize-deprecated-headers for more information. It enforces the rule 1.3.3.

  hicpp-exception-baseclass

Ensure that every value that in a throw expression is an instance of std::exception.

This enforces rule 15.1 of the High Integrity C++ Coding Standard.

class custom_exception {};
void throwing() noexcept(false) {
  // Problematic throw expressions.
  throw int(42);
  throw custom_exception();
}
class mathematical_error : public std::exception {};
void throwing2() noexcept(false) {
  // These kind of throws are ok.
  throw mathematical_error();
  throw std::runtime_error();
  throw std::exception();
}

  hicpp-explicit-conversions

This check is an alias for google-explicit-constructor. Used to enforce parts of rule 5.4.1. This check will enforce that constructors and conversion operators are marked explicit. Other forms of casting checks are implemented in other places. The following checks can be used to check for more forms of casting:

•   cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-static-cast-downcast

•   cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-reinterpret-cast

•   cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-const-cast

•   cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-cstyle-cast

  hicpp-function-size

This check is an alias for readability-function-size. Useful to enforce multiple sections on function complexity.

•   rule 8.2.2

•   rule 8.3.1

•   rule 8.3.2

  hicpp-invalid-access-moved

This check is an alias for bugprone-use-after-move.

Implements parts of the rule 8.4.1 to check if moved-from objects are accessed.

  hicpp-member-init

This check is an alias for cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-member-init. Implements the check for rule 12.4.2 to initialize class members in the right order.

  hicpp-move-const-arg

The hicpp-move-const-arg check is an alias, please see performance-move-const-arg for more information. It enforces the rule 17.3.1.

  hicpp-multiway-paths-covered

This check discovers situations where code paths are not fully-covered. It furthermore suggests using if instead of switch if the code will be more clear. The rule 6.1.2 and rule 6.1.4 of the High Integrity C++ Coding Standard are enforced.

if-else if chains that miss a final else branch might lead to unexpected program execution and be the result of a logical error. If the missing else branch is intended you can leave it empty with a clarifying comment. This warning can be noisy on some code bases, so it is disabled by default.

void f1() {
  int i = determineTheNumber();
   if(i > 0) {
     // Some Calculation
   } else if (i < 0) {
     // Precondition violated or something else.
   }
   // ...
}

Similar arguments hold for switch statements which do not cover all possible code paths.

// The missing default branch might be a logical error. It can be kept empty
// if there is nothing to do, making it explicit.
void f2(int i) {
  switch (i) {
  case 0: // something
    break;
  case 1: // something else
    break;
  }
  // All other numbers?
}
// Violates this rule as well, but already emits a compiler warning (-Wswitch).
enum Color { Red, Green, Blue, Yellow };
void f3(enum Color c) {
  switch (c) {
  case Red: // We can't drive for now.
    break;
  case Green:  // We are allowed to drive.
    break;
  }
  // Other cases missing
}

The rule 6.1.4 requires every switch statement to have at least two case labels other than a default label. Otherwise, the switch could be better expressed with an if statement. Degenerated switch statements without any labels are caught as well.

// Degenerated switch that could be better written as `if`
int i = 42;
switch(i) {
  case 1: // do something here
  default: // do somethe else here
}
// Should rather be the following:
if (i == 1) {
  // do something here
}
else {
  // do something here
}

// A completly degenerated switch will be diagnosed.
int i = 42;
switch(i) {}

  Options

WarnOnMissingElse
    Boolean flag that activates a warning for missing else branches. Default is 0.

  hicpp-named-parameter

This check is an alias for readability-named-parameter.

Implements rule 8.2.1.

  hicpp-new-delete-operators

This check is an alias for misc-new-delete-overloads. Implements rule 12.3.1 to ensure the new and delete operators have the correct signature.

  hicpp-no-array-decay

The hicpp-no-array-decay check is an alias, please see cppcoreguidelines-pro-bounds-array-to-pointer-decay for more information. It enforces the rule 4.1.1.

  hicpp-no-assembler

Check for assembler statements. No fix is offered.

Inline assembler is forbidden by the High Intergrity C++ Coding Standard as it restricts the portability of code.

  hicpp-no-malloc

The hicpp-no-malloc check is an alias, please see cppcoreguidelines-no-malloc for more information. It enforces the rule 5.3.2.

  hicpp-noexcept-move

This check is an alias for misc-noexcept-moveconstructor. Checks rule 12.5.4 to mark move assignment and move construction noexcept.

  hicpp-signed-bitwise

Finds uses of bitwise operations on signed integer types, which may lead to undefined or implementation defined behaviour.

The according rule is defined in the High Integrity C++ Standard, Section 5.6.1.

  hicpp-special-member-functions

This check is an alias for cppcoreguidelines-special-member-functions. Checks that special member functions have the correct signature, according to rule 12.5.7.

  hicpp-static-assert

The hicpp-static-assert check is an alias, please see misc-static-assert for more information. It enforces the rule 7.1.10.

  hicpp-undelegated-constructor

This check is an alias for bugprone-undelegated-constructor. Partially implements rule 12.4.5 to find misplaced constructor calls inside a constructor.

struct Ctor {
  Ctor();
  Ctor(int);
  Ctor(int, int);
  Ctor(Ctor *i) {
    // All Ctor() calls result in a temporary object
    Ctor(); // did you intend to call a delegated constructor?
    Ctor(0); // did you intend to call a delegated constructor?
    Ctor(1, 2); // did you intend to call a delegated constructor?
    foo();
  }
};

  hicpp-uppercase-literal-suffix

The hicpp-uppercase-literal-suffix check is an alias, please see readability-uppercase-literal-suffix for more information.

  hicpp-use-auto

The hicpp-use-auto check is an alias, please see modernize-use-auto for more information. It enforces the rule 7.1.8.

  hicpp-use-emplace

The hicpp-use-emplace check is an alias, please see modernize-use-emplace for more information. It enforces the rule 17.4.2.

  hicpp-use-equals-default

This check is an alias for modernize-use-equals-default. Implements rule 12.5.1 to explicitly default special member functions.

  hicpp-use-equals-delete

This check is an alias for modernize-use-equals-delete. Implements rule 12.5.1 to explicitly default or delete special member functions.

  hicpp-use-noexcept

The hicpp-use-noexcept check is an alias, please see modernize-use-noexcept for more information. It enforces the rule 1.3.5.

  hicpp-use-nullptr

The hicpp-use-nullptr check is an alias, please see modernize-use-nullptr for more information. It enforces the rule 2.5.3.

  hicpp-use-override

This check is an alias for modernize-use-override. Implements rule 10.2.1 to declare a virtual function override when overriding.

  hicpp-vararg

The hicpp-vararg check is an alias, please see cppcoreguidelines-pro-type-vararg for more information. It enforces the rule 14.1.1.

  llvm-header-guard

Finds and fixes header guards that do not adhere to LLVM style.

  Options

HeaderFileExtensions
    A comma-separated list of filename extensions of header files (the filename extensions should not include "." prefix). Default is "h,hh,hpp,hxx". For header files without an extension, use an empty string (if there are no other desired extensions) or leave an empty element in the list. e.g., "h,hh,hpp,hxx," (note the trailing comma).

  llvm-include-order

Checks the correct order of #includes.

See http://llvm.org/docs/CodingStandards.html#include-style

  llvm-namespace-comment

google-readability-namespace-comments redirects here as an alias for this check.

Checks that long namespaces have a closing comment.

http://llvm.org/docs/CodingStandards.html#namespace-indentation

https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Namespaces

namespace n1 {
void f();
}
// becomes
namespace n1 {
void f();
}  // namespace n1

  Options

ShortNamespaceLines
    Requires the closing brace of the namespace definition to be followed by a closing comment if the body of the namespace has more than ShortNamespaceLines lines of code. The value is an unsigned integer that defaults to 1U.

SpacesBeforeComments
    An unsigned integer specifying the number of spaces before the comment closing a namespace definition. Default is 1U.

  llvm-twine-local

Looks for local Twine variables which are prone to use after frees and should be generally avoided.

static Twine Moo = Twine("bark") + "bah";
// becomes
static std::string Moo = (Twine("bark") + "bah").str();

  misc-definitions-in-headers

Finds non-extern non-inline function and variable definitions in header files, which can lead to potential ODR violations in case these headers are included from multiple translation units.

// Foo.h
int a = 1; // Warning: variable definition.
extern int d; // OK: extern variable.
namespace N {
  int e = 2; // Warning: variable definition.
}
// Warning: variable definition.
const char* str = "foo";
// OK: internal linkage variable definitions are ignored for now.
// Although these might also cause ODR violations, we can be less certain and
// should try to keep the false-positive rate down.
static int b = 1;
const int c = 1;
const char* const str2 = "foo";
constexpr int k = 1;
// Warning: function definition.
int g() {
  return 1;
}
// OK: inline function definition is allowed to be defined multiple times.
inline int e() {
  return 1;
}
class A {
public:
  int f1() { return 1; } // OK: implicitly inline member function definition is allowed.
  int f2();
  static int d;
};
// Warning: not an inline member function definition.
int A::f2() { return 1; }
// OK: class static data member declaration is allowed.
int A::d = 1;
// OK: function template is allowed.
template<typename T>
T f3() {
  T a = 1;
  return a;
}
// Warning: full specialization of a function template is not allowed.
template <>
int f3() {
  int a = 1;
  return a;
}
template <typename T>
struct B {
  void f1();
};
// OK: member function definition of a class template is allowed.
template <typename T>
void B<T>::f1() {}
class CE {
  constexpr static int i = 5; // OK: inline variable definition.
};
inline int i = 5; // OK: inline variable definition.
constexpr int f10() { return 0; } // OK: constexpr function implies inline.

  Options

HeaderFileExtensions
    A comma-separated list of filename extensions of header files (the filename extensions should not include "." prefix). Default is "h,hh,hpp,hxx". For header files without an extension, use an empty string (if there are no other desired extensions) or leave an empty element in the list. e.g., "h,hh,hpp,hxx," (note the trailing comma).

UseHeaderFileExtension
    When non-zero, the check will use the file extension to distinguish header files. Default is 1.

  misc-misplaced-const

This check diagnoses when a const qualifier is applied to a typedef to a pointer type rather than to the pointee, because such constructs are often misleading to developers because the const applies to the pointer rather than the pointee.

For instance, in the following code, the resulting type is int * const rather than const int *:

typedef int *int_ptr;
void f(const int_ptr ptr);

The check does not diagnose when the underlying typedef type is a pointer to a const type or a function pointer type. This is because the const qualifier is less likely to be mistaken because it would be redundant (or disallowed) on the underlying pointee type.

  misc-new-delete-overloads

cert-dcl54-cpp redirects here as an alias for this check.

The check flags overloaded operator new() and operator delete() functions that do not have a corresponding free store function defined within the same scope. For instance, the check will flag a class implementation of a non-placement operator new() when the class does not also define a non-placement operator delete() function as well.

The check does not flag implicitly-defined operators, deleted or private operators, or placement operators.

This check corresponds to CERT C++ Coding Standard rule DCL54-CPP. Overload allocation and deallocation functions as a pair in the same scope.

  misc-non-copyable-objects

cert-fio38-c redirects here as an alias for this check.

The check flags dereferences and non-pointer declarations of objects that are not meant to be passed by value, such as C FILE objects or POSIX pthread_mutex_t objects.

This check corresponds to CERT C++ Coding Standard rule FIO38-C. Do not copy a FILE object.

  misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes

cppcoreguidelines-non-private-member-variables-in-classes redirects here as an alias for this check.

Finds classes that contain non-static data members in addition to user-declared non-static member functions and diagnose all data members declared with a non-public access specifier. The data members should be declared as private and accessed through member functions instead of exposed to derived classes or class consumers.

  Options

IgnoreClassesWithAllMemberVariablesBeingPublic
    Allows to completely ignore classes if all the member variables in that class a declared with a public access specifier.

IgnorePublicMemberVariables
    Allows to ignore (not diagnose) all the member variables declared with a public access specifier.

  misc-redundant-expression

Detect redundant expressions which are typically errors due to copy-paste.

Depending on the operator expressions may be

•   redundant,

•   always true,

•   always false,

•   always a constant (zero or one).

    Examples:

    ((x+1) | (x+1))             // (x+1) is redundant
    (p->x == p->x)              // always true
    (p->x < p->x)               // always false
    (speed - speed + 1 == 12)   // speed - speed is always zero

  misc-static-assert

cert-dcl03-c redirects here as an alias for this check.

Replaces assert() with static_assert() if the condition is evaluatable at compile time.

The condition of static_assert() is evaluated at compile time which is safer and more efficient.

  misc-throw-by-value-catch-by-reference

"cert-err09-cpp" redirects here as an alias for this check. "cert-err61-cpp" redirects here as an alias for this check.

Finds violations of the rule "Throw by value, catch by reference" presented for example in "C++ Coding Standards" by H. Sutter and A. Alexandrescu.

Exceptions:

•   Throwing string literals will not be flagged despite being a pointer. They are not susceptible to slicing and the usage of string literals is idomatic.

•   Catching character pointers (char, wchar_t, unicode character types) will not be flagged to allow catching sting literals.

•   Moved named values will not be flagged as not throwing an anonymous temporary. In this case we can be sure that the user knows that the object can't be accessed outside catch blocks handling the error.

•   Throwing function parameters will not be flagged as not throwing an anonymous temporary. This allows helper functions for throwing.

•   Re-throwing caught exception variables will not be flragged as not throwing an anonymous temporary. Although this can usually be done by just writing throw; it happens often enough in real code.

  Options

CheckThrowTemporaries
    Triggers detection of violations of the rule Throw anonymous temporaries. Default is 1.

  misc-unconventional-assign-operator

Finds declarations of assign operators with the wrong return and/or argument types and definitions with good return type but wrong return statements.

•   The return type must be Class&.

•   Works with move-assign and assign by value.

•   Private and deleted operators are ignored.

•   The operator must always return *this.

  misc-uniqueptr-reset-release

Find and replace unique_ptr::reset(release()) with std::move().

Example:

std::unique_ptr<Foo> x, y;
x.reset(y.release()); -> x = std::move(y);

If y is already rvalue, std::move() is not added. x and y can also be std::unique_ptr<Foo>*.

  misc-unused-alias-decls

Finds unused namespace alias declarations.

  misc-unused-parameters

Finds unused function parameters. Unused parameters may signify a bug in the code (e.g. when a different parameter is used instead). The suggested fixes either comment parameter name out or remove the parameter completely, if all callers of the function are in the same translation unit and can be updated.

The check is similar to the -Wunused-parameter compiler diagnostic and can be used to prepare a codebase to enabling of that diagnostic. By default the check is more permissive (see StrictMode).

void a(int i) { /*some code that doesn't use `i`*/ }
// becomes
void a(int  /*i*/) { /*some code that doesn't use `i`*/ }

static void staticFunctionA(int i);
static void staticFunctionA(int i) { /*some code that doesn't use `i`*/ }
// becomes
static void staticFunctionA()
static void staticFunctionA() { /*some code that doesn't use `i`*/ }

  Options

StrictMode
    When zero (default value), the check will ignore trivially unused parameters, i.e. when the corresponding function has an empty body (and in case of constructors - no constructor initializers). When the function body is empty, an unused parameter is unlikely to be unnoticed by a human reader, and there's basically no place for a bug to hide.

  misc-unused-using-decls

Finds unused using declarations.

Example:

namespace n { class C; }
using n::C;  // Never actually used.

  modernize-avoid-bind

The check finds uses of std::bind and replaces simple uses with lambdas. Lambdas will use value-capture where required.

Right now it only handles free functions, not member functions.

Given:

int add(int x, int y) { return x + y; }

Then:

void f() {
  int x = 2;
  auto clj = std::bind(add, x, _1);
}

is replaced by:

void f() {
  int x = 2;
  auto clj = [=](auto && arg1) { return add(x, arg1); };
}

std::bind can be hard to read and can result in larger object files and binaries due to type information that will not be produced by equivalent lambdas.

  modernize-avoid-c-arrays

cppcoreguidelines-avoid-c-arrays redirects here as an alias for this check.

hicpp-avoid-c-arrays redirects here as an alias for this check.

Finds C-style array types and recommend to use std::array<> / std::vector<>. All types of C arrays are diagnosed.

However, fix-it are potentially dangerous in header files and are therefore not emitted right now.

int a[] = {1, 2}; // warning: do not declare C-style arrays, use std::array<> instead
int b[1]; // warning: do not declare C-style arrays, use std::array<> instead
void foo() {
  int c[b[0]]; // warning: do not declare C VLA arrays, use std::vector<> instead
}
template <typename T, int Size>
class array {
  T d[Size]; // warning: do not declare C-style arrays, use std::array<> instead
  int e[1]; // warning: do not declare C-style arrays, use std::array<> instead
};
array<int[4], 2> d; // warning: do not declare C-style arrays, use std::array<> instead
using k = int[4]; // warning: do not declare C-style arrays, use std::array<> instead

However, the extern "C" code is ignored, since it is common to share such headers between C code, and C++ code.

// Some header
extern "C" {
int f[] = {1, 2}; // not diagnosed
int j[1]; // not diagnosed
inline void bar() {
  {
    int j[j[0]]; // not diagnosed
  }
}
}

Similarly, the main() function is ignored. Its second and third parameters can be either char* argv[] or char** argv, but can not be std::array<>.

  modernize-concat-nested-namespaces

Checks for use of nested namespaces such as namespace a { namespace b { ... } } and suggests changing to the more concise syntax introduced in C++17: namespace a::b { ... }. Inline namespaces are not modified.

For example:

namespace n1 {
namespace n2 {
void t();
}
}
namespace n3 {
namespace n4 {
namespace n5 {
void t();
}
}
namespace n6 {
namespace n7 {
void t();
}
}
}

Will be modified to:

namespace n1::n2 {
void t();
}
namespace n3 {
namespace n4::n5 {
void t();
}
namespace n6::n7 {
void t();
}
}

  modernize-deprecated-headers

Some headers from C library were deprecated in C++ and are no longer welcome in C++ codebases. Some have no effect in C++. For more details refer to the C++ 14 Standard [depr.c.headers] section.

This check replaces C standard library headers with their C++ alternatives and removes redundant ones.

Improtant note: the Standard doesn't guarantee that the C++ headers declare all the same functions in the global namespace. The check in its current form can break the code that uses library symbols from the global namespace.

•   <assert.h>

•   <complex.h>

•   <ctype.h>

•   <errno.h>

•   <fenv.h> // deprecated since C++11

•   <float.h>

•   <inttypes.h>

•   <limits.h>

•   <locale.h>

•   <math.h>

•   <setjmp.h>

•   <signal.h>

•   <stdarg.h>

•   <stddef.h>

•   <stdint.h>

•   <stdio.h>

•   <stdlib.h>

•   <string.h>

•   <tgmath.h> // deprecated since C++11

•   <time.h>

•   <uchar.h> // deprecated since C++11

•   <wchar.h>

•   <wctype.h>

    If the specified standard is older than C++11 the check will only replace headers deprecated before C++11, otherwise -- every header that appeared in the previous list.

    These headers don't have effect in C++:

•   <iso646.h>

•   <stdalign.h>

•   <stdbool.h>

  modernize-deprecated-ios-base-aliases

Detects usage of the deprecated member types of std::ios_base and replaces those that have a non-deprecated equivalent.
Deprecated member type | Replacement
std::ios_base::io_state | std::ios_base::iostate
std::ios_base::open_mode | std::ios_base::openmode
std::ios_base::seek_dir | std::ios_base::seekdir
std::ios_base::streamoff |
std::ios_base::streampos |

  modernize-loop-convert

This check converts for(...; ...; ...) loops to use the new range-based loops in C++11.

Three kinds of loops can be converted:

•   Loops over statically allocated arrays.

•   Loops over containers, using iterators.

•   Loops over array-like containers, using operator[] and at().

  MinConfidence option

  risky

In loops where the container expression is more complex than just a reference to a declared expression (a variable, function, enum, etc.), and some part of it appears elsewhere in the loop, we lower our confidence in the transformation due to the increased risk of changing semantics. Transformations for these loops are marked as risky, and thus will only be converted if the minimum required confidence level is set to risky.

int arr[10][20];
int l = 5;
for (int j = 0; j < 20; ++j)
  int k = arr[l][j] + l; // using l outside arr[l] is considered risky
for (int i = 0; i < obj.getVector().size(); ++i)
  obj.foo(10); // using 'obj' is considered risky

See Range-based loops evaluate end() only once for an example of an incorrect transformation when the minimum required confidence level is set to risky.

  reasonable (Default)

If a loop calls .end() or .size() after each iteration, the transformation for that loop is marked as reasonable, and thus will be converted if the required confidence level is set to reasonable (default) or lower.

// using size() is considered reasonable
for (int i = 0; i < container.size(); ++i)
  cout << container[i];

  safe

Any other loops that do not match the above criteria to be marked as risky or reasonable are marked safe, and thus will be converted if the required confidence level is set to safe or lower.

int arr[] = {1,2,3};
for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i)
  cout << arr[i];

  Example

Original:

const int N = 5;
int arr[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
vector<int> v;
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(2);
v.push_back(3);
// safe conversion
for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i)
  cout << arr[i];
// reasonable conversion
for (vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); ++it)
  cout << *it;
// reasonable conversion
for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i)
  cout << v[i];

After applying the check with minimum confidence level set to reasonable (default):

const int N = 5;
int arr[] = {1,2,3,4,5};
vector<int> v;
v.push_back(1);
v.push_back(2);
v.push_back(3);
// safe conversion
for (auto & elem : arr)
  cout << elem;
// reasonable conversion
for (auto & elem : v)
  cout << elem;
// reasonable conversion
for (auto & elem : v)
  cout << elem;

  Limitations

There are certain situations where the tool may erroneously perform transformations that remove information and change semantics. Users of the tool should be aware of the behaviour and limitations of the check outlined by the cases below.

  Comments inside loop headers

Comments inside the original loop header are ignored and deleted when transformed.

for (int i = 0; i < N; /* This will be deleted */ ++i) { }

  Range-based loops evaluate end() only once

The C++11 range-based for loop calls .end() only once during the initialization of the loop. If in the original loop .end() is called after each iteration the semantics of the transformed loop may differ.

// The following is semantically equivalent to the C++11 range-based for loop,
// therefore the semantics of the header will not change.
for (iterator it = container.begin(), e = container.end(); it != e; ++it) { }
// Instead of calling .end() after each iteration, this loop will be
// transformed to call .end() only once during the initialization of the loop,
// which may affect semantics.
for (iterator it = container.begin(); it != container.end(); ++it) { }

As explained above, calling member functions of the container in the body of the loop is considered risky. If the called member function modifies the container the semantics of the converted loop will differ due to .end() being called only once.

bool flag = false;
for (vector<T>::iterator it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end(); ++it) {
  // Add a copy of the first element to the end of the vector.
  if (!flag) {
    // This line makes this transformation 'risky'.
    vec.push_back(*it);
    flag = true;
  }
  cout << *it;
}

The original code above prints out the contents of the container including the newly added element while the converted loop, shown below, will only print the original contents and not the newly added element.

bool flag = false;
for (auto & elem : vec) {
  // Add a copy of the first element to the end of the vector.
  if (!flag) {
    // This line makes this transformation 'risky'
    vec.push_back(elem);
    flag = true;
  }
  cout << elem;
}

Semantics will also be affected if .end() has side effects. For example, in the case where calls to .end() are logged the semantics will change in the transformed loop if .end() was originally called after each iteration.

iterator end() {
  num_of_end_calls++;
  return container.end();
}

  Overloaded operator->() with side effects

Similarly, if operator->() was overloaded to have side effects, such as logging, the semantics will change. If the iterator's operator->() was used in the original loop it will be replaced with <container element>.<member> instead due to the implicit dereference as part of the range-based for loop. Therefore any side effect of the overloaded operator->() will no longer be performed.

for (iterator it = c.begin(); it != c.end(); ++it) {
  it->func(); // Using operator->()
}
// Will be transformed to:
for (auto & elem : c) {
  elem.func(); // No longer using operator->()
}

  Pointers and references to containers

While most of the check's risk analysis is dedicated to determining whether the iterator or container was modified within the loop, it is possible to circumvent the analysis by accessing and modifying the container through a pointer or reference.

If the container were directly used instead of using the pointer or reference the following transformation would have only been applied at the risky level since calling a member function of the container is considered risky. The check cannot identify expressions associated with the container that are different than the one used in the loop header, therefore the transformation below ends up being performed at the safe level.

vector<int> vec;
vector<int> *ptr = &vec;
vector<int> &ref = vec;
for (vector<int>::iterator it = vec.begin(), e = vec.end(); it != e; ++it) {
  if (!flag) {
    // Accessing and modifying the container is considered risky, but the risk
    // level is not raised here.
    ptr->push_back(*it);
    ref.push_back(*it);
    flag = true;
  }
}

  modernize-make-shared

This check finds the creation of std::shared_ptr objects by explicitly calling the constructor and a new expression, and replaces it with a call to std::make_shared.

auto my_ptr = std::shared_ptr<MyPair>(new MyPair(1, 2));
// becomes
auto my_ptr = std::make_shared<MyPair>(1, 2);

This check also finds calls to std::shared_ptr::reset() with a new expression, and replaces it with a call to std::make_shared.

my_ptr.reset(new MyPair(1, 2));
// becomes
my_ptr = std::make_shared<MyPair>(1, 2);

  Options

MakeSmartPtrFunction
    A string specifying the name of make-shared-ptr function. Default is std::make_shared.

MakeSmartPtrFunctionHeader
    A string specifying the corresponding header of make-shared-ptr function. Default is memory.

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

IgnoreMacros
    If set to non-zero, the check will not give warnings inside macros. Default is 1.

  modernize-make-unique

This check finds the creation of std::unique_ptr objects by explicitly calling the constructor and a new expression, and replaces it with a call to std::make_unique, introduced in C++14.

auto my_ptr = std::unique_ptr<MyPair>(new MyPair(1, 2));
// becomes
auto my_ptr = std::make_unique<MyPair>(1, 2);

This check also finds calls to std::unique_ptr::reset() with a new expression, and replaces it with a call to std::make_unique.

my_ptr.reset(new MyPair(1, 2));
// becomes
my_ptr = std::make_unique<MyPair>(1, 2);

  Options

MakeSmartPtrFunction
    A string specifying the name of make-unique-ptr function. Default is std::make_unique.

MakeSmartPtrFunctionHeader
    A string specifying the corresponding header of make-unique-ptr function. Default is memory.

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

IgnoreMacros
    If set to non-zero, the check will not give warnings inside macros. Default is 1.

  modernize-pass-by-value

With move semantics added to the language and the standard library updated with move constructors added for many types it is now interesting to take an argument directly by value, instead of by const-reference, and then copy. This check allows the compiler to take care of choosing the best way to construct the copy.

The transformation is usually beneficial when the calling code passes an rvalue and assumes the move construction is a cheap operation. This short example illustrates how the construction of the value happens:

void foo(std::string s);
std::string get_str();
void f(const std::string &str) {
  foo(str);       // lvalue  -> copy construction
  foo(get_str()); // prvalue -> move construction
}

NOTE: Currently, only constructors are transformed to make use of pass-by-value. Contributions that handle other situations are welcome!

  Pass-by-value in constructors

Replaces the uses of const-references constructor parameters that are copied into class fields. The parameter is then moved with std::move().

Since std::move() is a library function declared in <utility> it may be necessary to add this include. The check will add the include directive when necessary.

 #include <string>
 class Foo {
 public:
-  Foo(const std::string &Copied, const std::string &ReadOnly)
-    : Copied(Copied), ReadOnly(ReadOnly)
+  Foo(std::string Copied, const std::string &ReadOnly)
+    : Copied(std::move(Copied)), ReadOnly(ReadOnly)
   {}
 private:
   std::string Copied;
   const std::string &ReadOnly;
 };
 std::string get_cwd();
 void f(const std::string &Path) {
   // The parameter corresponding to 'get_cwd()' is move-constructed. By
   // using pass-by-value in the Foo constructor we managed to avoid a
   // copy-construction.
   Foo foo(get_cwd(), Path);
 }

If the parameter is used more than once no transformation is performed since moved objects have an undefined state. It means the following code will be left untouched:

#include <string>
void pass(const std::string &S);
struct Foo {
  Foo(const std::string &S) : Str(S) {
    pass(S);
  }
  std::string Str;
};

  Known limitations

A situation where the generated code can be wrong is when the object referenced is modified before the assignment in the init-list through a "hidden" reference.

Example:

 std::string s("foo");
 struct Base {
   Base() {
     s = "bar";
   }
 };
 struct Derived : Base {
-  Derived(const std::string &S) : Field(S)
+  Derived(std::string S) : Field(std::move(S))
   { }
   std::string Field;
 };
 void f() {
-  Derived d(s); // d.Field holds "bar"
+  Derived d(s); // d.Field holds "foo"
 }

  Note about delayed template parsing

When delayed template parsing is enabled, constructors part of templated contexts; templated constructors, constructors in class templates, constructors of inner classes of template classes, etc., are not transformed. Delayed template parsing is enabled by default on Windows as a Microsoft extension: Clang Compiler User’s Manual - Microsoft extensions.

Delayed template parsing can be enabled using the -fdelayed-template-parsing flag and disabled using -fno-delayed-template-parsing.

Example:

  template <typename T> class C {
    std::string S;
  public:
=  // using -fdelayed-template-parsing (default on Windows)
=  C(const std::string &S) : S(S) {}
+  // using -fno-delayed-template-parsing (default on non-Windows systems)
+  C(std::string S) : S(std::move(S)) {}
  };

SEE ALSO: For more information about the pass-by-value idiom, read: Want Speed? Pass by Value.

  Options

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

ValuesOnly
    When non-zero, the check only warns about copied parameters that are already passed by value. Default is 0.

  modernize-raw-string-literal

This check selectively replaces string literals containing escaped characters with raw string literals.

Example:

const char *const Quotes{"embedded \"quotes\""};
const char *const Paragraph{"Line one.\nLine two.\nLine three.\n"};
const char *const SingleLine{"Single line.\n"};
const char *const TrailingSpace{"Look here -> \n"};
const char *const Tab{"One\tTwo\n"};
const char *const Bell{"Hello!\a  And welcome!"};
const char *const Path{"C:\\Program Files\\Vendor\\Application.exe"};
const char *const RegEx{"\\w\\([a-z]\\)"};

becomes

const char *const Quotes{R"(embedded "quotes")"};
const char *const Paragraph{"Line one.\nLine two.\nLine three.\n"};
const char *const SingleLine{"Single line.\n"};
const char *const TrailingSpace{"Look here -> \n"};
const char *const Tab{"One\tTwo\n"};
const char *const Bell{"Hello!\a  And welcome!"};
const char *const Path{R"(C:\Program Files\Vendor\Application.exe)"};
const char *const RegEx{R"(\w\([a-z]\))"};

The presence of any of the following escapes can cause the string to be converted to a raw string literal: \\, \', \", \?, and octal or hexadecimal escapes for printable ASCII characters.

A string literal containing only escaped newlines is a common way of writing lines of text output. Introducing physical newlines with raw string literals in this case is likely to impede readability. These string literals are left unchanged.

An escaped horizontal tab, form feed, or vertical tab prevents the string literal from being converted. The presence of a horizontal tab, form feed or vertical tab in source code is not visually obvious.

  modernize-redundant-void-arg

Find and remove redundant void argument lists.

Examples:
    Initial code | Code with applied fixes
    int f(void); | int f();
    int (*f(void))(void); | int (*f())();
    typedef int (*f_t(void))(void); | typedef int (*f_t())();
    void (C::*p)(void); | void (C::*p)();
    C::C(void) {} | C::C() {}
    C::~C(void) {} | C::~C() {}

  modernize-replace-auto-ptr

This check replaces the uses of the deprecated class std::auto_ptr by std::unique_ptr (introduced in C++11). The transfer of ownership, done by the copy-constructor and the assignment operator, is changed to match std::unique_ptr usage by using explicit calls to std::move().

Migration example:

-void take_ownership_fn(std::auto_ptr<int> int_ptr);
+void take_ownership_fn(std::unique_ptr<int> int_ptr);
 void f(int x) {
-  std::auto_ptr<int> a(new int(x));
-  std::auto_ptr<int> b;
+  std::unique_ptr<int> a(new int(x));
+  std::unique_ptr<int> b;
-  b = a;
-  take_ownership_fn(b);
+  b = std::move(a);
+  take_ownership_fn(std::move(b));
 }

Since std::move() is a library function declared in <utility> it may be necessary to add this include. The check will add the include directive when necessary.

  Known Limitations

•   If headers modification is not activated or if a header is not allowed to be changed this check will produce broken code (compilation error), where the headers' code will stay unchanged while the code using them will be changed.

•   Client code that declares a reference to an std::auto_ptr coming from code that can't be migrated (such as a header coming from a 3rd party library) will produce a compilation error after migration. This is because the type of the reference will be changed to std::unique_ptr but the type returned by the library won't change, binding a reference to std::unique_ptr from an std::auto_ptr. This pattern doesn't make much sense and usually std::auto_ptr are stored by value (otherwise what is the point in using them instead of a reference or a pointer?).

     // <3rd-party header...>
     std::auto_ptr<int> get_value();
     const std::auto_ptr<int> & get_ref();
     // <calling code (with migration)...>
    -std::auto_ptr<int> a(get_value());
    +std::unique_ptr<int> a(get_value()); // ok, unique_ptr constructed from auto_ptr
    -const std::auto_ptr<int> & p = get_ptr();
    +const std::unique_ptr<int> & p = get_ptr(); // won't compile

•   Non-instantiated templates aren't modified.

    template <typename X>
    void f() {
        std::auto_ptr<X> p;
    }
    // only 'f<int>()' (or similar) will trigger the replacement.

  Options

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

  modernize-replace-random-shuffle

This check will find occurrences of std::random_shuffle and replace it with std::shuffle. In C++17 std::random_shuffle will no longer be available and thus we need to replace it.

Below are two examples of what kind of occurrences will be found and two examples of what it will be replaced with.

std::vector<int> v;
// First example
std::random_shuffle(vec.begin(), vec.end());
// Second example
std::random_shuffle(vec.begin(), vec.end(), randomFunc);

Both of these examples will be replaced with:

std::shuffle(vec.begin(), vec.end(), std::mt19937(std::random_device()()));

The second example will also receive a warning that randomFunc is no longer supported in the same way as before so if the user wants the same functionality, the user will need to change the implementation of the randomFunc.

One thing to be aware of here is that std::random_device is quite expensive to initialize. So if you are using the code in a performance critical place, you probably want to initialize it elsewhere. Another thing is that the seeding quality of the suggested fix is quite poor: std::mt19937 has an internal state of 624 32-bit integers, but is only seeded with a single integer. So if you require higher quality randomness, you should consider seeding better, for example:

std::shuffle(v.begin(), v.end(), []() {
  std::mt19937::result_type seeds[std::mt19937::state_size];
  std::random_device device;
  std::uniform_int_distribution<typename std::mt19937::result_type> dist;
  std::generate(std::begin(seeds), std::end(seeds), [&] { return dist(device); });
  std::seed_seq seq(std::begin(seeds), std::end(seeds));
  return std::mt19937(seq);
}());

  modernize-return-braced-init-list

Replaces explicit calls to the constructor in a return with a braced initializer list. This way the return type is not needlessly duplicated in the function definition and the return statement.

Foo bar() {
  Baz baz;
  return Foo(baz);
}
// transforms to:
Foo bar() {
  Baz baz;
  return {baz};
}

  modernize-shrink-to-fit

Replace copy and swap tricks on shrinkable containers with the shrink_to_fit() method call.

The shrink_to_fit() method is more readable and more effective than the copy and swap trick to reduce the capacity of a shrinkable container. Note that, the shrink_to_fit() method is only available in C++11 and up.

  modernize-unary-static-assert

The check diagnoses any static_assert declaration with an empty string literal and provides a fix-it to replace the declaration with a single-argument static_assert declaration.

The check is only applicable for C++17 and later code.

The following code:

void f_textless(int a) {
  static_assert(sizeof(a) <= 10, "");
}

is replaced by:

void f_textless(int a) {
  static_assert(sizeof(a) <= 10);
}

  modernize-use-auto

This check is responsible for using the auto type specifier for variable declarations to improve code readability and maintainability. For example:

std::vector<int>::iterator I = my_container.begin();
// transforms to:
auto I = my_container.begin();

The auto type specifier will only be introduced in situations where the variable type matches the type of the initializer expression. In other words auto should deduce the same type that was originally spelled in the source. However, not every situation should be transformed:

int val = 42;
InfoStruct &I = SomeObject.getInfo();
// Should not become:
auto val = 42;
auto &I = SomeObject.getInfo();

In this example using auto for builtins doesn't improve readability. In other situations it makes the code less self-documenting impairing readability and maintainability. As a result, auto is used only introduced in specific situations described below.

  Iterators

Iterator type specifiers tend to be long and used frequently, especially in loop constructs. Since the functions generating iterators have a common format, the type specifier can be replaced without obscuring the meaning of code while improving readability and maintainability.

for (std::vector<int>::iterator I = my_container.begin(),
                                E = my_container.end();
     I != E; ++I) {
}
// becomes
for (auto I = my_container.begin(), E = my_container.end(); I != E; ++I) {
}

The check will only replace iterator type-specifiers when all of the following conditions are satisfied:

•   The iterator is for one of the standard container in std namespace:

•   array

•   deque

•   forward_list

•   list

•   vector

•   map

•   multimap

•   set

•   multiset

•   unordered_map

•   unordered_multimap

•   unordered_set

•   unordered_multiset

•   queue

•   priority_queue

•   stack

•   The iterator is one of the possible iterator types for standard containers:

•   iterator

•   reverse_iterator

•   const_iterator

•   const_reverse_iterator

•   In addition to using iterator types directly, typedefs or other ways of referring to those types are also allowed. However, implementation-specific types for which a type like std::vector<int>::iterator is itself a typedef will not be transformed. Consider the following examples:

    // The following direct uses of iterator types will be transformed.
    std::vector<int>::iterator I = MyVec.begin();
    {
      using namespace std;
      list<int>::iterator I = MyList.begin();
    }
    // The type specifier for J would transform to auto since it's a typedef
    // to a standard iterator type.
    typedef std::map<int, std::string>::const_iterator map_iterator;
    map_iterator J = MyMap.begin();
    // The following implementation-specific iterator type for which
    // std::vector<int>::iterator could be a typedef would not be transformed.
    __gnu_cxx::__normal_iterator<int*, std::vector> K = MyVec.begin();

•   The initializer for the variable being declared is not a braced initializer list. Otherwise, use of auto would cause the type of the variable to be deduced as std::initializer_list.

  New expressions

Frequently, when a pointer is declared and initialized with new, the pointee type is written twice: in the declaration type and in the new expression. In this cases, the declaration type can be replaced with auto improving readability and maintainability.

TypeName *my_pointer = new TypeName(my_param);
// becomes
auto *my_pointer = new TypeName(my_param);

The check will also replace the declaration type in multiple declarations, if the following conditions are satisfied:

•   All declared variables have the same type (i.e. all of them are pointers to the same type).

•   All declared variables are initialized with a new expression.

•   The types of all the new expressions are the same than the pointee of the declaration type.

    TypeName *my_first_pointer = new TypeName, *my_second_pointer = new TypeName;
    // becomes
    auto *my_first_pointer = new TypeName, *my_second_pointer = new TypeName;

  Cast expressions

Frequently, when a variable is declared and initialized with a cast, the variable type is written twice: in the declaration type and in the cast expression. In this cases, the declaration type can be replaced with auto improving readability and maintainability.

TypeName *my_pointer = static_cast<TypeName>(my_param);
// becomes
auto *my_pointer = static_cast<TypeName>(my_param);

The check handles static_cast, dynamic_cast, const_cast, reinterpret_cast, functional casts, C-style casts and function templates that behave as casts, such as llvm::dyn_cast, boost::lexical_cast and gsl::narrow_cast. Calls to function templates are considered to behave as casts if the first template argument is explicit and is a type, and the function returns that type, or a pointer or reference to it.

  Known Limitations

•   If the initializer is an explicit conversion constructor, the check will not replace the type specifier even though it would be safe to do so.

•   User-defined iterators are not handled at this time.

  Options

MinTypeNameLength
    If the option is set to non-zero (default 5), the check will ignore type names having a length less than the option value. The option affects expressions only, not iterators. Spaces between multi-lexeme type names (long int) are considered as one. If RemoveStars option (see below) is set to non-zero, then *s in the type are also counted as a part of the type name.

    // MinTypeNameLength = 0, RemoveStars=0
    int a = static_cast<int>(foo());            // ---> auto a = ...
    // length(bool *) = 4
    bool *b = new bool;                         // ---> auto *b = ...
    unsigned c = static_cast<unsigned>(foo());  // ---> auto c = ...
    // MinTypeNameLength = 5, RemoveStars=0
    int a = static_cast<int>(foo());                 // ---> int  a = ...
    bool b = static_cast<bool>(foo());               // ---> bool b = ...
    bool *pb = static_cast<bool*>(foo());            // ---> bool *pb = ...
    unsigned c = static_cast<unsigned>(foo());       // ---> auto c = ...
    // length(long <on-or-more-spaces> int) = 8
    long int d = static_cast<long int>(foo());       // ---> auto d = ...
    // MinTypeNameLength = 5, RemoveStars=1
    int a = static_cast<int>(foo());                 // ---> int  a = ...
    // length(int * * ) = 5
    int **pa = static_cast<int**>(foo());            // ---> auto pa = ...
    bool b = static_cast<bool>(foo());               // ---> bool b = ...
    bool *pb = static_cast<bool*>(foo());            // ---> auto pb = ...
    unsigned c = static_cast<unsigned>(foo());       // ---> auto c = ...
    long int d = static_cast<long int>(foo());       // ---> auto d = ...

RemoveStars
    If the option is set to non-zero (default is 0), the check will remove stars from the non-typedef pointer types when replacing type names with auto. Otherwise, the check will leave stars. For example:

    TypeName *my_first_pointer = new TypeName, *my_second_pointer = new TypeName;
    // RemoveStars = 0
    auto *my_first_pointer = new TypeName, *my_second_pointer = new TypeName;
    // RemoveStars = 1
    auto my_first_pointer = new TypeName, my_second_pointer = new TypeName;

  modernize-use-bool-literals

Finds integer literals which are cast to bool.

bool p = 1;
bool f = static_cast<bool>(1);
std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
bool x = p ? 1 : 0;
// transforms to
bool p = true;
bool f = true;
std::ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
bool x = p ? true : false;

  Options

IgnoreMacros
    If set to non-zero, the check will not give warnings inside macros. Default is 1.

  modernize-use-default-member-init

This check converts a default constructor's member initializers into the new default member initializers in C++11. Other member initializers that match the default member initializer are removed. This can reduce repeated code or allow use of '= default'.

struct A {
  A() : i(5), j(10.0) {}
  A(int i) : i(i), j(10.0) {}
  int i;
  double j;
};
// becomes
struct A {
  A() {}
  A(int i) : i(i) {}
  int i{5};
  double j{10.0};
};

NOTE: Only converts member initializers for built-in types, enums, and pointers. The readability-redundant-member-init check will remove redundant member initializers for classes.

  Options

UseAssignment
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 0), the check will initialise members with an assignment. For example:

    struct A {
      A() {}
      A(int i) : i(i) {}
      int i = 5;
      double j = 10.0;
    };

IgnoreMacros
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 1), the check will not warn about members declared inside macros.

  modernize-use-emplace

The check flags insertions to an STL-style container done by calling the push_back method with an explicitly-constructed temporary of the container element type. In this case, the corresponding emplace_back method results in less verbose and potentially more efficient code. Right now the check doesn't support push_front and insert. It also doesn't support insert functions for associative containers because replacing insert with emplace may result in speed regression, but it might get support with some addition flag in the future.

By default only std::vector, std::deque, std::list are considered. This list can be modified using the ContainersWithPushBack option.

Before:

std::vector<MyClass> v;
v.push_back(MyClass(21, 37));
std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> w;
w.push_back(std::pair<int, int>(21, 37));
w.push_back(std::make_pair(21L, 37L));

After:

std::vector<MyClass> v;
v.emplace_back(21, 37);
std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> w;
w.emplace_back(21, 37);
w.emplace_back(21L, 37L);

By default, the check is able to remove unnecessary std::make_pair and std::make_tuple calls from push_back calls on containers of std::pair and std::tuple. Custom tuple-like types can be modified by the TupleTypes option; custom make functions can be modified by the TupleMakeFunctions option.

The other situation is when we pass arguments that will be converted to a type inside a container.

Before:

std::vector<boost::optional<std::string> > v;
v.push_back("abc");

After:

std::vector<boost::optional<std::string> > v;
v.emplace_back("abc");

In some cases the transformation would be valid, but the code wouldn't be exception safe. In this case the calls of push_back won't be replaced.

std::vector<std::unique_ptr<int>> v;
v.push_back(std::unique_ptr<int>(new int(0)));
auto *ptr = new int(1);
v.push_back(std::unique_ptr<int>(ptr));

This is because replacing it with emplace_back could cause a leak of this pointer if emplace_back would throw exception before emplacement (e.g. not enough memory to add a new element).

For more info read item 42 - "Consider emplacement instead of insertion." of Scott Meyers "Effective Modern C++".

The default smart pointers that are considered are std::unique_ptr, std::shared_ptr, std::auto_ptr. To specify other smart pointers or other classes use the SmartPointers option.

Check also doesn't fire if any argument of the constructor call would be:

•   a bit-field (bit-fields can't bind to rvalue/universal reference)

•   a new expression (to avoid leak)

•   if the argument would be converted via derived-to-base cast.

    This check requires C++11 or higher to run.

  Options

ContainersWithPushBack
    Semicolon-separated list of class names of custom containers that support push_back.

IgnoreImplicitConstructors
    When non-zero, the check will ignore implicitly constructed arguments of push_back, e.g.

    std::vector<std::string> v;
    v.push_back("a"); // Ignored when IgnoreImplicitConstructors is ``1``.

    Default is 0.

SmartPointers
    Semicolon-separated list of class names of custom smart pointers.

TupleTypes
    Semicolon-separated list of std::tuple-like class names.

TupleMakeFunctions
    Semicolon-separated list of std::make_tuple-like function names. Those function calls will be removed from push_back calls and turned into emplace_back.

  Example

std::vector<MyTuple<int, bool, char>> x;
x.push_back(MakeMyTuple(1, false, 'x'));

transforms to:

std::vector<MyTuple<int, bool, char>> x;
x.emplace_back(1, false, 'x');

when TupleTypes is set to MyTuple and TupleMakeFunctions is set to MakeMyTuple.

  modernize-use-equals-default

This check replaces default bodies of special member functions with = default;. The explicitly defaulted function declarations enable more opportunities in optimization, because the compiler might treat explicitly defaulted functions as trivial.

struct A {
  A() {}
  ~A();
};
A::~A() {}
// becomes
struct A {
  A() = default;
  ~A();
};
A::~A() = default;

NOTE: Move-constructor and move-assignment operator are not supported yet.

  Options

IgnoreMacros
    If set to non-zero, the check will not give warnings inside macros. Default is 1.

  modernize-use-equals-delete

This check marks unimplemented private special member functions with = delete. To avoid false-positives, this check only applies in a translation unit that has all other member functions implemented.

struct A {
private:
  A(const A&);
  A& operator=(const A&);
};
// becomes
struct A {
private:
  A(const A&) = delete;
  A& operator=(const A&) = delete;
};

IgnoreMacros
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 1), the check will not warn about functions declared inside macros.

  modernize-use-nodiscard

Adds [[nodiscard]] attributes (introduced in C++17) to member functions in order to highlight at compile time which return values should not be ignored.

Member functions need to satisfy the following conditions to be considered by this check:

•   no [[nodiscard]], [[noreturn]], __attribute__((warn_unused_result)), [[clang::warn_unused_result]] nor [[gcc::warn_unused_result]] attribute,

•   non-void return type,

•   non-template return types,

•   const member function,

•   non-variadic functions,

•   no non-const reference parameters,

•   no pointer parameters,

•   no template parameters,

•   no template function parameters,

•   not be a member of a class with mutable member variables,

•   no Lambdas,

•   no conversion functions.

    Such functions have no means of altering any state or passing values other than via the return type. Unless the member functions are altering state via some external call (e.g. I/O).

  Example

bool empty() const;
bool empty(int i) const;

transforms to:

[[nodiscard] bool empty() const;
[[nodiscard] bool empty(int i) const;

  Options

ReplacementString
    Specifies a macro to use instead of [[nodiscard]]. This is useful when maintaining source code that needs to compile with a pre-C++17 compiler.

  Example

bool empty() const;
bool empty(int i) const;

transforms to:

NO_DISCARD bool empty() const;
NO_DISCARD bool empty(int i) const;

if the ReplacementString option is set to NO_DISCARD.

NOTE: If the ReplacementString is not a C++ attribute, but instead a macro, then that macro must be defined in scope or the fix-it will not be applied.

NOTE: For alternative __attribute__ syntax options to mark functions as [[nodiscard]] in non-c++17 source code. See https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#nodiscard-warn-unused-result

  modernize-use-noexcept

This check replaces deprecated dynamic exception specifications with the appropriate noexcept specification (introduced in C++11). By default this check will replace throw() with noexcept, and throw(<exception>[,...]) or throw(...) with noexcept(false).

  Example

void foo() throw();
      void bar() throw(int) {}

transforms to:

void foo() noexcept;
      void bar() noexcept(false) {}

  Options

ReplacementString

    Users can use ReplacementString to specify a macro to use instead of noexcept. This is useful when maintaining source code that uses custom exception specification marking other than noexcept. Fix-it hints will only be generated for non-throwing specifications.

  Example

void bar() throw(int);
void foo() throw();

transforms to:

void bar() throw(int);  // No fix-it generated.
void foo() NOEXCEPT;

if the ReplacementString option is set to NOEXCEPT.

UseNoexceptFalse

    Enabled by default, disabling will generate fix-it hints that remove throwing dynamic exception specs, e.g., throw(<something>), completely without providing a replacement text, except for destructors and delete operators that are noexcept(true) by default.

  Example

void foo() throw(int) {}
struct bar {
  void foobar() throw(int);
  void operator delete(void *ptr) throw(int);
  void operator delete[](void *ptr) throw(int);
  ~bar() throw(int);
}

transforms to:

void foo() {}
struct bar {
  void foobar();
  void operator delete(void *ptr) noexcept(false);
  void operator delete[](void *ptr) noexcept(false);
  ~bar() noexcept(false);
}

if the UseNoexceptFalse option is set to 0.

  modernize-use-nullptr

The check converts the usage of null pointer constants (eg. NULL, 0) to use the new C++11 nullptr keyword.

  Example

void assignment() {
  char *a = NULL;
  char *b = 0;
  char c = 0;
}
int *ret_ptr() {
  return 0;
}

transforms to:

void assignment() {
  char *a = nullptr;
  char *b = nullptr;
  char c = 0;
}
int *ret_ptr() {
  return nullptr;
}

  Options

NullMacros
    Comma-separated list of macro names that will be transformed along with NULL. By default this check will only replace the NULL macro and will skip any similar user-defined macros.

  Example

#define MY_NULL (void*)0
void assignment() {
  void *p = MY_NULL;
}

transforms to:

#define MY_NULL NULL
void assignment() {
  int *p = nullptr;
}

if the NullMacros option is set to MY_NULL.

  modernize-use-override

Use C++11's override and remove virtual where applicable.

  modernize-use-transparent-functors

Prefer transparent functors to non-transparent ones. When using transparent functors, the type does not need to be repeated. The code is easier to read, maintain and less prone to errors. It is not possible to introduce unwanted conversions.

// Non-transparent functor
std::map<int, std::string, std::greater<int>> s;
// Transparent functor.
std::map<int, std::string, std::greater<>> s;
// Non-transparent functor
using MyFunctor = std::less<MyType>;

It is not always a safe transformation though. The following case will be untouched to preserve the semantics.

// Non-transparent functor
std::map<const char *, std::string, std::greater<std::string>> s;

  Options

SafeMode
    If the option is set to non-zero, the check will not diagnose cases where using a transparent functor cannot be guaranteed to produce identical results as the original code. The default value for this option is 0.

    This check requires using C++14 or higher to run.

  modernize-use-uncaught-exceptions

This check will warn on calls to std::uncaught_exception and replace them with calls to std::uncaught_exceptions, since std::uncaught_exception was deprecated in C++17.

Below are a few examples of what kind of occurrences will be found and what they will be replaced with.

#define MACRO1 std::uncaught_exception
#define MACRO2 std::uncaught_exception
int uncaught_exception() {
        return 0;
}
int main() {
        int res;
  res = uncaught_exception();
  // No warning, since it is not the deprecated function from namespace std
  res = MACRO2();
  // Warning, but will not be replaced
  res = std::uncaught_exception();
  // Warning and replaced
  using std::uncaught_exception;
  // Warning and replaced
  res = uncaught_exception();
  // Warning and replaced
}

After applying the fixes the code will look like the following:

#define MACRO1 std::uncaught_exception
#define MACRO2 std::uncaught_exception
int uncaught_exception() {
        return 0;
}
int main() {
  int res;
  res = uncaught_exception();
  res = MACRO2();
  res = std::uncaught_exceptions();
  using std::uncaught_exceptions;
  res = uncaught_exceptions();
}

  modernize-use-using

The check converts the usage of typedef with using keyword.

Before:

typedef int variable;
class Class{};
typedef void (Class::* MyPtrType)() const;

After:

using variable = int;
class Class{};
using MyPtrType = void (Class::*)() const;

This check requires using C++11 or higher to run.

  Options

IgnoreMacros
    If set to non-zero, the check will not give warnings inside macros. Default is 1.

  mpi-buffer-deref

This check verifies if a buffer passed to an MPI (Message Passing Interface) function is sufficiently dereferenced. Buffers should be passed as a single pointer or array. As MPI function signatures specify void * for their buffer types, insufficiently dereferenced buffers can be passed, like for example as double pointers or multidimensional arrays, without a compiler warning emitted.

Examples:

// A double pointer is passed to the MPI function.
char *buf;
MPI_Send(&buf, 1, MPI_CHAR, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
// A multidimensional array is passed to the MPI function.
short buf[1][1];
MPI_Send(buf, 1, MPI_SHORT, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
// A pointer to an array is passed to the MPI function.
short *buf[1];
MPI_Send(buf, 1, MPI_SHORT, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);

  mpi-type-mismatch

This check verifies if buffer type and MPI (Message Passing Interface) datatype pairs match for used MPI functions. All MPI datatypes defined by the MPI standard (3.1) are verified by this check. User defined typedefs, custom MPI datatypes and null pointer constants are skipped, in the course of verification.

Example:

// In this case, the buffer type matches MPI datatype.
char buf;
MPI_Send(&buf, 1, MPI_CHAR, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);
// In the following case, the buffer type does not match MPI datatype.
int buf;
MPI_Send(&buf, 1, MPI_CHAR, 0, 0, MPI_COMM_WORLD);

  objc-avoid-nserror-init

Finds improper initialization of NSError objects.

According to Apple developer document, we should always use factory method errorWithDomain:code:userInfo: to create new NSError objects instead of [NSError alloc] init]. Otherwise it will lead to a warning message during runtime.

The corresponding information about NSError creation: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ErrorHandlingCocoa/CreateCustomizeNSError/CreateCustomizeNSError.html

  objc-avoid-spinlock

Finds usages of OSSpinlock, which is deprecated due to potential livelock problems.

This check will detect following function invocations:

•   OSSpinlockLock

•   OSSpinlockTry

•   OSSpinlockUnlock

    The corresponding information about the problem of OSSpinlock: https://blog.postmates.com/why-spinlocks-are-bad-on-ios-b69fc5221058

  objc-forbidden-subclassing

Finds Objective-C classes which are subclasses of classes which are not designed to be subclassed.

By default, includes a list of Objective-C classes which are publicly documented as not supporting subclassing.

NOTE: Instead of using this check, for code under your control, you should add __attribute__((objc_subclassing_restricted)) before your @interface declarations to ensure the compiler prevents others from subclassing your Objective-C classes. See https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#objc-subclassing-restricted

  Options

ForbiddenSuperClassNames
    Semicolon-separated list of names of Objective-C classes which do not support subclassing.

    Defaults to ABNewPersonViewController;ABPeoplePickerNavigationController;ABPersonViewController;ABUnknownPersonViewController;NSHashTable;NSMapTable;NSPointerArray;NSPointerFunctions;NSTimer;UIActionSheet;UIAlertView;UIImagePickerController;UITextInputMode;UIWebView.

  objc-property-declaration

Finds property declarations in Objective-C files that do not follow the pattern of property names in Apple's programming guide. The property name should be in the format of Lower Camel Case.

For code:

@property(nonatomic, assign) int LowerCamelCase;

The fix will be:

@property(nonatomic, assign) int lowerCamelCase;

The check will only fix 'CamelCase' to 'camelCase'. In some other cases we will only provide warning messages since the property name could be complicated. Users will need to come up with a proper name by their own.

This check also accepts special acronyms as prefixes or suffixes. Such prefixes or suffixes will suppress the Lower Camel Case check according to the guide: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/CodingGuidelines/Articles/NamingBasics.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/20001281-1002931-BBCFHEAB

For a full list of well-known acronyms: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/CodingGuidelines/Articles/APIAbbreviations.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/20001285-BCIHCGAE

The corresponding style rule: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/CodingGuidelines/Articles/NamingIvarsAndTypes.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/20001284-1001757

The check will also accept property declared in category with a prefix of lowercase letters followed by a '_' to avoid naming conflict. For example:

@property(nonatomic, assign) int abc_lowerCamelCase;

The corresponding style rule: https://developer.apple.com/library/content/qa/qa1908/_index.html

  Options

Acronyms
    This option is deprecated and ignored.

IncludeDefaultAcronyms
    This option is deprecated and ignored.

  performance-faster-string-find

Optimize calls to std::string::find() and friends when the needle passed is a single character string literal. The character literal overload is more efficient.

Examples:

str.find("A");
// becomes
str.find('A');

  Options

StringLikeClasses
    Semicolon-separated list of names of string-like classes. By default only std::basic_string is considered. The list of methods to consired is fixed.

  performance-for-range-copy

Finds C++11 for ranges where the loop variable is copied in each iteration but it would suffice to obtain it by const reference.

The check is only applied to loop variables of types that are expensive to copy which means they are not trivially copyable or have a non-trivial copy constructor or destructor.

To ensure that it is safe to replace the copy with a const reference the following heuristic is employed:

1.  The loop variable is const qualified.

2.  The loop variable is not const, but only const methods or operators are invoked on it, or it is used as const reference or value argument in constructors or function calls.

  Options

WarnOnAllAutoCopies
    When non-zero, warns on any use of auto as the type of the range-based for loop variable. Default is 0.

AllowedTypes
    A semicolon-separated list of names of types allowed to be copied in each iteration. Regular expressions are accepted, e.g. [Rr]ef(erence)?$ matches every type with suffix Ref, ref, Reference and reference. The default is empty.

  performance-implicit-conversion-in-loop

This warning appears in a range-based loop with a loop variable of const ref type where the type of the variable does not match the one returned by the iterator. This means that an implicit conversion happens, which can for example result in expensive deep copies.

Example:

map<int, vector<string>> my_map;
for (const pair<int, vector<string>>& p : my_map) {}
// The iterator type is in fact pair<const int, vector<string>>, which means
// that the compiler added a conversion, resulting in a copy of the vectors.

The easiest solution is usually to use const auto& instead of writing the type manually.

  performance-inefficient-algorithm

Warns on inefficient use of STL algorithms on associative containers.

Associative containers implements some of the algorithms as methods which should be preferred to the algorithms in the algorithm header. The methods can take advanatage of the order of the elements.

std::set<int> s;
auto it = std::find(s.begin(), s.end(), 43);
// becomes
auto it = s.find(43);

std::set<int> s;
auto c = std::count(s.begin(), s.end(), 43);
// becomes
auto c = s.count(43);

  performance-inefficient-string-concatenation

This check warns about the performance overhead arising from concatenating strings using the operator+, for instance:

std::string a("Foo"), b("Bar");
a = a + b;

Instead of this structure you should use operator+= or std::string's (std::basic_string) class member function append(). For instance:

std::string a("Foo"), b("Baz");
for (int i = 0; i < 20000; ++i) {
    a = a + "Bar" + b;
}

Could be rewritten in a greatly more efficient way like:

std::string a("Foo"), b("Baz");
for (int i = 0; i < 20000; ++i) {
    a.append("Bar").append(b);
}

And this can be rewritten too:

void f(const std::string&) {}
std::string a("Foo"), b("Baz");
void g() {
    f(a + "Bar" + b);
}

In a slightly more efficient way like:

void f(const std::string&) {}
std::string a("Foo"), b("Baz");
void g() {
    f(std::string(a).append("Bar").append(b));
}

  Options

StrictMode
    When zero, the check will only check the string usage in while, for and for-range statements. Default is 0.

  performance-inefficient-vector-operation

Finds possible inefficient std::vector operations (e.g. push_back, emplace_back) that may cause unnecessary memory reallocations.

Currently, the check only detects following kinds of loops with a single statement body:

•   Counter-based for loops start with 0:

    std::vector<int> v;
    for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
      v.push_back(n);
      // This will trigger the warning since the push_back may cause multiple
      // memory reallocations in v. This can be avoid by inserting a 'reserve(n)'
      // statement before the for statement.
    }

•   For-range loops like for (range-declaration : range_expression), the type of range_expression can be std::vector, std::array, std::deque, std::set, std::unordered_set, std::map, std::unordered_set:

    std::vector<int> data;
    std::vector<int> v;
    for (auto element : data) {
      v.push_back(element);
      // This will trigger the warning since the 'push_back' may cause multiple
      // memory reallocations in v. This can be avoid by inserting a
      // 'reserve(data.size())' statement before the for statement.
    }

  Options

VectorLikeClasses
    Semicolon-separated list of names of vector-like classes. By default only ::std::vector is considered.

  performance-move-const-arg

The check warns

•   if std::move() is called with a constant argument,

•   if std::move() is called with an argument of a trivially-copyable type,

•   if the result of std::move() is passed as a const reference argument.

    In all three cases, the check will suggest a fix that removes the std::move().

    Here are examples of each of the three cases:

    const string s;
    return std::move(s);  // Warning: std::move of the const variable has no effect
    int x;
    return std::move(x);  // Warning: std::move of the variable of a trivially-copyable type has no effect
    void f(const string &s);
    string s;
    f(std::move(s));  // Warning: passing result of std::move as a const reference argument; no move will actually happen

  Options

CheckTriviallyCopyableMove
    If non-zero, enables detection of trivially copyable types that do not have a move constructor. Default is non-zero.

  performance-move-constructor-init

"cert-oop11-cpp" redirects here as an alias for this check.

The check flags user-defined move constructors that have a ctor-initializer initializing a member or base class through a copy constructor instead of a move constructor.

  Options

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

  performance-noexcept-move-constructor

The check flags user-defined move constructors and assignment operators not marked with noexcept or marked with noexcept(expr) where expr evaluates to false (but is not a false literal itself).

Move constructors of all the types used with STL containers, for example, need to be declared noexcept. Otherwise STL will choose copy constructors instead. The same is valid for move assignment operations.

  performance-type-promotion-in-math-fn

Finds calls to C math library functions (from math.h or, in C++, cmath) with implicit float to double promotions.

For example, warns on ::sin(0.f), because this funciton's parameter is a double. You probably meant to call std::sin(0.f) (in C++), or sinf(0.f) (in C).

float a;
asin(a);
// becomes
float a;
std::asin(a);

  performance-unnecessary-copy-initialization

Finds local variable declarations that are initialized using the copy constructor of a non-trivially-copyable type but it would suffice to obtain a const reference.

The check is only applied if it is safe to replace the copy by a const reference. This is the case when the variable is const qualified or when it is only used as a const, i.e. only const methods or operators are invoked on it, or it is used as const reference or value argument in constructors or function calls.

Example:

const string& constReference();
void Function() {
  // The warning will suggest making this a const reference.
  const string UnnecessaryCopy = constReference();
}
struct Foo {
  const string& name() const;
};
void Function(const Foo& foo) {
  // The warning will suggest making this a const reference.
  string UnnecessaryCopy1 = foo.name();
  UnnecessaryCopy1.find("bar");
  // The warning will suggest making this a const reference.
  string UnnecessaryCopy2 = UnnecessaryCopy1;
  UnnecessaryCopy2.find("bar");
}

  Options

AllowedTypes
    A semicolon-separated list of names of types allowed to be initialized by copying. Regular expressions are accepted, e.g. [Rr]ef(erence)?$ matches every type with suffix Ref, ref, Reference and reference. The default is empty.

  performance-unnecessary-value-param

Flags value parameter declarations of expensive to copy types that are copied for each invocation but it would suffice to pass them by const reference.

The check is only applied to parameters of types that are expensive to copy which means they are not trivially copyable or have a non-trivial copy constructor or destructor.

To ensure that it is safe to replace the value parameter with a const reference the following heuristic is employed:

1.  the parameter is const qualified;

2.  the parameter is not const, but only const methods or operators are invoked on it, or it is used as const reference or value argument in constructors or function calls.

    Example:

    void f(const string Value) {
      // The warning will suggest making Value a reference.
    }
    void g(ExpensiveToCopy Value) {
      // The warning will suggest making Value a const reference.
      Value.ConstMethd();
      ExpensiveToCopy Copy(Value);
    }

    If the parameter is not const, only copied or assigned once and has a non-trivial move-constructor or move-assignment operator respectively the check will suggest to move it.

    Example:

    void setValue(string Value) {
      Field = Value;
    }

    Will become:

    #include <utility>
    void setValue(string Value) {
      Field = std::move(Value);
    }

  Options

IncludeStyle
    A string specifying which include-style is used, llvm or google. Default is llvm.

AllowedTypes
    A semicolon-separated list of names of types allowed to be passed by value. Regular expressions are accepted, e.g. [Rr]ef(erence)?$ matches every type with suffix Ref, ref, Reference and reference. The default is empty.

  portability-simd-intrinsics

Finds SIMD intrinsics calls and suggests std::experimental::simd (P0214) alternatives.

If the option Suggest is set to non-zero, for

_mm_add_epi32(a, b); // x86
vec_add(a, b);       // Power

the check suggests an alternative: operator+ on std::experimental::simd objects.

Otherwise, it just complains the intrinsics are non-portable (and there are P0214 alternatives).

Many architectures provide SIMD operations (e.g. x86 SSE/AVX, Power AltiVec/VSX, ARM NEON). It is common that SIMD code implementing the same algorithm, is written in multiple target-dispatching pieces to optimize for different architectures or micro-architectures.

The C++ standard proposal P0214 and its extensions cover many common SIMD operations. By migrating from target-dependent intrinsics to P0214 operations, the SIMD code can be simplified and pieces for different targets can be unified.

Refer to P0214 for introduction and motivation for the data-parallel standard library.

  Options

Suggest
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 0), the check will suggest P0214 alternatives, otherwise it only points out the intrinsic function is non-portable.

Std The namespace used to suggest P0214 alternatives. If not specified, std:: for -std=c++2a and std::experimental:: for -std=c++11.

  readability-avoid-const-params-in-decls

Checks whether a function declaration has parameters that are top level const.

const values in declarations do not affect the signature of a function, so they should not be put there.

Examples:

void f(const string);   // Bad: const is top level.
void f(const string&);  // Good: const is not top level.

  readability-braces-around-statements

google-readability-braces-around-statements redirects here as an alias for this check.

Checks that bodies of if statements and loops (for, do while, and while) are inside braces.

Before:

if (condition)
  statement;

After:

if (condition) {
  statement;
}

  Options

ShortStatementLines
    Defines the minimal number of lines that the statement should have in order to trigger this check.

    The number of lines is counted from the end of condition or initial keyword (do/else) until the last line of the inner statement. Default value 0 means that braces will be added to all statements (not having them already).

  readability-const-return-type

Checks for functions with a const-qualified return type and recommends removal of the const keyword. Such use of const is usually superfluous, and can prevent valuable compiler optimizations. Does not (yet) fix trailing return types.

Examples:

const int foo();
const Clazz foo();
Clazz *const foo();

Note that this applies strictly to top-level qualification, which excludes pointers or references to const values. For example, these are fine:

const int* foo();
const int& foo();
const Clazz* foo();

  readability-container-size-empty

Checks whether a call to the size() method can be replaced with a call to empty().

The emptiness of a container should be checked using the empty() method instead of the size() method. It is not guaranteed that size() is a constant-time function, and it is generally more efficient and also shows clearer intent to use empty(). Furthermore some containers may implement the empty() method but not implement the size() method. Using empty() whenever possible makes it easier to switch to another container in the future.

The check issues warning if a container has size() and empty() methods matching following signatures:

size_type size() const;
bool empty() const;

size_type can be any kind of integer type.

  readability-delete-null-pointer

Checks the if statements where a pointer's existence is checked and then deletes the pointer. The check is unnecessary as deleting a null pointer has no effect.

int *p;
if (p)
  delete p;

  readability-deleted-default

Checks that constructors and assignment operators marked as = default are not actually deleted by the compiler.

class Example {
public:
  // This constructor is deleted because I is missing a default value.
  Example() = default;
  // This is fine.
  Example(const Example& Other) = default;
  // This operator is deleted because I cannot be assigned (it is const).
  Example& operator=(const Example& Other) = default;
private:
  const int I;
};

  readability-else-after-return

LLVM Coding Standards advises to reduce indentation where possible and where it makes understanding code easier. Early exit is one of the suggested enforcements of that. Please do not use else or else if after something that interrupts control flow - like return, break, continue, throw.

The following piece of code illustrates how the check works. This piece of code:

void foo(int Value) {
  int Local = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 42; i++) {
    if (Value == 1) {
      return;
    } else {
      Local++;
    }
    if (Value == 2)
      continue;
    else
      Local++;
    if (Value == 3) {
      throw 42;
    } else {
      Local++;
    }
  }
}

Would be transformed into:

void foo(int Value) {
  int Local = 0;
  for (int i = 0; i < 42; i++) {
    if (Value == 1) {
      return;
    }
    Local++;
    if (Value == 2)
      continue;
    Local++;
    if (Value == 3) {
      throw 42;
    }
    Local++;
  }
}

This check helps to enforce this LLVM Coding Standards recommendation.

  readability-function-size

google-readability-function-size redirects here as an alias for this check.

Checks for large functions based on various metrics.

  Options

LineThreshold
    Flag functions exceeding this number of lines. The default is -1 (ignore the number of lines).

StatementThreshold
    Flag functions exceeding this number of statements. This may differ significantly from the number of lines for macro-heavy code. The default is 800.

BranchThreshold
    Flag functions exceeding this number of control statements. The default is -1 (ignore the number of branches).

ParameterThreshold
    Flag functions that exceed a specified number of parameters. The default is -1 (ignore the number of parameters).

NestingThreshold
    Flag compound statements which create next nesting level after NestingThreshold. This may differ significantly from the expected value for macro-heavy code. The default is -1 (ignore the nesting level).

VariableThreshold
    Flag functions exceeding this number of variables declared in the body. The default is -1 (ignore the number of variables). Please note that function parameters and variables declared in lambdas, GNU Statement Expressions, and nested class inline functions are not counted.

  readability-identifier-naming

Checks for identifiers naming style mismatch.

This check will try to enforce coding guidelines on the identifiers naming. It supports one of the following casing types and tries to convert from one to another if a mismatch is detected

Casing types inclde:

•   lower_case,

•   UPPER_CASE,

•   camelBack,

•   CamelCase,

•   camel_Snake_Back,

•   Camel_Snake_Case,

•   aNy_CasE.

    It also supports a fixed prefix and suffix that will be prepended or appended to the identifiers, regardless of the casing.

    Many configuration options are available, in order to be able to create different rules for different kinds of identifiers. In general, the rules are falling back to a more generic rule if the specific case is not configured.

  Options

The following options are describe below:

•   AbstractClassCase, AbstractClassPrefix, AbstractClassSuffix

•   ClassCase, ClassPrefix, ClassSuffix

•   ClassConstantCase, ClassConstantPrefix, ClassConstantSuffix

•   ClassMemberCase, ClassMemberPrefix, ClassMemberSuffix

•   ClassMethodCase, ClassMethodPrefix, ClassMethodSuffix

•   ConstantCase, ConstantPrefix, ConstantSuffix

•   ConstantMemberCase, ConstantMemberPrefix, ConstantMemberSuffix

•   ConstantParameterCase, ConstantParameterPrefix, ConstantParameterSuffix

•   ConstantPointerParameterCase, ConstantPointerParameterPrefix, ConstantPointerParameterSuffix

•   ConstexprFunctionCase, ConstexprFunctionPrefix, ConstexprFunctionSuffix

•   ConstexprMethodCase, ConstexprMethodPrefix, ConstexprMethodSuffix

•   ConstexprVariableCase, ConstexprVariablePrefix, ConstexprVariableSuffix

•   EnumCase, EnumPrefix, EnumSuffix

•   EnumConstantCase, EnumConstantPrefix, EnumConstantSuffix

•   FunctionCase, FunctionPrefix, FunctionSuffix

•   GlobalConstantCase, GlobalConstantPrefix, GlobalConstantSuffix

•   GlobalConstantPointerCase, GlobalConstantPointerPrefix, GlobalConstantPointerSuffix

•   GlobalFunctionCase, GlobalFunctionPrefix, GlobalFunctionSuffix

•   GlobalPointerCase, GlobalPointerPrefix, GlobalPointerSuffix

•   GlobalVariableCase, GlobalVariablePrefix, GlobalVariableSuffix

•   InlineNamespaceCase, InlineNamespacePrefix, InlineNamespaceSuffix

•   LocalConstantCase, LocalConstantPrefix, LocalConstantSuffix

•   LocalConstantPointerCase, LocalConstantPointerPrefix, LocalConstantPointerSuffix

•   LocalPointerCase, LocalPointerPrefix, LocalPointerSuffix

•   LocalVariableCase, LocalVariablePrefix, LocalVariableSuffix

•   MemberCase, MemberPrefix, MemberSuffix

•   MethodCase, MethodPrefix, MethodSuffix

•   NamespaceCase, NamespacePrefix, NamespaceSuffix

•   ParameterCase, ParameterPrefix, ParameterSuffix

•   ParameterPackCase, ParameterPackPrefix, ParameterPackSuffix

•   PointerParameterCase, PointerParameterPrefix, PointerParameterSuffix

•   PrivateMemberCase, PrivateMemberPrefix, PrivateMemberSuffix

•   PrivateMethodCase, PrivateMethodPrefix, PrivateMethodSuffix

•   ProtectedMemberCase, ProtectedMemberPrefix, ProtectedMemberSuffix

•   ProtectedMethodCase, ProtectedMethodPrefix, ProtectedMethodSuffix

•   PublicMemberCase, PublicMemberPrefix, PublicMemberSuffix

•   PublicMethodCase, PublicMethodPrefix, PublicMethodSuffix

•   StaticConstantCase, StaticConstantPrefix, StaticConstantSuffix

•   StaticVariableCase, StaticVariablePrefix, StaticVariableSuffix

•   StructCase, StructPrefix, StructSuffix

•   TemplateParameterCase, TemplateParameterPrefix, TemplateParameterSuffix

•   TemplateTemplateParameterCase, TemplateTemplateParameterPrefix, TemplateTemplateParameterSuffix

•   TypeAliasCase, TypeAliasPrefix, TypeAliasSuffix

•   TypedefCase, TypedefPrefix, TypedefSuffix

•   TypeTemplateParameterCase, TypeTemplateParameterPrefix, TypeTemplateParameterSuffix

•   UnionCase, UnionPrefix, UnionSuffix

•   ValueTemplateParameterCase, ValueTemplateParameterPrefix, ValueTemplateParameterSuffix

•   VariableCase, VariablePrefix, VariableSuffix

•   VirtualMethodCase, VirtualMethodPrefix, VirtualMethodSuffix

AbstractClassCase
    When defined, the check will ensure abstract class names conform to the selected casing.

AbstractClassPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure abstract class names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

AbstractClassSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure abstract class names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   AbstractClassCase of lower_case

•   AbstractClassPrefix of pre_

•   AbstractClassSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms abstract class names as follows:

    Before:

    class ABSTRACT_CLASS {
    public:
      ABSTRACT_CLASS();
    };

    After:

    class pre_abstract_class_post {
    public:
      pre_abstract_class_post();
    };

ClassCase
    When defined, the check will ensure class names conform to the selected casing.

ClassPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure class names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ClassSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure class names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ClassCase of lower_case

•   ClassPrefix of pre_

•   ClassSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms class names as follows:

    Before:

    class FOO {
    public:
      FOO();
      ~FOO();
    };

    After:

    class pre_foo_post {
    public:
      pre_foo_post();
      ~pre_foo_post();
    };

ClassConstantCase
    When defined, the check will ensure class constant names conform to the selected casing.

ClassConstantPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure class constant names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ClassConstantSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure class constant names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ClassConstantCase of lower_case

•   ClassConstantPrefix of pre_

•   ClassConstantSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms class constant names as follows:

    Before:

    class FOO {
    public:
      static const int CLASS_CONSTANT;
    };

    After:

    class FOO {
    public:
      static const int pre_class_constant_post;
    };

ClassMemberCase
    When defined, the check will ensure class member names conform to the selected casing.

ClassMemberPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure class member names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ClassMemberSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure class member names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ClassMemberCase of lower_case

•   ClassMemberPrefix of pre_

•   ClassMemberSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms class member names as follows:

    Before:

    class FOO {
    public:
      static int CLASS_CONSTANT;
    };

    After:

    class FOO {
    public:
      static int pre_class_constant_post;
    };

ClassMethodCase
    When defined, the check will ensure class method names conform to the selected casing.

ClassMethodPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure class method names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ClassMethodSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure class method names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ClassMethodCase of lower_case

•   ClassMethodPrefix of pre_

•   ClassMethodSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms class method names as follows:

    Before:

    class FOO {
    public:
      int CLASS_MEMBER();
    };

    After:

    class FOO {
    public:
      int pre_class_member_post();
    };

ConstantCase
    When defined, the check will ensure constant names conform to the selected casing.

ConstantPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ConstantSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ConstantCase of lower_case

•   ConstantPrefix of pre_

•   ConstantSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms constant names as follows:

    Before:

    void function() { unsigned const MyConst_array[] = {1, 2, 3}; }

    After:

    void function() { unsigned const pre_myconst_array_post[] = {1, 2, 3}; }

ConstantMemberCase
    When defined, the check will ensure constant member names conform to the selected casing.

ConstantMemberPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant member names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ConstantMemberSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant member names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ConstantMemberCase of lower_case

•   ConstantMemberPrefix of pre_

•   ConstantMemberSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms constant member names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
      char const MY_ConstMember_string[4] = "123";
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
      char const pre_my_constmember_string_post[4] = "123";
    }

ConstantParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure constant parameter names conform to the selected casing.

ConstantParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ConstantParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ConstantParameterCase of lower_case

•   ConstantParameterPrefix of pre_

•   ConstantParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms constant parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    void GLOBAL_FUNCTION(int PARAMETER_1, int const CONST_parameter);

    After:

    void GLOBAL_FUNCTION(int PARAMETER_1, int const pre_const_parameter_post);

ConstantPointerParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure constant pointer parameter names conform to the selected casing.

ConstantPointerParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant pointer parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ConstantPointerParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure constant pointer parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ConstantPointerParameterCase of lower_case

•   ConstantPointerParameterPrefix of pre_

•   ConstantPointerParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms constant pointer parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    void GLOBAL_FUNCTION(int const *CONST_parameter);

    After:

    void GLOBAL_FUNCTION(int const *pre_const_parameter_post);

ConstexprFunctionCase
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr function names conform to the selected casing.

ConstexprFunctionPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr function names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ConstexprFunctionSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr function names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ConstexprFunctionCase of lower_case

•   ConstexprFunctionPrefix of pre_

•   ConstexprFunctionSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms constexpr function names as follows:

    Before:

    constexpr int CE_function() { return 3; }

    After:

    constexpr int pre_ce_function_post() { return 3; }

ConstexprMethodCase
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr method names conform to the selected casing.

ConstexprMethodPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr method names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ConstexprMethodSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr method names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ConstexprMethodCase of lower_case

•   ConstexprMethodPrefix of pre_

•   ConstexprMethodSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms constexpr method names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    public:
      constexpr int CST_expr_Method() { return 2; }
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    public:
      constexpr int pre_cst_expr_method_post() { return 2; }
    }

ConstexprVariableCase
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr variable names conform to the selected casing.

ConstexprVariablePrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr variable names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ConstexprVariableSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure constexpr variable names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ConstexprVariableCase of lower_case

•   ConstexprVariablePrefix of pre_

•   ConstexprVariableSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms constexpr variable names as follows:

    Before:

    constexpr int ConstExpr_variable = MyConstant;

    After:

    constexpr int pre_constexpr_variable_post = MyConstant;

EnumCase
    When defined, the check will ensure enumeration names conform to the selected casing.

EnumPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure enumeration names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

EnumSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure enumeration names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   EnumCase of lower_case

•   EnumPrefix of pre_

•   EnumSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms enumeration names as follows:

    Before:

    enum FOO { One, Two, Three };

    After:

    enum pre_foo_post { One, Two, Three };

EnumConstantCase
    When defined, the check will ensure enumeration constant names conform to the selected casing.

EnumConstantPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure enumeration constant names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

EnumConstantSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure enumeration constant names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   EnumConstantCase of lower_case

•   EnumConstantPrefix of pre_

•   EnumConstantSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms enumeration constant names as follows:

    Before:

    enum FOO { One, Two, Three };

    After:

    enum FOO { pre_One_post, pre_Two_post, pre_Three_post };

FunctionCase
    When defined, the check will ensure function names conform to the selected casing.

FunctionPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure function names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

FunctionSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure function names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   FunctionCase of lower_case

•   FunctionPrefix of pre_

•   FunctionSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms function names as follows:

    Before:

    char MY_Function_string();

    After:

    char pre_my_function_string_post();

GlobalConstantCase
    When defined, the check will ensure global constant names conform to the selected casing.

GlobalConstantPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure global constant names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

GlobalConstantSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure global constant names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   GlobalConstantCase of lower_case

•   GlobalConstantPrefix of pre_

•   GlobalConstantSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms global constant names as follows:

    Before:

    unsigned const MyConstGlobal_array[] = {1, 2, 3};

    After:

    unsigned const pre_myconstglobal_array_post[] = {1, 2, 3};

GlobalConstantPointerCase
    When defined, the check will ensure global constant pointer names conform to the selected casing.

GlobalConstantPointerPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure global constant pointer names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

GlobalConstantPointerSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure global constant pointer names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   GlobalConstantPointerCase of lower_case

•   GlobalConstantPointerPrefix of pre_

•   GlobalConstantPointerSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms global constant pointer names as follows:

    Before:

    int *const MyConstantGlobalPointer = nullptr;

    After:

    int *const pre_myconstantglobalpointer_post = nullptr;

GlobalFunctionCase
    When defined, the check will ensure global function names conform to the selected casing.

GlobalFunctionPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure global function names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

GlobalFunctionSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure global function names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   GlobalFunctionCase of lower_case

•   GlobalFunctionPrefix of pre_

•   GlobalFunctionSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms global function names as follows:

    Before:

    void GLOBAL_FUNCTION(int PARAMETER_1, int const CONST_parameter);

    After:

    void pre_global_function_post(int PARAMETER_1, int const CONST_parameter);

GlobalPointerCase
    When defined, the check will ensure global pointer names conform to the selected casing.

GlobalPointerPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure global pointer names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

GlobalPointerSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure global pointer names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   GlobalPointerCase of lower_case

•   GlobalPointerPrefix of pre_

•   GlobalPointerSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms global pointer names as follows:

    Before:

    int *GLOBAL3;

    After:

    int *pre_global3_post;

GlobalVariableCase
    When defined, the check will ensure global variable names conform to the selected casing.

GlobalVariablePrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure global variable names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

GlobalVariableSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure global variable names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   GlobalVariableCase of lower_case

•   GlobalVariablePrefix of pre_

•   GlobalVariableSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms global variable names as follows:

    Before:

    int GLOBAL3;

    After:

    int pre_global3_post;

InlineNamespaceCase
    When defined, the check will ensure inline namespaces names conform to the selected casing.

InlineNamespacePrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure inline namespaces names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

InlineNamespaceSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure inline namespaces names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   InlineNamespaceCase of lower_case

•   InlineNamespacePrefix of pre_

•   InlineNamespaceSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms inline namespaces names as follows:

    Before:

    namespace FOO_NS {
    inline namespace InlineNamespace {
    ...
    }
    } // namespace FOO_NS

    After:

    namespace FOO_NS {
    inline namespace pre_inlinenamespace_post {
    ...
    }
    } // namespace FOO_NS

LocalConstantCase
    When defined, the check will ensure local constant names conform to the selected casing.

LocalConstantPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure local constant names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

LocalConstantSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure local constant names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   LocalConstantCase of lower_case

•   LocalConstantPrefix of pre_

•   LocalConstantSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms local constant names as follows:

    Before:

    void foo() { int const local_Constant = 3; }

    After:

    void foo() { int const pre_local_constant_post = 3; }

LocalConstantPointerCase
    When defined, the check will ensure local constant pointer names conform to the selected casing.

LocalConstantPointerPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure local constant pointer names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

LocalConstantPointerSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure local constant pointer names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   LocalConstantPointerCase of lower_case

•   LocalConstantPointerPrefix of pre_

•   LocalConstantPointerSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms local constant pointer names as follows:

    Before:

    void foo() { int const *local_Constant = 3; }

    After:

    void foo() { int const *pre_local_constant_post = 3; }

LocalPointerCase
    When defined, the check will ensure local pointer names conform to the selected casing.

LocalPointerPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure local pointer names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

LocalPointerSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure local pointer names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   LocalPointerCase of lower_case

•   LocalPointerPrefix of pre_

•   LocalPointerSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms local pointer names as follows:

    Before:

    void foo() { int *local_Constant; }

    After:

    void foo() { int *pre_local_constant_post; }

LocalVariableCase
    When defined, the check will ensure local variable names conform to the selected casing.

LocalVariablePrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure local variable names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

LocalVariableSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure local variable names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   LocalVariableCase of lower_case

•   LocalVariablePrefix of pre_

•   LocalVariableSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms local variable names as follows:

    Before:

    void foo() { int local_Constant; }

    After:

    void foo() { int pre_local_constant_post; }

MemberCase
    When defined, the check will ensure member names conform to the selected casing.

MemberPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure member names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

MemberSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure member names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   MemberCase of lower_case

•   MemberPrefix of pre_

•   MemberSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms member names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
      char MY_ConstMember_string[4];
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
      char pre_my_constmember_string_post[4];
    }

MethodCase
    When defined, the check will ensure method names conform to the selected casing.

MethodPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure method names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

MethodSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure method names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   MethodCase of lower_case

•   MethodPrefix of pre_

•   MethodSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms method names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
      char MY_Method_string();
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
      char pre_my_method_string_post();
    }

NamespaceCase
    When defined, the check will ensure namespace names conform to the selected casing.

NamespacePrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure namespace names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

NamespaceSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure namespace names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   NamespaceCase of lower_case

•   NamespacePrefix of pre_

•   NamespaceSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms namespace names as follows:

    Before:

    namespace FOO_NS {
    ...
    }

    After:

    namespace pre_foo_ns_post {
    ...
    }

ParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure parameter names conform to the selected casing.

ParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ParameterCase of lower_case

•   ParameterPrefix of pre_

•   ParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    void GLOBAL_FUNCTION(int PARAMETER_1, int const CONST_parameter);

    After:

    void GLOBAL_FUNCTION(int pre_parameter_post, int const CONST_parameter);

ParameterPackCase
    When defined, the check will ensure parameter pack names conform to the selected casing.

ParameterPackPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure parameter pack names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ParameterPackSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure parameter pack names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ParameterPackCase of lower_case

•   ParameterPackPrefix of pre_

•   ParameterPackSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms parameter pack names as follows:

    Before:

    template <typename... TYPE_parameters> {
      void FUNCTION(int... TYPE_parameters);
    }

    After:

    template <typename... TYPE_parameters> {
      void FUNCTION(int... pre_type_parameters_post);
    }

PointerParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure pointer parameter names conform to the selected casing.

PointerParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure pointer parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

PointerParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure pointer parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   PointerParameterCase of lower_case

•   PointerParameterPrefix of pre_

•   PointerParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms pointer parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    void FUNCTION(int *PARAMETER);

    After:

    void FUNCTION(int *pre_parameter_post);

PrivateMemberCase
    When defined, the check will ensure private member names conform to the selected casing.

PrivateMemberPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure private member names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

PrivateMemberSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure private member names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   PrivateMemberCase of lower_case

•   PrivateMemberPrefix of pre_

•   PrivateMemberSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms private member names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    private:
      int Member_Variable;
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    private:
      int pre_member_variable_post;
    }

PrivateMethodCase
    When defined, the check will ensure private method names conform to the selected casing.

PrivateMethodPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure private method names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

PrivateMethodSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure private method names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   PrivateMethodCase of lower_case

•   PrivateMethodPrefix of pre_

•   PrivateMethodSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms private method names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    private:
      int Member_Method();
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    private:
      int pre_member_method_post();
    }

ProtectedMemberCase
    When defined, the check will ensure protected member names conform to the selected casing.

ProtectedMemberPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure protected member names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ProtectedMemberSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure protected member names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ProtectedMemberCase of lower_case

•   ProtectedMemberPrefix of pre_

•   ProtectedMemberSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms protected member names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    protected:
      int Member_Variable;
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    protected:
      int pre_member_variable_post;
    }

ProtectedMethodCase
    When defined, the check will ensure protect method names conform to the selected casing.

ProtectedMethodPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure protect method names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ProtectedMethodSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure protect method names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ProtectedMethodCase of lower_case

•   ProtectedMethodPrefix of pre_

•   ProtectedMethodSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms protect method names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    protected:
      int Member_Method();
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    protected:
      int pre_member_method_post();
    }

PublicMemberCase
    When defined, the check will ensure public member names conform to the selected casing.

PublicMemberPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure public member names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

PublicMemberSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure public member names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   PublicMemberCase of lower_case

•   PublicMemberPrefix of pre_

•   PublicMemberSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms public member names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    public:
      int Member_Variable;
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    public:
      int pre_member_variable_post;
    }

PublicMethodCase
    When defined, the check will ensure public method names conform to the selected casing.

PublicMethodPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure public method names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

PublicMethodSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure public method names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   PublicMethodCase of lower_case

•   PublicMethodPrefix of pre_

•   PublicMethodSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms public method names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    public:
      int Member_Method();
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    public:
      int pre_member_method_post();
    }

StaticConstantCase
    When defined, the check will ensure static constant names conform to the selected casing.

StaticConstantPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure static constant names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

StaticConstantSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure static constant names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   StaticConstantCase of lower_case

•   StaticConstantPrefix of pre_

•   StaticConstantSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms static constant names as follows:

    Before:

    static unsigned const MyConstStatic_array[] = {1, 2, 3};

    After:

    static unsigned const pre_myconststatic_array_post[] = {1, 2, 3};

StaticVariableCase
    When defined, the check will ensure static variable names conform to the selected casing.

StaticVariablePrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure static variable names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

StaticVariableSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure static variable names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   StaticVariableCase of lower_case

•   StaticVariablePrefix of pre_

•   StaticVariableSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms static variable names as follows:

    Before:

    static unsigned MyStatic_array[] = {1, 2, 3};

    After:

    static unsigned pre_mystatic_array_post[] = {1, 2, 3};

StructCase
    When defined, the check will ensure struct names conform to the selected casing.

StructPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure struct names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

StructSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure struct names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   StructCase of lower_case

•   StructPrefix of pre_

•   StructSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms struct names as follows:

    Before:

    struct FOO {
      FOO();
      ~FOO();
    };

    After:

    struct pre_foo_post {
      pre_foo_post();
      ~pre_foo_post();
    };

TemplateParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure template parameter names conform to the selected casing.

TemplateParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure template parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

TemplateParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure template parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   TemplateParameterCase of lower_case

•   TemplateParameterPrefix of pre_

•   TemplateParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms template parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    template <typename T> class Foo {};

    After:

    template <typename pre_t_post> class Foo {};

TemplateTemplateParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure template template parameter names conform to the selected casing.

TemplateTemplateParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure template template parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

TemplateTemplateParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure template template parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   TemplateTemplateParameterCase of lower_case

•   TemplateTemplateParameterPrefix of pre_

•   TemplateTemplateParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms template template parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    template <template <typename> class TPL_parameter, int COUNT_params,
              typename... TYPE_parameters>

    After:

    template <template <typename> class pre_tpl_parameter_post, int COUNT_params,
              typename... TYPE_parameters>

TypeAliasCase
    When defined, the check will ensure type alias names conform to the selected casing.

TypeAliasPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure type alias names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

TypeAliasSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure type alias names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   TypeAliasCase of lower_case

•   TypeAliasPrefix of pre_

•   TypeAliasSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms type alias names as follows:

    Before:

    using MY_STRUCT_TYPE = my_structure;

    After:

    using pre_my_struct_type_post = my_structure;

TypedefCase
    When defined, the check will ensure typedef names conform to the selected casing.

TypedefPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure typedef names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

TypedefSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure typedef names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   TypedefCase of lower_case

•   TypedefPrefix of pre_

•   TypedefSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms typedef names as follows:

    Before:

    typedef int MYINT;

    After:

    typedef int pre_myint_post;

TypeTemplateParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure type template parameter names conform to the selected casing.

TypeTemplateParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure type template parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

TypeTemplateParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure type template parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   TypeTemplateParameterCase of lower_case

•   TypeTemplateParameterPrefix of pre_

•   TypeTemplateParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms type template parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    template <template <typename> class TPL_parameter, int COUNT_params,
              typename... TYPE_parameters>

    After:

    template <template <typename> class TPL_parameter, int COUNT_params,
              typename... pre_type_parameters_post>

UnionCase
    When defined, the check will ensure union names conform to the selected casing.

UnionPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure union names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

UnionSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure union names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   UnionCase of lower_case

•   UnionPrefix of pre_

•   UnionSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms union names as follows:

    Before:

    union FOO {
      int a;
      char b;
    };

    After:

    union pre_foo_post {
      int a;
      char b;
    };

ValueTemplateParameterCase
    When defined, the check will ensure value template parameter names conform to the selected casing.

ValueTemplateParameterPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure value template parameter names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

ValueTemplateParameterSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure value template parameter names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   ValueTemplateParameterCase of lower_case

•   ValueTemplateParameterPrefix of pre_

•   ValueTemplateParameterSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms value template parameter names as follows:

    Before:

    template <template <typename> class TPL_parameter, int COUNT_params,
              typename... TYPE_parameters>

    After:

    template <template <typename> class TPL_parameter, int pre_count_params_post,
              typename... TYPE_parameters>

VariableCase
    When defined, the check will ensure variable names conform to the selected casing.

VariablePrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure variable names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

VariableSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure variable names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   VariableCase of lower_case

•   VariablePrefix of pre_

•   VariableSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms variable names as follows:

    Before:

    unsigned MyVariable;

    After:

    unsigned pre_myvariable_post;

VirtualMethodCase
    When defined, the check will ensure virtual method names conform to the selected casing.

VirtualMethodPrefix
    When defined, the check will ensure virtual method names will add the prefixed with the given value (regardless of casing).

VirtualMethodSuffix
    When defined, the check will ensure virtual method names will add the suffix with the given value (regardless of casing).

    For example using values of:

•   VirtualMethodCase of lower_case

•   VirtualMethodPrefix of pre_

•   VirtualMethodSuffix of _post

    Identifies and/or transforms virtual method names as follows:

    Before:

    class Foo {
    public:
      virtual int MemberFunction();
    }

    After:

    class Foo {
    public:
      virtual int pre_member_function_post();
    }

  readability-implicit-bool-conversion

This check can be used to find implicit conversions between built-in types and booleans. Depending on use case, it may simply help with readability of the code, or in some cases, point to potential bugs which remain unnoticed due to implicit conversions.

The following is a real-world example of bug which was hiding behind implicit bool conversion:

class Foo {
  int m_foo;
public:
  void setFoo(bool foo) { m_foo = foo; } // warning: implicit conversion bool -> int
  int getFoo() { return m_foo; }
};
void use(Foo& foo) {
  bool value = foo.getFoo(); // warning: implicit conversion int -> bool
}

This code is the result of unsuccessful refactoring, where type of m_foo changed from bool to int. The programmer forgot to change all occurrences of bool, and the remaining code is no longer correct, yet it still compiles without any visible warnings.

In addition to issuing warnings, fix-it hints are provided to help solve the reported issues. This can be used for improving readability of code, for example:

void conversionsToBool() {
  float floating;
  bool boolean = floating;
  // ^ propose replacement: bool boolean = floating != 0.0f;
  int integer;
  if (integer) {}
  // ^ propose replacement: if (integer != 0) {}
  int* pointer;
  if (!pointer) {}
  // ^ propose replacement: if (pointer == nullptr) {}
  while (1) {}
  // ^ propose replacement: while (true) {}
}
void functionTakingInt(int param);
void conversionsFromBool() {
  bool boolean;
  functionTakingInt(boolean);
  // ^ propose replacement: functionTakingInt(static_cast<int>(boolean));
  functionTakingInt(true);
  // ^ propose replacement: functionTakingInt(1);
}

In general, the following conversion types are checked:

•   integer expression/literal to boolean (conversion from a single bit bitfield to boolean is explicitly allowed, since there's no ambiguity / information loss in this case),

•   floating expression/literal to boolean,

•   pointer/pointer to member/nullptr/NULL to boolean,

•   boolean expression/literal to integer (conversion from boolean to a single bit bitfield is explicitly allowed),

•   boolean expression/literal to floating.

    The rules for generating fix-it hints are:

•   in case of conversions from other built-in type to bool, an explicit comparison is proposed to make it clear what exaclty is being compared:

•   bool boolean = floating; is changed to bool boolean = floating == 0.0f;,

•   for other types, appropriate literals are used (0, 0u, 0.0f, 0.0, nullptr),

•   in case of negated expressions conversion to bool, the proposed replacement with comparison is simplified:

•   if (!pointer) is changed to if (pointer == nullptr),

•   in case of conversions from bool to other built-in types, an explicit static_cast is proposed to make it clear that a conversion is taking place:

•   int integer = boolean; is changed to int integer = static_cast<int>(boolean);,

•   if the conversion is performed on type literals, an equivalent literal is proposed, according to what type is actually expected, for example:

•   functionTakingBool(0); is changed to functionTakingBool(false);,

•   functionTakingInt(true); is changed to functionTakingInt(1);,

•   for other types, appropriate literals are used (false, true, 0, 1, 0u, 1u, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0, 1.0f).

    Some additional accommodations are made for pre-C++11 dialects:

•   false literal conversion to pointer is detected,

•   instead of nullptr literal, 0 is proposed as replacement.

    Occurrences of implicit conversions inside macros and template instantiations are deliberately ignored, as it is not clear how to deal with such cases.

  Options

AllowIntegerConditions
    When non-zero, the check will allow conditional integer conversions. Default is 0.

AllowPointerConditions
    When non-zero, the check will allow conditional pointer conversions. Default is 0.

  readability-inconsistent-declaration-parameter-name

Find function declarations which differ in parameter names.

Example:

// in foo.hpp:
void foo(int a, int b, int c);
// in foo.cpp:
void foo(int d, int e, int f); // warning

This check should help to enforce consistency in large projects, where it often happens that a definition of function is refactored, changing the parameter names, but its declaration in header file is not updated. With this check, we can easily find and correct such inconsistencies, keeping declaration and definition always in sync.

Unnamed parameters are allowed and are not taken into account when comparing function declarations, for example:

void foo(int a);
void foo(int); // no warning

One name is also allowed to be a case-insensitive prefix/suffix of the other:

void foo(int count);
void foo(int count_input) { // no warning
  int count = adjustCount(count_input);
}

To help with refactoring, in some cases fix-it hints are generated to align parameter names to a single naming convention. This works with the assumption that the function definition is the most up-to-date version, as it directly references parameter names in its body. Example:

void foo(int a); // warning and fix-it hint (replace "a" to "b")
int foo(int b) { return b + 2; } // definition with use of "b"

In the case of multiple redeclarations or function template specializations, a warning is issued for every redeclaration or specialization inconsistent with the definition or the first declaration seen in a translation unit.

IgnoreMacros
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 1), the check will not warn about names declared inside macros.

Strict
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 0), then names must match exactly (or be absent).

  readability-isolate-declaration

Detects local variable declarations declaring more than one variable and tries to refactor the code to one statement per declaration.

The automatic code-transformation will use the same indentation as the original for every created statement and add a line break after each statement. It keeps the order of the variable declarations consistent, too.

void f() {
  int * pointer = nullptr, value = 42, * const const_ptr = &value;
  // This declaration will be diagnosed and transformed into:
  // int * pointer = nullptr;
  // int value = 42;
  // int * const const_ptr = &value;
}

The check excludes places where it is necessary or common to declare multiple variables in one statement and there is no other way supported in the language. Please note that structured bindings are not considered.

// It is not possible to transform this declaration and doing the declaration
// before the loop will increase the scope of the variable 'Begin' and 'End'
// which is undesirable.
for (int Begin = 0, End = 100; Begin < End; ++Begin);
if (int Begin = 42, Result = some_function(Begin); Begin == Result);
// It is not possible to transform this declaration because the result is
// not functionality preserving as 'j' and 'k' would not be part of the
// 'if' statement anymore.
if (SomeCondition())
  int i = 42, j = 43, k = function(i,j);

  Limitations

Global variables and member variables are excluded.

The check currently does not support the automatic transformation of member-pointer-types.

struct S {
  int a;
  const int b;
  void f() {}
};
void f() {
  // Only a diagnostic message is emitted
  int S::*p = &S::a, S::*const q = &S::a;
}

Furthermore, the transformation is very cautious when it detects various kinds of macros or preprocessor directives in the range of the statement. In this case the transformation will not happen to avoid unexpected side-effects due to macros.

#define NULL 0
#define MY_NICE_TYPE int **
#define VAR_NAME(name) name##__LINE__
#define A_BUNCH_OF_VARIABLES int m1 = 42, m2 = 43, m3 = 44;
void macros() {
  int *p1 = NULL, *p2 = NULL;
  // Will be transformed to
  // int *p1 = NULL;
  // int *p2 = NULL;
  MY_NICE_TYPE p3, v1, v2;
  // Won't be transformed, but a diagnostic is emitted.
  int VAR_NAME(v3),
      VAR_NAME(v4),
      VAR_NAME(v5);
  // Won't be transformed, but a diagnostic is emitted.
  A_BUNCH_OF_VARIABLES
  // Won't be transformed, but a diagnostic is emitted.
  int Unconditional,
#if CONFIGURATION
      IfConfigured = 42,
#else
      IfConfigured = 0;
#endif
  // Won't be transformed, but a diagnostic is emitted.
}

  readability-magic-numbers

Detects magic numbers, integer or floating point literals that are embedded in code and not introduced via constants or symbols.

Many coding guidelines advise replacing the magic values with symbolic constants to improve readability. Here are a few references:

•   Rule ES.45: Avoid “magic constants”; use symbolic constants in C++ Core Guidelines

•   Rule 5.1.1 Use symbolic names instead of literal values in code in High Integrity C++

•   Item 17 in "C++ Coding Standards: 101 Rules, Guidelines and Best Practices" by Herb Sutter and Andrei Alexandrescu

•   Chapter 17 in "Clean Code - A handbook of agile software craftsmanship." by Robert C. Martin

•   Rule 20701 in "TRAIN REAL TIME DATA PROTOCOL Coding Rules" by Armin-Hagen Weiss, Bombardier

•   http://wiki.c2.com/?MagicNumber

    Examples of magic values:

    double circleArea = 3.1415926535 * radius * radius;
    double totalCharge = 1.08 * itemPrice;
    int getAnswer() {
       return -3; // FILENOTFOUND
    }
    for (int mm = 1; mm <= 12; ++mm) {
       std::cout << month[mm] << '\n';
    }

    Example with magic values refactored:

    double circleArea = M_PI * radius * radius;
    const double TAX_RATE = 0.08;  // or make it variable and read from a file
    double totalCharge = (1.0 + TAX_RATE) * itemPrice;
    int getAnswer() {
       return E_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
    }
    for (int mm = 1; mm <= MONTHS_IN_A_YEAR; ++mm) {
       std::cout << month[mm] << '\n';
    }

    For integral literals by default only 0 and 1 (and -1) integer values are accepted without a warning. This can be overridden with the IgnoredIntegerValues option. Negative values are accepted if their absolute value is present in the IgnoredIntegerValues list.

    As a special case for integral values, all powers of two can be accepted without warning by enabling the IgnorePowersOf2IntegerValues option.

    For floating point literals by default the 0.0 floating point value is accepted without a warning. The set of ignored floating point literals can be configured using the IgnoredFloatingPointValues option. For each value in that set, the given string value is converted to a floating-point value representation used by the target architecture. If a floating-point literal value compares equal to one of the converted values, then that literal is not diagnosed by this check. Because floating-point equality is used to determine whether to diagnose or not, the user needs to be aware of the details of floating-point representations for any values that cannot be precisely represented for their target architecture.

    For each value in the IgnoredFloatingPointValues set, both the single-precision form and double-precision form are accepted (for example, if 3.14 is in the set, neither 3.14f nor 3.14 will produce a warning).

    Scientific notation is supported for both source code input and option. Alternatively, the check for the floating point numbers can be disabled for all floating point values by enabling the IgnoreAllFloatingPointValues option.

    Since values 0 and 0.0 are so common as the base counter of loops, or initialization values for sums, they are always accepted without warning, even if not present in the respective ignored values list.

  Options

IgnoredIntegerValues
    Semicolon-separated list of magic positive integers that will be accepted without a warning. Default values are {1, 2, 3, 4}, and 0 is accepted unconditionally.

IgnorePowersOf2IntegerValues
    Boolean value indicating whether to accept all powers-of-two integer values without warning. Default value is false.

IgnoredFloatingPointValues
    Semicolon-separated list of magic positive floating point values that will be accepted without a warning. Default values are {1.0, 100.0} and 0.0 is accepted unconditionally.

IgnoreAllFloatingPointValues
    Boolean value indicating whether to accept all floating point values without warning. Default value is false.

  readability-misleading-indentation

Correct indentation helps to understand code. Mismatch of the syntactical structure and the indentation of the code may hide serious problems. Missing braces can also make it significantly harder to read the code, therefore it is important to use braces.

The way to avoid dangling else is to always check that an else belongs to the if that begins in the same column.

You can omit braces when your inner part of e.g. an if statement has only one statement in it. Although in that case you should begin the next statement in the same column with the if.

Examples:

// Dangling else:
if (cond1)
  if (cond2)
    foo1();
else
  foo2();  // Wrong indentation: else belongs to if(cond2) statement.
// Missing braces:
if (cond1)
  foo1();
  foo2();  // Not guarded by if(cond1).

  Limitations

Note that this check only works as expected when the tabs or spaces are used consistently and not mixed.

  readability-misplaced-array-index

This check warns for unusual array index syntax.

The following code has unusual array index syntax:

void f(int *X, int Y) {
  Y[X] = 0;
}

becomes

void f(int *X, int Y) {
  X[Y] = 0;
}

The check warns about such unusual syntax for readability reasons:

•   There are programmers that are not familiar with this unusual syntax.

•   It is possible that variables are mixed up.

  readability-named-parameter

Find functions with unnamed arguments.

The check implements the following rule originating in the Google C++ Style Guide:

https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html#Function_Declarations_and_Definitions

All parameters should be named, with identical names in the declaration and implementation.

Corresponding cpplint.py check name: readability/function.

  readability-non-const-parameter

The check finds function parameters of a pointer type that could be changed to point to a constant type instead.

When const is used properly, many mistakes can be avoided. Advantages when using const properly:

•   prevent unintentional modification of data;

•   get additional warnings such as using uninitialized data;

•   make it easier for developers to see possible side effects.

    This check is not strict about constness, it only warns when the constness will make the function interface safer.

    // warning here; the declaration "const char *p" would make the function
    // interface safer.
    char f1(char *p) {
      return *p;
    }
    // no warning; the declaration could be more const "const int * const p" but
    // that does not make the function interface safer.
    int f2(const int *p) {
      return *p;
    }
    // no warning; making x const does not make the function interface safer
    int f3(int x) {
      return x;
    }
    // no warning; Technically, *p can be const ("const struct S *p"). But making
    // *p const could be misleading. People might think that it's safe to pass
    // const data to this function.
    struct S { int *a; int *b; };
    int f3(struct S *p) {
      *(p->a) = 0;
    }

  readability-redundant-control-flow

This check looks for procedures (functions returning no value) with return statements at the end of the function. Such return statements are redundant.

Loop statements (for, while, do while) are checked for redundant continue statements at the end of the loop body.

Examples:

The following function f contains a redundant return statement:

extern void g();
void f() {
  g();
  return;
}

becomes

extern void g();
void f() {
  g();
}

The following function k contains a redundant continue statement:

void k() {
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    continue;
  }
}

becomes

void k() {
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
  }
}

  readability-redundant-declaration

Finds redundant variable and function declarations.

extern int X;
extern int X;

becomes

extern int X;

Such redundant declarations can be removed without changing program behaviour. They can for instance be unintentional left overs from previous refactorings when code has been moved around. Having redundant declarations could in worst case mean that there are typos in the code that cause bugs.

Normally the code can be automatically fixed, clang-tidy can remove the second declaration. However there are 2 cases when you need to fix the code manually:

•   When the declarations are in different header files;

•   When multiple variables are declared together.

  Options

IgnoreMacros
    If set to non-zero, the check will not give warnings inside macros. Default is 1.

  readability-redundant-function-ptr-dereference

Finds redundant dereferences of a function pointer.

Before:

int f(int,int);
int (*p)(int, int) = &f;
int i = (**p)(10, 50);

After:

int f(int,int);
int (*p)(int, int) = &f;
int i = (*p)(10, 50);

  readability-redundant-member-init

Finds member initializations that are unnecessary because the same default constructor would be called if they were not present.

Example:

// Explicitly initializing the member s is unnecessary.
class Foo {
public:
  Foo() : s() {}
private:
  std::string s;
};

  readability-redundant-preprocessor

Finds potentially redundant preprocessor directives. At the moment the following cases are detected:

•   #ifdef .. #endif pairs which are nested inside an outer pair with the same condition. For example:

    #ifdef FOO
    #ifdef FOO // inner ifdef is considered redundant
    void f();
    #endif
    #endif

•   Same for #ifndef .. #endif pairs. For example:

    #ifndef FOO
    #ifndef FOO // inner ifndef is considered redundant
    void f();
    #endif
    #endif

•   #ifndef inside an #ifdef with the same condition:

    #ifdef FOO
    #ifndef FOO // inner ifndef is considered redundant
    void f();
    #endif
    #endif

•   #ifdef inside an #ifndef with the same condition:

    #ifndef FOO
    #ifdef FOO // inner ifdef is considered redundant
    void f();
    #endif
    #endif

•   #if .. #endif pairs which are nested inside an outer pair with the same condition. For example:

    #define FOO 4
    #if FOO == 4
    #if FOO == 4 // inner if is considered redundant
    void f();
    #endif
    #endif

  readability-redundant-smartptr-get

Find and remove redundant calls to smart pointer's .get() method.

Examples:

ptr.get()->Foo()  ==>  ptr->Foo()
*ptr.get()  ==>  *ptr
*ptr->get()  ==>  **ptr
if (ptr.get() == nullptr) ... => if (ptr == nullptr) ...

IgnoreMacros
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 1), the check will not warn about calls inside macros.

  readability-redundant-string-cstr

Finds unnecessary calls to std::string::c_str() and std::string::data().

  readability-redundant-string-init

Finds unnecessary string initializations.

Examples:

// Initializing string with empty string literal is unnecessary.
std::string a = "";
std::string b("");
// becomes
std::string a;
std::string b;

  readability-simplify-boolean-expr

Looks for boolean expressions involving boolean constants and simplifies them to use the appropriate boolean expression directly.

Examples:
Initial expression | Result
if (b == true) | if (b)
if (b == false) | if (!b)
if (b && true) | if (b)
if (b && false) | if (false)
if (b || true) | if (true)
if (b || false) | if (b)
e ? true : false | e
e ? false : true | !e
if (true) t(); else f(); | t();
if (false) t(); else f(); | f();
if (e) return true; else return false; | return e;
if (e) return false; else return true; | return !e;
if (e) b = true; else b = false; | b = e;
if (e) b = false; else b = true; | b = !e;
if (e) return true; return false; | return e;
if (e) return false; return true; | return !e;

The resulting expression e is modified as follows:

1.  Unnecessary parentheses around the expression are removed.

2.  Negated applications of ! are eliminated.

3.  Negated applications of comparison operators are changed to use the opposite condition.

4.  Implicit conversions of pointers, including pointers to members, to bool are replaced with explicit comparisons to nullptr in C++11 or NULL in C++98/03.

5.  Implicit casts to bool are replaced with explicit casts to bool.

6.  Object expressions with explicit operator bool conversion operators are replaced with explicit casts to bool.

7.  Implicit conversions of integral types to bool are replaced with explicit comparisons to 0.

Examples:

1.  The ternary assignment bool b = (i < 0) ? true : false; has redundant parentheses and becomes bool b = i < 0;.

2.  The conditional return if (!b) return false; return true; has an implied double negation and becomes return b;.

3.  The conditional return if (i < 0) return false; return true; becomes return i >= 0;.

    The conditional return if (i != 0) return false; return true; becomes return i == 0;.

4.  The conditional return if (p) return true; return false; has an implicit conversion of a pointer to bool and becomes return p != nullptr;.

    The ternary assignment bool b = (i & 1) ? true : false; has an implicit conversion of i & 1 to bool and becomes bool b = (i & 1) != 0;.

5.  The conditional return if (i & 1) return true; else return false; has an implicit conversion of an integer quantity i & 1 to bool and becomes return (i & 1) != 0;

6.  Given struct X { explicit operator bool(); };, and an instance x of struct X, the conditional return if (x) return true; return false; becomes return static_cast<bool>(x);

  Options

ChainedConditionalReturn
    If non-zero, conditional boolean return statements at the end of an if/else if chain will be transformed. Default is 0.

ChainedConditionalAssignment
    If non-zero, conditional boolean assignments at the end of an if/else if chain will be transformed. Default is 0.

  readability-simplify-subscript-expr

This check simplifies subscript expressions. Currently this covers calling .data() and immediately doing an array subscript operation to obtain a single element, in which case simply calling operator[] suffice.

Examples:

std::string s = ...;
char c = s.data()[i];  // char c = s[i];

  Options

Types
    The list of type(s) that triggers this check. Default is ::std::basic_string;::std::basic_string_view;::std::vector;::std::array

  readability-static-accessed-through-instance

Checks for member expressions that access static members through instances, and replaces them with uses of the appropriate qualified-id.

Example:

The following code:

struct C {
  static void foo();
  static int x;
};
C *c1 = new C();
c1->foo();
c1->x;

is changed to:

C *c1 = new C();
C::foo();
C::x;

  readability-static-definition-in-anonymous-namespace

Finds static function and variable definitions in anonymous namespace.

In this case, static is redundant, because anonymous namespace limits the visibility of definitions to a single translation unit.

namespace {
  static int a = 1; // Warning.
  static const b = 1; // Warning.
}

The check will apply a fix by removing the redundant static qualifier.

  readability-string-compare

Finds string comparisons using the compare method.

A common mistake is to use the string's compare method instead of using the equality or inequality operators. The compare method is intended for sorting functions and thus returns a negative number, a positive number or zero depending on the lexicographical relationship between the strings compared. If an equality or inequality check can suffice, that is recommended. This is recommended to avoid the risk of incorrect interpretation of the return value and to simplify the code. The string equality and inequality operators can also be faster than the compare method due to early termination.

Examples:

std::string str1{"a"};
std::string str2{"b"};
// use str1 != str2 instead.
if (str1.compare(str2)) {
}
// use str1 == str2 instead.
if (!str1.compare(str2)) {
}
// use str1 == str2 instead.
if (str1.compare(str2) == 0) {
}
// use str1 != str2 instead.
if (str1.compare(str2) != 0) {
}
// use str1 == str2 instead.
if (0 == str1.compare(str2)) {
}
// use str1 != str2 instead.
if (0 != str1.compare(str2)) {
}
// Use str1 == "foo" instead.
if (str1.compare("foo") == 0) {
}

The above code examples shows the list of if-statements that this check will give a warning for. All of them uses compare to check if equality or inequality of two strings instead of using the correct operators.

  readability-uniqueptr-delete-release

Replace delete <unique_ptr>.release() with <unique_ptr> = nullptr. The latter is shorter, simpler and does not require use of raw pointer APIs.

std::unique_ptr<int> P;
delete P.release();
// becomes
std::unique_ptr<int> P;
P = nullptr;

  readability-uppercase-literal-suffix

cert-dcl16-c redirects here as an alias for this check. By default, only the suffixes that begin with l (l, ll, lu, llu, but not u, ul, ull) are diagnosed by that alias.

hicpp-uppercase-literal-suffix redirects here as an alias for this check.

Detects when the integral literal or floating point (decimal or hexadecimal) literal has a non-uppercase suffix and provides a fix-it hint with the uppercase suffix.

All valid combinations of suffixes are supported.

auto x = 1;  // OK, no suffix.
auto x = 1u; // warning: integer literal suffix 'u' is not upper-case
auto x = 1U; // OK, suffix is uppercase.
...

  Options

NewSuffixes
    Optionally, a list of the destination suffixes can be provided. When the suffix is found, a case-insensitive lookup in that list is made, and if a replacement is found that is different from the current suffix, then the diagnostic is issued. This allows for fine-grained control of what suffixes to consider and what their replacements should be.

  Example

Given a list L;uL:

•   l -> L

•   L will be kept as is.

•   ul -> uL

•   Ul -> uL

•   UL -> uL

•   uL will be kept as is.

•   ull will be kept as is, since it is not in the list

•   and so on.

IgnoreMacros
    If this option is set to non-zero (default is 1), the check will not warn about literal suffixes inside macros.

  zircon-temporary-objects

Warns on construction of specific temporary objects in the Zircon kernel. If the object should be flagged, If the object should be flagged, the fully qualified type name must be explicitly passed to the check.

For example, given the list of classes "Foo" and "NS::Bar", all of the following will trigger the warning:

Foo();
Foo F = Foo();
func(Foo());
namespace NS {
Bar();
}

With the same list, the following will not trigger the warning:

Foo F;                                         // Non-temporary construction okay
Foo F(param);                      // Non-temporary construction okay
Foo *F = new Foo();      // New construction okay
Bar();                                         // Not NS::Bar, so okay
NS::Bar B;                           // Non-temporary construction okay

Note that objects must be explicitly specified in order to be flagged, and so objects that inherit a specified object will not be flagged.

This check matches temporary objects without regard for inheritance and so a prohibited base class type does not similarly prohibit derived class types.

class Derived : Foo {} // Derived is not explicitly disallowed
Derived();             // and so temporary construction is okay

  Options

Names
    A semi-colon-separated list of fully-qualified names of C++ classes that should not be constructed as temporaries. Default is empty.

  Clang-tidy IDE/Editor Integrations

Apart from being a standalone tool, clang-tidy is integrated into various IDEs, code analyzers, and editors. Besides, it is currently being integrated into Clangd. The following table shows the most well-known clang-tidy integrations in detail.
 | Feature
Tool | On-the-fly inspection | Check list configuration (GUI) | Options to checks (GUI) | Configuration via .clang-tidy files | Custom clang-tidy binary
A.L.E. for Vim | + | - | - | - | +
Clang Power Tools for Visual Studio | - | + | - | + | -
Clangd | + | - | - | - | -
CLion IDE | + | + | + | + | +
CodeChecker | - | - | - | - | +
CPPCheck | - | - | - | - | -
CPPDepend | - | - | - | - | -
Flycheck for Emacs | + | - | - | + | +
KDevelop IDE | - | + | + | + | +
Qt Creator IDE | + | + | - | - | +
ReSharper C++ for Visual Studio | + | + | - | + | -
Syntastic for Vim | + | - | - | - | +
Visual Assist for Visual Studio | + | + | - | - | -

IDEs

CLion 2017.2 and later integrates clang-tidy as an extension to the built-in code analyzer. Starting from 2018.2 EAP, CLion allows using clang-tidy via Clangd. Inspections and applicable quick-fixes are performed on the fly, and checks can be configured in standard command line format. In this integration, you can switch to the clang-tidy binary different from the bundled one, pass the configuration in .clang-tidy files instead of using the IDE settings, and configure options for particular checks.

KDevelop with the kdev-clang-tidy plugin, starting from version 5.1, performs static analysis using clang-tidy. The plugin launches the clang-tidy binary from the specified location and parses its output to provide a list of issues.

QtCreator 4.6 integrates clang-tidy warnings into the editor diagnostics under the Clang Code Model. To employ clang-tidy inspection in QtCreator, you need to create a copy of one of the presets and choose the checks to be performed in the Clang Code Model Warnings menu.

MS Visual Studio has a native clang-tidy-vs plugin and also can integrate clang-tidy by means of three other tools. The ReSharper C++ extension, version 2017.3 and later, provides seamless clang-tidy integration: checks and quick-fixes run alongside native inspections. Apart from that, ReSharper C++ incorporates clang-tidy as a separate step of its code clean-up process. Visual Assist build 2210 includes a subset of clang-tidy checklist to inspect the code as you edit. Another way to bring clang-tidy functionality to Visual Studio is the Clang Power Tools plugin, which includes most of the clang-tidy checks and runs them during compilation or as a separate step of code analysis.

Editors

Emacs24, when expanded with the Flycheck plugin, incorporates the clang-tidy inspection into the syntax analyzer. For Vim, you can use Syntastic, which includes clang-tidy, or A.L.E., a lint engine that applies clang-tidy along with other linters.

Analyzers

clang-tidy is integrated in CPPDepend starting from version 2018.1 and CPPCheck 1.82. CPPCheck integration lets you import Visual Studio solutions and run the clang-tidy inspection on them. The CodeChecker application of version 5.3 or later, which also comes as a plugin for Eclipse, supports clang-tidy as a static analysis instrument and allows to use a custom clang-tidy binary.

  Getting Involved

clang-tidy has several own checks and can run Clang static analyzer checks, but its power is in the ability to easily write custom checks.

Checks are organized in modules, which can be linked into clang-tidy with minimal or no code changes in clang-tidy.

Checks can plug into the analysis on the preprocessor level using PPCallbacks or on the AST level using AST Matchers. When an error is found, checks can report them in a way similar to how Clang diagnostics work. A fix-it hint can be attached to a diagnostic message.

The interface provided by clang-tidy makes it easy to write useful and precise checks in just a few lines of code. If you have an idea for a good check, the rest of this document explains how to do this.

There are a few tools particularly useful when developing clang-tidy checks:

•   add_new_check.py is a script to automate the process of adding a new check, it will create the check, update the CMake file and create a test;

•   rename_check.py does what the script name suggests, renames an existing check;

•   clang-query is invaluable for interactive prototyping of AST matchers and exploration of the Clang AST;

•   clang-check with the -ast-dump (and optionally -ast-dump-filter) provides a convenient way to dump AST of a C++ program.

    If CMake is configured with CLANG_ENABLE_STATIC_ANALYZER, clang-tidy will not be built with support for the clang-analyzer-* checks or the mpi-* checks.

  Choosing the Right Place for your Check

If you have an idea of a check, you should decide whether it should be implemented as a:

•   Clang diagnostic: if the check is generic enough, targets code patterns that most probably are bugs (rather than style or readability issues), can be implemented effectively and with extremely low false positive rate, it may make a good Clang diagnostic.

•   Clang static analyzer check: if the check requires some sort of control flow analysis, it should probably be implemented as a static analyzer check.

•   clang-tidy check is a good choice for linter-style checks, checks that are related to a certain coding style, checks that address code readability, etc.

  Preparing your Workspace

If you are new to LLVM development, you should read the Getting Started with the LLVM System, Using Clang Tools and How To Setup Clang Tooling For LLVM documents to check out and build LLVM, Clang and Clang Extra Tools with CMake.

Once you are done, change to the llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra directory, and let's start!

  The Directory Structure

clang-tidy source code resides in the llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra directory and is structured as follows:

clang-tidy/                       # Clang-tidy core.
|-- ClangTidy.h                   # Interfaces for users and checks.
|-- ClangTidyModule.h             # Interface for clang-tidy modules.
|-- ClangTidyModuleRegistry.h     # Interface for registering of modules.
   ...
|-- google/                       # Google clang-tidy module.
|-+
  |-- GoogleTidyModule.cpp
  |-- GoogleTidyModule.h
        ...
|-- llvm/                         # LLVM clang-tidy module.
|-+
  |-- LLVMTidyModule.cpp
  |-- LLVMTidyModule.h
        ...
|-- objc/                         # Objective-C clang-tidy module.
|-+
  |-- ObjCTidyModule.cpp
  |-- ObjCTidyModule.h
        ...
|-- tool/                         # Sources of the clang-tidy binary.
        ...
test/clang-tidy/                  # Integration tests.
    ...
unittests/clang-tidy/             # Unit tests.
|-- ClangTidyTest.h
|-- GoogleModuleTest.cpp
|-- LLVMModuleTest.cpp
|-- ObjCModuleTest.cpp
    ...

  Writing a clang-tidy Check

So you have an idea of a useful check for clang-tidy.

First, if you're not familiar with LLVM development, read through the Getting Started with LLVM document for instructions on setting up your workflow and the LLVM Coding Standards document to familiarize yourself with the coding style used in the project. For code reviews we mostly use LLVM Phabricator.

Next, you need to decide which module the check belongs to. Modules are located in subdirectories of clang-tidy/ and contain checks targeting a certain aspect of code quality (performance, readability, etc.), certain coding style or standard (Google, LLVM, CERT, etc.) or a widely used API (e.g. MPI). Their names are same as user-facing check groups names described above.

After choosing the module and the name for the check, run the clang-tidy/add_new_check.py script to create the skeleton of the check and plug it to clang-tidy. It's the recommended way of adding new checks.

If we want to create a readability-awesome-function-names, we would run:

$ clang-tidy/add_new_check.py readability awesome-function-names

The add_new_check.py script will:

•   create the class for your check inside the specified module's directory and register it in the module and in the build system;

•   create a lit test file in the test/clang-tidy/ directory;

•   create a documentation file and include it into the docs/clang-tidy/checks/list.rst.

    Let's see in more detail at the check class definition:

    ...
    #include "../ClangTidy.h"
    namespace clang {
    namespace tidy {
    namespace readability {
    ...
    class AwesomeFunctionNamesCheck : public ClangTidyCheck {
    public:
      AwesomeFunctionNamesCheck(StringRef Name, ClangTidyContext *Context)
          : ClangTidyCheck(Name, Context) {}
      void registerMatchers(ast_matchers::MatchFinder *Finder) override;
      void check(const ast_matchers::MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) override;
    };
    } // namespace readability
    } // namespace tidy
    } // namespace clang
    ...

    Constructor of the check receives the Name and Context parameters, and must forward them to the ClangTidyCheck constructor.

    In our case the check needs to operate on the AST level and it overrides the registerMatchers and check methods. If we wanted to analyze code on the preprocessor level, we'd need instead to override the registerPPCallbacks method.

    In the registerMatchers method we create an AST Matcher (see AST Matchers for more information) that will find the pattern in the AST that we want to inspect. The results of the matching are passed to the check method, which can further inspect them and report diagnostics.

    using namespace ast_matchers;
    void AwesomeFunctionNamesCheck::registerMatchers(MatchFinder *Finder) {
      Finder->addMatcher(functionDecl().bind("x"), this);
    }
    void AwesomeFunctionNamesCheck::check(const MatchFinder::MatchResult &Result) {
      const auto *MatchedDecl = Result.Nodes.getNodeAs<FunctionDecl>("x");
      if (MatchedDecl->getName().startswith("awesome_"))
        return;
      diag(MatchedDecl->getLocation(), "function %0 is insufficiently awesome")
          << MatchedDecl
          << FixItHint::CreateInsertion(MatchedDecl->getLocation(), "awesome_");
    }

    (If you want to see an example of a useful check, look at clang-tidy/google/ExplicitConstructorCheck.h and clang-tidy/google/ExplicitConstructorCheck.cpp).

  Registering your Check

(The add_new_check.py takes care of registering the check in an existing module. If you want to create a new module or know the details, read on.)

The check should be registered in the corresponding module with a distinct name:

class MyModule : public ClangTidyModule {
 public:
  void addCheckFactories(ClangTidyCheckFactories &CheckFactories) override {
    CheckFactories.registerCheck<ExplicitConstructorCheck>(
        "my-explicit-constructor");
  }
};

Now we need to register the module in the ClangTidyModuleRegistry using a statically initialized variable:

static ClangTidyModuleRegistry::Add<MyModule> X("my-module",
                                                "Adds my lint checks.");

When using LLVM build system, we need to use the following hack to ensure the module is linked into the clang-tidy binary:

Add this near the ClangTidyModuleRegistry::Add<MyModule> variable:

// This anchor is used to force the linker to link in the generated object file
// and thus register the MyModule.
volatile int MyModuleAnchorSource = 0;

And this to the main translation unit of the clang-tidy binary (or the binary you link the clang-tidy library in) clang-tidy/tool/ClangTidyMain.cpp:

// This anchor is used to force the linker to link the MyModule.
extern volatile int MyModuleAnchorSource;
static int MyModuleAnchorDestination = MyModuleAnchorSource;

  Configuring Checks

If a check needs configuration options, it can access check-specific options using the Options.get<Type>("SomeOption", DefaultValue) call in the check constructor. In this case the check should also override the ClangTidyCheck::storeOptions method to make the options provided by the check discoverable. This method lets clang-tidy know which options the check implements and what the current values are (e.g. for the -dump-config command line option).

class MyCheck : public ClangTidyCheck {
  const unsigned SomeOption1;
  const std::string SomeOption2;
public:
  MyCheck(StringRef Name, ClangTidyContext *Context)
    : ClangTidyCheck(Name, Context),
      SomeOption(Options.get("SomeOption1", -1U)),
      SomeOption(Options.get("SomeOption2", "some default")) {}
  void storeOptions(ClangTidyOptions::OptionMap &Opts) override {
    Options.store(Opts, "SomeOption1", SomeOption1);
    Options.store(Opts, "SomeOption2", SomeOption2);
  }
  ...

Assuming the check is registered with the name "my-check", the option can then be set in a .clang-tidy file in the following way:

CheckOptions:
  - key: my-check.SomeOption1
    value: 123
  - key: my-check.SomeOption2
    value: 'some other value'

If you need to specify check options on a command line, you can use the inline YAML format:

$ clang-tidy -config="{CheckOptions: [{key: a, value: b}, {key: x, value: y}]}" ...

  Testing Checks

To run tests for clang-tidy use the command:

$ ninja check-clang-tools

clang-tidy checks can be tested using either unit tests or lit tests. Unit tests may be more convenient to test complex replacements with strict checks. Lit tests allow using partial text matching and regular expressions which makes them more suitable for writing compact tests for diagnostic messages.

The check_clang_tidy.py script provides an easy way to test both diagnostic messages and fix-its. It filters out CHECK lines from the test file, runs clang-tidy and verifies messages and fixes with two separate FileCheck invocations: once with FileCheck's directive prefix set to CHECK-MESSAGES, validating the diagnostic messages, and once with the directive prefix set to CHECK-FIXES, running against the fixed code (i.e., the code after generated fix-its are applied). In particular, CHECK-FIXES: can be used to check that code was not modified by fix-its, by checking that it is present unchanged in the fixed code. The full set of FileCheck directives is available (e.g., CHECK-MESSAGES-SAME:, CHECK-MESSAGES-NOT:), though typically the basic CHECK forms (CHECK-MESSAGES and CHECK-FIXES) are sufficient for clang-tidy tests. Note that the FileCheck documentation mostly assumes the default prefix (CHECK), and hence describes the directive as CHECK:, CHECK-SAME:, CHECK-NOT:, etc. Replace CHECK by either CHECK-FIXES or CHECK-MESSAGES for clang-tidy tests.

An additional check enabled by check_clang_tidy.py ensures that if CHECK-MESSAGES: is used in a file then every warning or error must have an associated CHECK in that file. Or, you can use CHECK-NOTES: instead, if you want to also ensure that all the notes are checked.

To use the check_clang_tidy.py script, put a .cpp file with the appropriate RUN line in the test/clang-tidy directory. Use CHECK-MESSAGES: and CHECK-FIXES: lines to write checks against diagnostic messages and fixed code.

It's advised to make the checks as specific as possible to avoid checks matching to incorrect parts of the input. Use [[@LINE+X]]/[[@LINE-X]] substitutions and distinct function and variable names in the test code.

Here's an example of a test using the check_clang_tidy.py script (the full source code is at test/clang-tidy/google-readability-casting.cpp):

// RUN: %check_clang_tidy %s google-readability-casting %t
void f(int a) {
  int b = (int)a;
  // CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-1]]:11: warning: redundant cast to the same type [google-readability-casting]
  // CHECK-FIXES: int b = a;
}

To check more than one scenario in the same test file use -check-suffix=SUFFIX-NAME on check_clang_tidy.py command line or -check-suffixes=SUFFIX-NAME-1,SUFFIX-NAME-2,.... With -check-suffix[es]=SUFFIX-NAME you need to replace your CHECK-* directives with CHECK-MESSAGES-SUFFIX-NAME and CHECK-FIXES-SUFFIX-NAME.

Here's an example:

// RUN: %check_clang_tidy -check-suffix=USING-A %s misc-unused-using-decls %t -- -- -DUSING_A
// RUN: %check_clang_tidy -check-suffix=USING-B %s misc-unused-using-decls %t -- -- -DUSING_B
// RUN: %check_clang_tidy %s misc-unused-using-decls %t
...
// CHECK-MESSAGES-USING-A: :[[@LINE-8]]:10: warning: using decl 'A' {{.*}}
// CHECK-MESSAGES-USING-B: :[[@LINE-7]]:10: warning: using decl 'B' {{.*}}
// CHECK-MESSAGES: :[[@LINE-6]]:10: warning: using decl 'C' {{.*}}
// CHECK-FIXES-USING-A-NOT: using a::A;$
// CHECK-FIXES-USING-B-NOT: using a::B;$
// CHECK-FIXES-NOT: using a::C;$

There are many dark corners in the C++ language, and it may be difficult to make your check work perfectly in all cases, especially if it issues fix-it hints. The most frequent pitfalls are macros and templates:

1.  code written in a macro body/template definition may have a different meaning depending on the macro expansion/template instantiation;

2.  multiple macro expansions/template instantiations may result in the same code being inspected by the check multiple times (possibly, with different meanings, see 1), and the same warning (or a slightly different one) may be issued by the check multiple times; clang-tidy will deduplicate _identical_ warnings, but if the warnings are slightly different, all of them will be shown to the user (and used for applying fixes, if any);

3.  making replacements to a macro body/template definition may be fine for some macro expansions/template instantiations, but easily break some other expansions/instantiations.

  Running clang-tidy on LLVM

To test a check it's best to try it out on a larger code base. LLVM and Clang are the natural targets as you already have the source code around. The most convenient way to run clang-tidy is with a compile command database; CMake can automatically generate one, for a description of how to enable it see How To Setup Clang Tooling For LLVM. Once compile_commands.json is in place and a working version of clang-tidy is in PATH the entire code base can be analyzed with clang-tidy/tool/run-clang-tidy.py. The script executes clang-tidy with the default set of checks on every translation unit in the compile command database and displays the resulting warnings and errors. The script provides multiple configuration flags.

•   The default set of checks can be overridden using the -checks argument, taking the identical format as clang-tidy does. For example -checks=-*,modernize-use-override will run the modernize-use-override check only.

•   To restrict the files examined you can provide one or more regex arguments that the file names are matched against. run-clang-tidy.py clang-tidy/.*Check\.cpp will only analyze clang-tidy checks. It may also be necessary to restrict the header files warnings are displayed from using the -header-filter flag. It has the same behavior as the corresponding clang-tidy flag.

•   To apply suggested fixes -fix can be passed as an argument. This gathers all changes in a temporary directory and applies them. Passing -format will run clang-format over changed lines.

  On checks profiling

clang-tidy can collect per-check profiling info, and output it for each processed source file (translation unit).

To enable profiling info collection, use the -enable-check-profile argument. The timings will be output to stderr as a table. Example output:

$ clang-tidy -enable-check-profile -checks=-*,readability-function-size source.cpp
===-------------------------------------------------------------------------===
                          clang-tidy checks profiling
===-------------------------------------------------------------------------===
  Total Execution Time: 1.0282 seconds (1.0258 wall clock)
   ---User Time---   --System Time--   --User+System--   ---Wall Time---  --- Name ---
   0.9136 (100.0%)   0.1146 (100.0%)   1.0282 (100.0%)   1.0258 (100.0%)  readability-function-size
   0.9136 (100.0%)   0.1146 (100.0%)   1.0282 (100.0%)   1.0258 (100.0%)  Total

It can also store that data as JSON files for further processing. Example output:

$ clang-tidy -enable-check-profile -store-check-profile=.  -checks=-*,readability-function-size source.cpp
$ # Note that there won't be timings table printed to the console.
$ ls /tmp/out/
20180516161318717446360-source.cpp.json
$ cat 20180516161318717446360-source.cpp.json
{
"file": "/path/to/source.cpp",
"timestamp": "2018-05-16 16:13:18.717446360",
"profile": {
  "time.clang-tidy.readability-function-size.wall": 1.0421266555786133e+00,
  "time.clang-tidy.readability-function-size.user": 9.2088400000005421e-01,
  "time.clang-tidy.readability-function-size.sys": 1.2418899999999974e-01
}
}

There is only one argument that controls profile storage:

•   -store-check-profile=<prefix>

    By default reports are printed in tabulated format to stderr. When this option is passed, these per-TU profiles are instead stored as JSON. If the prefix is not an absolute path, it is considered to be relative to the directory from where you have run clang-tidy. All . and .. patterns in the path are collapsed, and symlinks are resolved.

    Example: Let's suppose you have a source file named example.cpp, located in the /source directory. Only the input filename is used, not the full path to the source file. Additionally, it is prefixed with the current timestamp.

•   If you specify -store-check-profile=/tmp, then the profile will be saved to /tmp/<ISO8601-like timestamp>-example.cpp.json

•   If you run clang-tidy from within /foo directory, and specify -store-check-profile=., then the profile will still be saved to /foo/<ISO8601-like timestamp>-example.cpp.json

    clang-tidy is a clang-based C++ "linter" tool. Its purpose is to provide an extensible framework for diagnosing and fixing typical programming errors, like style violations, interface misuse, or bugs that can be deduced via static analysis. clang-tidy is modular and provides a convenient interface for writing new checks.

  Using clang-tidy

clang-tidy is a LibTooling-based tool, and it's easier to work with if you set up a compile command database for your project (for an example of how to do this see How To Setup Tooling For LLVM). You can also specify compilation options on the command line after --:

$ clang-tidy test.cpp -- -Imy_project/include -DMY_DEFINES ...

clang-tidy has its own checks and can also run Clang static analyzer checks. Each check has a name and the checks to run can be chosen using the -checks= option, which specifies a comma-separated list of positive and negative (prefixed with -) globs. Positive globs add subsets of checks, negative globs remove them. For example,

$ clang-tidy test.cpp -checks=-*,clang-analyzer-*,-clang-analyzer-cplusplus*

will disable all default checks (-*) and enable all clang-analyzer-* checks except for clang-analyzer-cplusplus* ones.

The -list-checks option lists all the enabled checks. When used without -checks=, it shows checks enabled by default. Use -checks=* to see all available checks or with any other value of -checks= to see which checks are enabled by this value.

There are currently the following groups of checks:
Name prefix | Description
abseil- | Checks related to Abseil library.
android- | Checks related to Android.
boost- | Checks related to Boost library.
bugprone- | Checks that target bugprone code constructs.
cert- | Checks related to CERT Secure Coding Guidelines.
cppcoreguidelines- | Checks related to C++ Core Guidelines.
clang-analyzer- | Clang Static Analyzer checks.
fuchsia- | Checks related to Fuchsia coding conventions.
google- | Checks related to Google coding conventions.
hicpp- | Checks related to High Integrity C++ Coding Standard.
llvm- | Checks related to the LLVM coding conventions.
misc- | Checks that we didn't have a better category for.
modernize- | Checks that advocate usage of modern (currently "modern" means "C++11") language constructs.
mpi- | Checks related to MPI (Message Passing Interface).
objc- | Checks related to Objective-C coding conventions.
performance- | Checks that target performance-related issues.
portability- | Checks that target portability-related issues that don't relate to any particular coding style.
readability- | Checks that target readability-related issues that don't relate to any particular coding style.
zircon- | Checks related to Zircon kernel coding conventions.

Clang diagnostics are treated in a similar way as check diagnostics. Clang diagnostics are displayed by clang-tidy and can be filtered out using -checks= option. However, the -checks= option does not affect compilation arguments, so it can not turn on Clang warnings which are not already turned on in build configuration. The -warnings-as-errors= option upgrades any warnings emitted under the -checks= flag to errors (but it does not enable any checks itself).

Clang diagnostics have check names starting with clang-diagnostic-. Diagnostics which have a corresponding warning option, are named clang-diagnostic-<warning-option>, e.g. Clang warning controlled by -Wliteral-conversion will be reported with check name clang-diagnostic-literal-conversion.

The -fix flag instructs clang-tidy to fix found errors if supported by corresponding checks.

An overview of all the command-line options:

$ clang-tidy --help
USAGE: clang-tidy [options] <source0> [... <sourceN>]
OPTIONS:
Generic Options:
  -help                         - Display available options (-help-hidden for more)
  -help-list                    - Display list of available options (-help-list-hidden for more)
  -version                      - Display the version of this program
clang-tidy options:
  -checks=<string>              -
                                  Comma-separated list of globs with optional '-'
                                  prefix. Globs are processed in order of
                                  appearance in the list. Globs without '-'
                                  prefix add checks with matching names to the
                                  set, globs with the '-' prefix remove checks
                                  with matching names from the set of enabled
                                  checks. This option's value is appended to the
                                  value of the 'Checks' option in .clang-tidy
                                  file, if any.
  -config=<string>              -
                                  Specifies a configuration in YAML/JSON format:
                                    -config="{Checks: '*',
                                              CheckOptions: [{key: x,
                                                              value: y}]}"
                                  When the value is empty, clang-tidy will
                                  attempt to find a file named .clang-tidy for
                                  each source file in its parent directories.
  -dump-config                  -
                                  Dumps configuration in the YAML format to
                                  stdout. This option can be used along with a
                                  file name (and '--' if the file is outside of a
                                  project with configured compilation database).
                                  The configuration used for this file will be
                                  printed.
                                  Use along with -checks=* to include
                                  configuration of all checks.
  -enable-check-profile         -
                                  Enable per-check timing profiles, and print a
                                  report to stderr.
  -explain-config               -
                                  For each enabled check explains, where it is
                                  enabled, i.e. in clang-tidy binary, command
                                  line or a specific configuration file.
  -export-fixes=<filename>      -
                                  YAML file to store suggested fixes in. The
                                  stored fixes can be applied to the input source
                                  code with clang-apply-replacements.
  -extra-arg=<string>           - Additional argument to append to the compiler command line
  -extra-arg-before=<string>    - Additional argument to prepend to the compiler command line
  -fix                          -
                                  Apply suggested fixes. Without -fix-errors
                                  clang-tidy will bail out if any compilation
                                  errors were found.
  -fix-errors                   -
                                  Apply suggested fixes even if compilation
                                  errors were found. If compiler errors have
                                  attached fix-its, clang-tidy will apply them as
                                  well.
  -format-style=<string>        -
                                  Style for formatting code around applied fixes:
                                    - 'none' (default) turns off formatting
                                    - 'file' (literally 'file', not a placeholder)
                                      uses .clang-format file in the closest parent
                                      directory
                                    - '{ <json> }' specifies options inline, e.g.
                                      -format-style='{BasedOnStyle: llvm, IndentWidth: 8}'
                                    - 'llvm', 'google', 'webkit', 'mozilla'
                                  See clang-format documentation for the up-to-date
                                  information about formatting styles and options.
                                  This option overrides the 'FormatStyle` option in
                                  .clang-tidy file, if any.
  -header-filter=<string>       -
                                  Regular expression matching the names of the
                                  headers to output diagnostics from. Diagnostics
                                  from the main file of each translation unit are
                                  always displayed.
                                  Can be used together with -line-filter.
                                  This option overrides the 'HeaderFilter' option
                                  in .clang-tidy file, if any.
  -line-filter=<string>         -
                                  List of files with line ranges to filter the
                                  warnings. Can be used together with
                                  -header-filter. The format of the list is a
                                  JSON array of objects:
                                    [
                                      {"name":"file1.cpp","lines":[[1,3],[5,7]]},
                                      {"name":"file2.h"}
                                    ]
  -list-checks                  -
                                  List all enabled checks and exit. Use with
                                  -checks=* to list all available checks.
  -p=<string>                   - Build path
  -quiet                        -
                                  Run clang-tidy in quiet mode. This suppresses
                                  printing statistics about ignored warnings and
                                  warnings treated as errors if the respective
                                  options are specified.
  -store-check-profile=<prefix> -
                                  By default reports are printed in tabulated
                                  format to stderr. When this option is passed,
                                  these per-TU profiles are instead stored as JSON.
  -system-headers               - Display the errors from system headers.
  -vfsoverlay=<filename>        -
                                  Overlay the virtual filesystem described by file
                                  over the real file system.
  -warnings-as-errors=<string>  -
                                  Upgrades warnings to errors. Same format as
                                  '-checks'.
                                  This option's value is appended to the value of
                                  the 'WarningsAsErrors' option in .clang-tidy
                                  file, if any.
-p <build-path> is used to read a compile command database.
        For example, it can be a CMake build directory in which a file named
        compile_commands.json exists (use -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON
        CMake option to get this output). When no build path is specified,
        a search for compile_commands.json will be attempted through all
        parent paths of the first input file . See:
        http://clang.llvm.org/docs/HowToSetupToolingForLLVM.html for an
        example of setting up Clang Tooling on a source tree.
<source0> ... specify the paths of source files. These paths are
        looked up in the compile command database. If the path of a file is
        absolute, it needs to point into CMake's source tree. If the path is
        relative, the current working directory needs to be in the CMake
        source tree and the file must be in a subdirectory of the current
        working directory. "./" prefixes in the relative files will be
        automatically removed, but the rest of a relative path must be a
        suffix of a path in the compile command database.
Configuration files:
  clang-tidy attempts to read configuration for each source file from a
  .clang-tidy file located in the closest parent directory of the source
  file. If any configuration options have a corresponding command-line
  option, command-line option takes precedence. The effective
  configuration can be inspected using -dump-config:
    $ clang-tidy -dump-config
    ---
    Checks:          '-*,some-check'
    WarningsAsErrors: ''
    HeaderFilterRegex: ''
    FormatStyle:     none
    User:            user
    CheckOptions:
      - key:             some-check.SomeOption
        value:           'some value'
    ...

  Suppressing Undesired Diagnostics

clang-tidy diagnostics are intended to call out code that does not adhere to a coding standard, or is otherwise problematic in some way. However, if it is known that the code is correct, the check-specific ways to silence the diagnostics could be used, if they are available (e.g. bugprone-use-after-move can be silenced by re-initializing the variable after it has been moved out, bugprone-string-integer-assignment can be suppressed by explicitly casting the integer to char, readability-implicit-bool-conversion can also be suppressed by using explicit casts, etc.). If they are not available or if changing the semantics of the code is not desired, the NOLINT or NOLINTNEXTLINE comments can be used instead. For example:

class Foo
{
  // Silent all the diagnostics for the line
  Foo(int param); // NOLINT
  // Silent only the specified checks for the line
  Foo(double param); // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor, google-runtime-int)
  // Silent only the specified diagnostics for the next line
  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor, google-runtime-int)
  Foo(bool param);
};

The formal syntax of NOLINT/NOLINTNEXTLINE is the following:

lint-comment:
  lint-command
  lint-command lint-args
lint-args:
  ( check-name-list )
check-name-list:
  check-name
  check-name-list , check-name
lint-command:
  NOLINT
  NOLINTNEXTLINE

Note that whitespaces between NOLINT/NOLINTNEXTLINE and the opening parenthesis are not allowed (in this case the comment will be treated just as NOLINT/NOLINTNEXTLINE), whereas in check names list (inside the parenthesis) whitespaces can be used and will be ignored.

CLANG-INCLUDE-FIXER

  Contents

•   Clang-Include-Fixer

•   Setup

•   Creating a Symbol Index From a Compilation Database

•   Integrate with Vim

•   Integrate with Emacs

•   How it Works

    One of the major nuisances of C++ compared to other languages is the manual management of #include directives in any file. clang-include-fixer addresses one aspect of this problem by providing an automated way of adding #include directives for missing symbols in one translation unit.

    While inserting missing #include, clang-include-fixer adds missing namespace qualifiers to all instances of an unidentified symbol if the symbol is missing some prefix namespace qualifiers.

  Setup

To use clang-include-fixer two databases are required. Both can be generated with existing tools.

•   Compilation database. Contains the compiler commands for any given file in a project and can be generated by CMake, see How To Setup Tooling For LLVM.

•   Symbol index. Contains all symbol information in a project to match a given identifier to a header file.

    Ideally both databases (compile_commands.json and find_all_symbols_db.yaml) are linked into the root of the source tree they correspond to. Then the clang-include-fixer can automatically pick them up if called with a source file from that tree. Note that by default compile_commands.json as generated by CMake does not include header files, so only implementation files can be handled by tools.

  Creating a Symbol Index From a Compilation Database

The include fixer contains find-all-symbols, a tool to create a symbol database in YAML format from a compilation database by parsing all source files listed in it. The following list of commands shows how to set up a database for LLVM, any project built by CMake should follow similar steps.

$ cd path/to/llvm-build
$ ninja find-all-symbols // build find-all-symbols tool.
$ ninja clang-include-fixer // build clang-include-fixer tool.
$ ls compile_commands.json # Make sure compile_commands.json exists.
  compile_commands.json
$ path/to/llvm/source/tools/clang/tools/extra/include-fixer/find-all-symbols/tool/run-find-all-symbols.py
  ... wait as clang indexes the code base ...
$ ln -s $PWD/find_all_symbols_db.yaml path/to/llvm/source/ # Link database into the source tree.
$ ln -s $PWD/compile_commands.json path/to/llvm/source/ # Also link compilation database if it's not there already.
$ cd path/to/llvm/source
$ /path/to/clang-include-fixer -db=yaml path/to/file/with/missing/include.cpp
  Added #include "foo.h"

  Integrate with Vim

To run clang-include-fixer on a potentially unsaved buffer in Vim. Add the following key binding to your .vimrc:

noremap <leader>cf :pyf path/to/llvm/source/tools/clang/tools/extra/include-fixer/tool/clang-include-fixer.py<cr>

This enables clang-include-fixer for NORMAL and VISUAL mode. Change <leader>cf to another binding if you need clang-include-fixer on a different key. The <leader> key is a reference to a specific key defined by the mapleader variable and is bound to backslash by default.

Make sure vim can find clang-include-fixer:

•   Add the path to clang-include-fixer to the PATH environment variable.

•   Or set g:clang_include_fixer_path in vimrc: let g:clang_include_fixer_path=path/to/clang-include-fixer

    You can customize the number of headers being shown by setting let g:clang_include_fixer_maximum_suggested_headers=5

    Customized settings in .vimrc:

•   let g:clang_include_fixer_path = "clang-include-fixer"

    Set clang-include-fixer binary file path.

•   let g:clang_include_fixer_maximum_suggested_headers = 3

    Set the maximum number of #includes to show. Default is 3.

•   let g:clang_include_fixer_increment_num = 5

    Set the increment number of #includes to show every time when pressing m. Default is 5.

•   let g:clang_include_fixer_jump_to_include = 0

    Set to 1 if you want to jump to the new inserted #include line. Default is 0.

•   let g:clang_include_fixer_query_mode = 0

    Set to 1 if you want to insert #include for the symbol under the cursor. Default is 0. Compared to normal mode, this mode won't parse the source file and only search the sysmbol from database, which is faster than normal mode.

    See clang-include-fixer.py for more details.

  Integrate with Emacs

To run clang-include-fixer on a potentially unsaved buffer in Emacs. Ensure that Emacs finds clang-include-fixer.el by adding the directory containing the file to the load-path and requiring the clang-include-fixer in your .emacs:

(add-to-list 'load-path "path/to/llvm/source/tools/clang/tools/extra/include-fixer/tool/"
(require 'clang-include-fixer)

Within Emacs the tool can be invoked with the command M-x clang-include-fixer. This will insert the header that defines the first undefined symbol; if there is more than one header that would define the symbol, the user is prompted to select one.

To include the header that defines the symbol at point, run M-x clang-include-fixer-at-point.

Make sure Emacs can find clang-include-fixer:

•   Either add the parent directory of clang-include-fixer to the PATH environment variable, or customize the Emacs user option clang-include-fixer-executable to point to the file name of the program.

  How it Works

To get the most information out of Clang at parse time, clang-include-fixer runs in tandem with the parse and receives callbacks from Clang's semantic analysis. In particular it reuses the existing support for typo corrections. Whenever Clang tries to correct a potential typo it emits a callback to the include fixer which then looks for a corresponding file. At this point rich lookup information is still available, which is not available in the AST at a later stage.

The identifier that should be typo corrected is then sent to the database, if a header file is returned it is added as an include directive at the top of the file.

Currently clang-include-fixer only inserts a single include at a time to avoid getting caught in follow-up errors. If multiple #include additions are desired the program can be rerun until a fix-point is reached.

MODULARIZE USER'S MANUAL

  Modularize Usage

modularize [<modularize-options>] [<module-map>|<include-files-list>]* [<front-end-options>...]

<modularize-options> is a place-holder for options specific to modularize, which are described below in Modularize Command Line Options.

<module-map> specifies the path of a file name for an existing module map. The module map must be well-formed in terms of syntax. Modularize will extract the header file names from the map. Only normal headers are checked, assuming headers marked "private", "textual", or "exclude" are not to be checked as a top-level include, assuming they either are included by other headers which are checked, or they are not suitable for modules.

<include-files-list> specifies the path of a file name for a file containing the newline-separated list of headers to check with respect to each other. Lines beginning with '#' and empty lines are ignored. Header file names followed by a colon and other space-separated file names will include those extra files as dependencies. The file names can be relative or full paths, but must be on the same line. For example:

header1.h
header2.h
header3.h: header1.h header2.h

Note that unless a -prefix (header path) option is specified, non-absolute file paths in the header list file will be relative to the header list file directory. Use -prefix to specify a different directory.

<front-end-options> is a place-holder for regular Clang front-end arguments, which must follow the <include-files-list>. Note that by default, modularize assumes .h files contain C++ source, so if you are using a different language, you might need to use a -x option to tell Clang that the header contains another language, i.e.: -x c

Note also that because modularize does not use the clang driver, you will likely need to pass in additional compiler front-end arguments to match those passed in by default by the driver.

  Modularize Command Line Options

-prefix=<header-path>
    Prepend the given path to non-absolute file paths in the header list file. By default, headers are assumed to be relative to the header list file directory. Use -prefix to specify a different directory.

-module-map-path=<module-map-path>
    Generate a module map and output it to the given file. See the description in module-map-generation.

-problem-files-list=<problem-files-list-file-name>
    For use only with module map assistant. Input list of files that have problems with respect to modules. These will still be included in the generated module map, but will be marked as "excluded" headers.

-root-module=<root-name>
    Put modules generated by the -module-map-path option in an enclosing module with the given name. See the description in module-map-generation.

-block-check-header-list-only
    Limit the #include-inside-extern-or-namespace-block check to only those headers explicitly listed in the header list. This is a work-around for avoiding error messages for private includes that purposefully get included inside blocks.

-no-coverage-check
    Don't do the coverage check for a module map.

-coverage-check-only
    Only do the coverage check for a module map.

-display-file-lists
    Display lists of good files (no compile errors), problem files, and a combined list with problem files preceded by a '#'. This can be used to quickly determine which files have problems. The latter combined list might be useful in starting to modularize a set of headers. You can start with a full list of headers, use -display-file-lists option, and then use the combined list as your intermediate list, uncommenting-out headers as you fix them.

    modularize is a standalone tool that checks whether a set of headers provides the consistent definitions required to use modules. For example, it detects whether the same entity (say, a NULL macro or size_t typedef) is defined in multiple headers or whether a header produces different definitions under different circumstances. These conditions cause modules built from the headers to behave poorly, and should be fixed before introducing a module map.

    modularize also has an assistant mode option for generating a module map file based on the provided header list. The generated file is a functional module map that can be used as a starting point for a module.map file.

  Getting Started

To build from source:

1.  Read Getting Started with the LLVM System and Clang Tools Documentation for information on getting sources for LLVM, Clang, and Clang Extra Tools.

2.  Getting Started with the LLVM System and Building LLVM with CMake give directions for how to build. With sources all checked out into the right place the LLVM build will build Clang Extra Tools and their dependencies automatically.

•   If using CMake, you can also use the modularize target to build just the modularize tool and its dependencies.

    Before continuing, take a look at ModularizeUsage to see how to invoke modularize.

  What Modularize Checks

Modularize will check for the following:

•   Duplicate global type and variable definitions

•   Duplicate macro definitions

•   Macro instances, 'defined(macro)', or #if, #elif, #ifdef, #ifndef conditions that evaluate differently in a header

•   #include directives inside 'extern "C/C++" {}' or 'namespace (name) {}' blocks

•   Module map header coverage completeness (in the case of a module map input only)

    Modularize will do normal C/C++ parsing, reporting normal errors and warnings, but will also report special error messages like the following:

    error: '(symbol)' defined at multiple locations:
       (file):(row):(column)
       (file):(row):(column)
    error: header '(file)' has different contents depending on how it was included

    The latter might be followed by messages like the following:

    note: '(symbol)' in (file) at (row):(column) not always provided

    Checks will also be performed for macro expansions, defined(macro) expressions, and preprocessor conditional directives that evaluate inconsistently, and can produce error messages like the following:

     (...)/SubHeader.h:11:5:
    #if SYMBOL == 1
        ^
    error: Macro instance 'SYMBOL' has different values in this header,
           depending on how it was included.
      'SYMBOL' expanded to: '1' with respect to these inclusion paths:
        (...)/Header1.h
          (...)/SubHeader.h
    (...)/SubHeader.h:3:9:
    #define SYMBOL 1
            ^
    Macro defined here.
      'SYMBOL' expanded to: '2' with respect to these inclusion paths:
        (...)/Header2.h
            (...)/SubHeader.h
    (...)/SubHeader.h:7:9:
    #define SYMBOL 2
            ^
    Macro defined here.

    Checks will also be performed for '#include' directives that are nested inside 'extern "C/C++" {}' or 'namespace (name) {}' blocks, and can produce error message like the following:

    IncludeInExtern.h:2:3:
    #include "Empty.h"
    ^
    error: Include directive within extern "C" {}.
    IncludeInExtern.h:1:1:
    extern "C" {
    ^
    The "extern "C" {}" block is here.

  Module Map Coverage Check

The coverage check uses the Clang library to read and parse the module map file. Starting at the module map file directory, or just the include paths, if specified, it will collect the names of all the files it considers headers (no extension, .h, or .inc--if you need more, modify the isHeader function). It then compares the headers against those referenced in the module map, either explicitly named, or implicitly named via an umbrella directory or umbrella file, as parsed by the ModuleMap object. If headers are found which are not referenced or covered by an umbrella directory or file, warning messages will be produced, and this program will return an error code of 1. If no problems are found, an error code of 0 is returned.

Note that in the case of umbrella headers, this tool invokes the compiler to preprocess the file, and uses a callback to collect the header files included by the umbrella header or any of its nested includes. If any front end options are needed for these compiler invocations, these can be included on the command line after the module map file argument.

Warning message have the form: warning: module.modulemap does not account for file: Level3A.h

Note that for the case of the module map referencing a file that does not exist, the module map parser in Clang will (at the time of this writing) display an error message.

To limit the checks modularize does to just the module map coverage check, use the -coverage-check-only option.

For example:

modularize -coverage-check-only module.modulemap

  Module Map Generation

If you specify the -module-map-path=<module map file>, modularize will output a module map based on the input header list. A module will be created for each header. Also, if the header in the header list is a partial path, a nested module hierarchy will be created in which a module will be created for each subdirectory component in the header path, with the header itself represented by the innermost module. If other headers use the same subdirectories, they will be enclosed in these same modules also.

For example, for the header list:

SomeTypes.h
SomeDecls.h
SubModule1/Header1.h
SubModule1/Header2.h
SubModule2/Header3.h
SubModule2/Header4.h
SubModule2.h

The following module map will be generated:

// Output/NoProblemsAssistant.txt
// Generated by: modularize -module-map-path=Output/NoProblemsAssistant.txt \
     -root-module=Root NoProblemsAssistant.modularize
module SomeTypes {
  header "SomeTypes.h"
  export *
}
module SomeDecls {
  header "SomeDecls.h"
  export *
}
module SubModule1 {
  module Header1 {
    header "SubModule1/Header1.h"
    export *
  }
  module Header2 {
    header "SubModule1/Header2.h"
    export *
  }
}
module SubModule2 {
  module Header3 {
    header "SubModule2/Header3.h"
    export *
  }
  module Header4 {
    header "SubModule2/Header4.h"
    export *
  }
  header "SubModule2.h"
  export *
}

An optional -root-module=<root-name> option can be used to cause a root module to be created which encloses all the modules.

An optional -problem-files-list=<problem-file-name> can be used to input a list of files to be excluded, perhaps as a temporary stop-gap measure until problem headers can be fixed.

For example, with the same header list from above:

// Output/NoProblemsAssistant.txt
// Generated by: modularize -module-map-path=Output/NoProblemsAssistant.txt \
     -root-module=Root NoProblemsAssistant.modularize
module Root {
  module SomeTypes {
    header "SomeTypes.h"
    export *
  }
  module SomeDecls {
    header "SomeDecls.h"
    export *
  }
  module SubModule1 {
    module Header1 {
      header "SubModule1/Header1.h"
      export *
    }
    module Header2 {
      header "SubModule1/Header2.h"
      export *
    }
  }
  module SubModule2 {
    module Header3 {
      header "SubModule2/Header3.h"
      export *
    }
    module Header4 {
      header "SubModule2/Header4.h"
      export *
    }
    header "SubModule2.h"
    export *
  }
}

Note that headers with dependents will be ignored with a warning, as the Clang module mechanism doesn't support headers the rely on other headers to be included first.

The module map format defines some keywords which can't be used in module names. If a header has one of these names, an underscore ('_') will be prepended to the name. For example, if the header name is header.h, because header is a keyword, the module name will be _header. For a list of the module map keywords, please see: Lexical structure

PP-TRACE USER'S MANUAL

pp-trace is a standalone tool that traces preprocessor activity. It's also used as a test of Clang's PPCallbacks interface. It runs a given source file through the Clang preprocessor, displaying selected information from callback functions overridden in a PPCallbacks derivation. The output is in a high-level YAML format, described in pp-trace Output Format.

  pp-trace Usage

  Command Line Format

pp-trace [<pp-trace-options>] <source-file> [<front-end-options>]

<pp-trace-options> is a place-holder for options specific to pp-trace, which are described below in Command Line Options.

<source-file> specifies the source file to run through the preprocessor.

<front-end-options> is a place-holder for regular Clang Compiler Options, which must follow the <source-file>.

  Command Line Options

-ignore <callback-name-list>
    This option specifies a comma-separated list of names of callbacks that shouldn't be traced. It can be used to eliminate unwanted trace output. The callback names are the name of the actual callback function names in the PPCallbacks class:

•   FileChanged

•   FileSkipped

•   FileNotFound

•   InclusionDirective

•   moduleImport

•   EndOfMainFile

•   Ident

•   PragmaDirective

•   PragmaComment

•   PragmaDetectMismatch

•   PragmaDebug

•   PragmaMessage

•   PragmaDiagnosticPush

•   PragmaDiagnosticPop

•   PragmaDiagnostic

•   PragmaOpenCLExtension

•   PragmaWarning

•   PragmaWarningPush

•   PragmaWarningPop

•   MacroExpands

•   MacroDefined

•   MacroUndefined

•   Defined

•   SourceRangeSkipped

•   If

•   Elif

•   Ifdef

•   Ifndef

•   Else

•   Endif

-output <output-file>
    By default, pp-trace outputs the trace information to stdout. Use this option to output the trace information to a file.

  pp-trace Output Format

The pp-trace output is formatted as YAML. See http://yaml.org/ for general YAML information. It's arranged as a sequence of information about the callback call, including the callback name and argument information, for example::

---
- Callback: Name
  Argument1: Value1
  Argument2: Value2
(etc.)
...

With real data::

---
- Callback: FileChanged
  Loc: "c:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-include.cpp:1:1"
  Reason: EnterFile
  FileType: C_User
  PrevFID: (invalid)
  (etc.)
- Callback: FileChanged
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-include.cpp:5:1"
  Reason: ExitFile
  FileType: C_User
  PrevFID: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/Input/Level1B.h"
- Callback: EndOfMainFile
...

In all but one case (MacroDirective) the "Argument" scalars have the same name as the argument in the corresponding PPCallbacks callback function.

  Callback Details

The following sections describe the pupose and output format for each callback.

Click on the callback name in the section heading to see the Doxygen documentation for the callback.

The argument descriptions table describes the callback argument information displayed.

The Argument Name field in most (but not all) cases is the same name as the callback function parameter.

The Argument Value Syntax field describes the values that will be displayed for the argument value. It uses an ad hoc representation that mixes literal and symbolic representations. Enumeration member symbols are shown as the actual enum member in a (member1|member2|...) form. A name in parentheses can either represent a place holder for the described value, or confusingly, it might be a literal, such as (null), for a null pointer. Locations are shown as quoted only to avoid confusing the documentation generator.

The Clang C++ Type field is the type from the callback function declaration.

The description describes the argument or what is displayed for it.

Note that in some cases, such as when a structure pointer is an argument value, only some key member or members are shown to represent the value, instead of trying to display all members of the structure.

  FileChanged Callback

FileChanged is called when the preprocessor enters or exits a file, both the top level file being compiled, as well as any #include directives. It will also be called as a result of a system header pragma or in internal renaming of a file.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Reason | (EnterFile|ExitFile|SystemHeaderPragma|RenameFile) | PPCallbacks::FileChangeReason | Reason for change.
FileType | (C_User|C_System|C_ExternCSystem) | SrcMgr::CharacteristicKind | Include type.
PrevFID | ((file)|(invalid)) | FileID | Previous file, if any.

Example::

- Callback: FileChanged
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-include.cpp:1:1"
  Reason: EnterFile
  FileType: C_User
  PrevFID: (invalid)

  FileSkipped Callback

FileSkipped is called when a source file is skipped as the result of header guard optimization.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
ParentFile | ("(file)" or (null)) | const FileEntry | The file that #included the skipped file.
FilenameTok | (token) | const Token | The token in ParentFile that indicates the skipped file.
FileType | (C_User|C_System|C_ExternCSystem) | SrcMgr::CharacteristicKind | The file type.

Example::

- Callback: FileSkipped
  ParentFile: "/path/filename.h"
  FilenameTok: "filename.h"
  FileType: C_User

  FileNotFound Callback

FileNotFound is called when an inclusion directive results in a file-not-found error.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
FileName | "(file)" | StringRef | The name of the file being included, as written in the source code.
RecoveryPath | (path) | SmallVectorImpl<char> | If this client indicates that it can recover from this missing file, the client should set this as an additional header search patch.

Example::

- Callback: FileNotFound
  FileName: "/path/filename.h"
  RecoveryPath:

  InclusionDirective Callback

InclusionDirective is called when an inclusion directive of any kind (#include</code>, #import</code>, etc.) has been processed, regardless of whether the inclusion will actually result in an inclusion.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
HashLoc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the '#' that starts the inclusion directive.
IncludeTok | (token) | const Token | The token that indicates the kind of inclusion directive, e.g., 'include' or 'import'.
FileName | "(file)" | StringRef | The name of the file being included, as written in the source code.
IsAngled | (true|false) | bool | Whether the file name was enclosed in angle brackets; otherwise, it was enclosed in quotes.
FilenameRange | "(file)" | CharSourceRange | The character range of the quotes or angle brackets for the written file name.
File | "(file)" | const FileEntry | The actual file that may be included by this inclusion directive.
SearchPath | "(path)" | StringRef | Contains the search path which was used to find the file in the file system.
RelativePath | "(path)" | StringRef | The path relative to SearchPath, at which the include file was found.
Imported | ((module name)|(null)) | const Module | The module, whenever an inclusion directive was automatically turned into a module import or null otherwise.

Example::

- Callback: InclusionDirective
  IncludeTok: include
  FileName: "Input/Level1B.h"
  IsAngled: false
  FilenameRange: "Input/Level1B.h"
  File: "D:/Clang/llvmnewmod/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/Input/Level1B.h"
  SearchPath: "D:/Clang/llvmnewmod/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace"
  RelativePath: "Input/Level1B.h"
  Imported: (null)

  moduleImport Callback

moduleImport is called when there was an explicit module-import syntax.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
ImportLoc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of import directive token.
Path | "(path)" | ModuleIdPath | The identifiers (and their locations) of the module "path".
Imported | ((module name)|(null)) | const Module | The imported module; can be null if importing failed.

Example::

- Callback: moduleImport
  ImportLoc: "d:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-modules.cpp:4:2"
  Path: [{Name: Level1B, Loc: "d:/Clang/llvmnewmod/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-modules.cpp:4:9"}, {Name: Level2B, Loc: "d:/Clang/llvmnewmod/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-modules.cpp:4:17"}]
  Imported: Level2B

  EndOfMainFile Callback

EndOfMainFile is called when the end of the main file is reached.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
(no arguments) |  |  |

Example::

- Callback: EndOfMainFile

  Ident Callback

Ident is called when a #ident or #sccs directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
str | (name) | const std::string | The text of the directive.

Example::

- Callback: Ident
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-ident.cpp:3:1"
  str: "$Id$"

  PragmaDirective Callback

PragmaDirective is called when start reading any pragma directive.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Introducer | (PIK_HashPragma|PIK__Pragma|PIK___pragma) | PragmaIntroducerKind | The type of the pragma directive.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaDirective
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Introducer: PIK_HashPragma

  PragmaComment Callback

PragmaComment is called when a #pragma comment directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Kind | ((name)|(null)) | const IdentifierInfo | The comment kind symbol.
Str | (message directive) | const std::string | The comment message directive.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaComment
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Kind: library
  Str: kernel32.lib

  PragmaDetectMismatch Callback

PragmaDetectMismatch is called when a #pragma detect_mismatch directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Name | "(name)" | const std::string | The name.
Value | (string) | const std::string | The value.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaDetectMismatch
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Name: name
  Value: value

  PragmaDebug Callback

PragmaDebug is called when a #pragma clang __debug directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
DebugType | (string) | StringRef | Indicates type of debug message.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaDebug
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  DebugType: warning

  PragmaMessage Callback

PragmaMessage is called when a #pragma message directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Namespace | (name) | StringRef | The namespace of the message directive.
Kind | (PMK_Message|PMK_Warning|PMK_Error) | PPCallbacks::PragmaMessageKind | The type of the message directive.
Str | (string) | StringRef | The text of the message directive.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaMessage
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Namespace: "GCC"
  Kind: PMK_Message
  Str: The message text.

  PragmaDiagnosticPush Callback

PragmaDiagnosticPush is called when a #pragma gcc dianostic push directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Namespace | (name) | StringRef | Namespace name.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaDiagnosticPush
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Namespace: "GCC"

  PragmaDiagnosticPop Callback

PragmaDiagnosticPop is called when a #pragma gcc dianostic pop directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Namespace | (name) | StringRef | Namespace name.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaDiagnosticPop
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Namespace: "GCC"

  PragmaDiagnostic Callback

PragmaDiagnostic is called when a #pragma gcc dianostic directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Namespace | (name) | StringRef | Namespace name.
mapping | (0|MAP_IGNORE|MAP_WARNING|MAP_ERROR|MAP_FATAL) | diag::Severity | Mapping type.
Str | (string) | StringRef | Warning/error name.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaDiagnostic
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Namespace: "GCC"
  mapping: MAP_WARNING
  Str: WarningName

  PragmaOpenCLExtension Callback

PragmaOpenCLExtension is called when OpenCL extension is either disabled or enabled with a pragma.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
NameLoc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the name.
Name | (name) | const IdentifierInfo | Name symbol.
StateLoc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the state.
State | (1|0) | unsigned | Enabled/disabled state.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaOpenCLExtension
  NameLoc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:10"
  Name: Name
  StateLoc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:18"
  State: 1

  PragmaWarning Callback

PragmaWarning is called when a #pragma warning directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
WarningSpec | (string) | StringRef | The warning specifier.
Ids | [(number)[, ...]] | ArrayRef<int> | The warning numbers.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaWarning
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  WarningSpec: disable
  Ids: 1,2,3

  PragmaWarningPush Callback

PragmaWarningPush is called when a #pragma warning(push) directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
Level | (number) | int | Warning level.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaWarningPush
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"
  Level: 1

  PragmaWarningPop Callback

PragmaWarningPop is called when a #pragma warning(pop) directive is read.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.

Example::

- Callback: PragmaWarningPop
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-pragma.cpp:3:1"

  MacroExpands Callback

MacroExpands is called when ::HandleMacroExpandedIdentifier when a macro invocation is found.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
MacroNameTok | (token) | const Token | The macro name token.
MacroDirective | (MD_Define|MD_Undefine|MD_Visibility) | const MacroDirective | The kind of macro directive from the MacroDirective structure.
Range | ["(file):(line):(col)", "(file):(line):(col)"] | SourceRange | The source range for the expansion.
Args | [(name)|(number)|<(token name)>[, ...]] | const MacroArgs | The argument tokens. Names and numbers are literal, everything else is of the form '<' tokenName '>'.

Example::

- Callback: MacroExpands
  MacroNameTok: X_IMPL
  MacroDirective: MD_Define
  Range: [(nonfile), (nonfile)]
  Args: [a <plus> y, b]

  MacroDefined Callback

MacroDefined is called when a macro definition is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
MacroNameTok | (token) | const Token | The macro name token.
MacroDirective | (MD_Define|MD_Undefine|MD_Visibility) | const MacroDirective | The kind of macro directive from the MacroDirective structure.

Example::

- Callback: MacroDefined
  MacroNameTok: X_IMPL
  MacroDirective: MD_Define

  MacroUndefined Callback

MacroUndefined is called when a macro #undef is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
MacroNameTok | (token) | const Token | The macro name token.
MacroDirective | (MD_Define|MD_Undefine|MD_Visibility) | const MacroDirective | The kind of macro directive from the MacroDirective structure.

Example::

- Callback: MacroUndefined
  MacroNameTok: X_IMPL
  MacroDirective: MD_Define

  Defined Callback

Defined is called when the 'defined' operator is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
MacroNameTok | (token) | const Token | The macro name token.
MacroDirective | (MD_Define|MD_Undefine|MD_Visibility) | const MacroDirective | The kind of macro directive from the MacroDirective structure.
Range | ["(file):(line):(col)", "(file):(line):(col)"] | SourceRange | The source range for the directive.

Example::

- Callback: Defined
  MacroNameTok: MACRO
  MacroDirective: (null)
  Range: ["D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:5", "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:19"]

  SourceRangeSkipped Callback

SourceRangeSkipped is called when a source range is skipped.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Range | ["(file):(line):(col)", "(file):(line):(col)"] | SourceRange | The source range skipped.

Example::

- Callback: SourceRangeSkipped
  Range: [":/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:2", ":/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:9:2"]

  If Callback

If is called when an #if is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
ConditionRange | ["(file):(line):(col)", "(file):(line):(col)"] | SourceRange | The source range for the condition.
ConditionValue | (true|false) | bool | The condition value.

Example::

- Callback: If
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:2"
  ConditionRange: ["D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:4", "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:9:1"]
  ConditionValue: false

  Elif Callback

Elif is called when an #elif is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
ConditionRange | ["(file):(line):(col)", "(file):(line):(col)"] | SourceRange | The source range for the condition.
ConditionValue | (true|false) | bool | The condition value.
IfLoc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.

Example::

- Callback: Elif
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:10:2"
  ConditionRange: ["D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:10:4", "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:11:1"]
  ConditionValue: false
  IfLoc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:2"

  Ifdef Callback

Ifdef is called when an #ifdef is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
MacroNameTok | (token) | const Token | The macro name token.
MacroDirective | (MD_Define|MD_Undefine|MD_Visibility) | const MacroDirective | The kind of macro directive from the MacroDirective structure.

Example::

- Callback: Ifdef
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-conditional.cpp:3:1"
  MacroNameTok: MACRO
  MacroDirective: MD_Define

  Ifndef Callback

Ifndef is called when an #ifndef is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the directive.
MacroNameTok | (token) | const Token | The macro name token.
MacroDirective | (MD_Define|MD_Undefine|MD_Visibility) | const MacroDirective | The kind of macro directive from the MacroDirective structure.

Example::

- Callback: Ifndef
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-conditional.cpp:3:1"
  MacroNameTok: MACRO
  MacroDirective: MD_Define

  Else Callback

Else is called when an #else is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the else directive.
IfLoc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the if directive.

Example::

- Callback: Else
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:10:2"
  IfLoc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:2"

  Endif Callback

Endif is called when an #endif is seen.

Argument descriptions:
Argument Name | Argument Value Syntax | Clang C++ Type | Description
Loc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the endif directive.
IfLoc | "(file):(line):(col)" | SourceLocation | The location of the if directive.

Example::

- Callback: Endif
  Loc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:10:2"
  IfLoc: "D:/Clang/llvm/tools/clang/tools/extra/test/pp-trace/pp-trace-macro.cpp:8:2"

  Building pp-trace

To build from source:

1.  Read Getting Started with the LLVM System and Clang Tools Documentation for information on getting sources for LLVM, Clang, and Clang Extra Tools.

2.  Getting Started with the LLVM System and Building LLVM with CMake give directions for how to build. With sources all checked out into the right place the LLVM build will build Clang Extra Tools and their dependencies automatically.

•   If using CMake, you can also use the pp-trace target to build just the pp-trace tool and its dependencies.

CLANG-RENAME

  Contents

•   Clang-Rename

•   Using Clang-Rename

•   Vim Integration

•   Emacs Integration

    See also:

    clang-rename is a C++ refactoring tool. Its purpose is to perform efficient renaming actions in large-scale projects such as renaming classes, functions, variables, arguments, namespaces etc.

    The tool is in a very early development stage, so you might encounter bugs and crashes. Submitting reports with information about how to reproduce the issue to the LLVM bugtracker will definitely help the project. If you have any ideas or suggestions, you might want to put a feature request there.

  Using Clang-Rename

clang-rename is a LibTooling-based tool, and it's easier to work with if you set up a compile command database for your project (for an example of how to do this see How To Setup Tooling For LLVM). You can also specify compilation options on the command line after --:

$ clang-rename -offset=42 -new-name=foo test.cpp -- -Imy_project/include -DMY_DEFINES ...

To get an offset of a symbol in a file run

$ grep -FUbo 'foo' file.cpp

The tool currently supports renaming actions inside a single translation unit only. It is planned to extend the tool's functionality to support multi-TU renaming actions in the future.

clang-rename also aims to be easily integrated into popular text editors, such as Vim and Emacs, and improve the workflow of users.

Although a command line interface exists, it is highly recommended to use the text editor interface instead for better experience.

You can also identify one or more symbols to be renamed by giving the fully qualified name:

$ clang-rename -qualified-name=foo -new-name=bar test.cpp

Renaming multiple symbols at once is supported, too. However, clang-rename doesn't accept both -offset and -qualified-name at the same time. So, you can either specify multiple -offset or -qualified-name.

$ clang-rename -offset=42 -new-name=bar1 -offset=150 -new-name=bar2 test.cpp

or

$ clang-rename -qualified-name=foo1 -new-name=bar1 -qualified-name=foo2 -new-name=bar2 test.cpp

Alternatively, {offset | qualified-name} / new-name pairs can be put into a YAML file:

---
- Offset:         42
  NewName:        bar1
- Offset:         150
  NewName:        bar2
...

or

---
- QualifiedName:  foo1
  NewName:        bar1
- QualifiedName:  foo2
  NewName:        bar2
...

That way you can avoid spelling out all the names as command line arguments:

$ clang-rename -input=test.yaml test.cpp

clang-rename offers the following options:

$ clang-rename --help
USAGE: clang-rename [subcommand] [options] <source0> [... <sourceN>]
OPTIONS:
Generic Options:
  -help                      - Display available options (-help-hidden for more)
  -help-list                 - Display list of available options (-help-list-hidden for more)
  -version                   - Display the version of this program
clang-rename common options:
  -export-fixes=<filename>   - YAML file to store suggested fixes in.
  -extra-arg=<string>        - Additional argument to append to the compiler command line
  -extra-arg-before=<string> - Additional argument to prepend to the compiler command line
  -force                     - Ignore nonexistent qualified names.
  -i                         - Overwrite edited <file>s.
  -input=<string>            - YAML file to load oldname-newname pairs from.
  -new-name=<string>         - The new name to change the symbol to.
  -offset=<uint>             - Locates the symbol by offset as opposed to <line>:<column>.
  -p=<string>                - Build path
  -pl                        - Print the locations affected by renaming to stderr.
  -pn                        - Print the found symbol's name prior to renaming to stderr.
  -qualified-name=<string>   - The fully qualified name of the symbol.

  Vim Integration

You can call clang-rename directly from Vim! To set up clang-rename integration for Vim see clang-rename/tool/clang-rename.py.

Please note that you have to save all buffers, in which the replacement will happen before running the tool.

Once installed, you can point your cursor to symbols you want to rename, press <leader>cr and type new desired name. The <leader> key is a reference to a specific key defined by the mapleader variable and is bound to backslash by default.

  Emacs Integration

You can also use clang-rename while using Emacs! To set up clang-rename integration for Emacs see clang-rename/tool/clang-rename.el.

Once installed, you can point your cursor to symbols you want to rename, press M-X, type clang-rename and new desired name.

Please note that you have to save all buffers, in which the replacement will happen before running the tool.

CLANGD

  Getting started with clangd

To use clangd, you need to:

•   install clangd,

•   install a plugin for your editor,

•   tell clangd how your project is built.

  Installing clangd

You need a recent version of clangd: 7.0 was the first usable release, and 8.0 is much better.

After installing, clangd --version should print clangd version 7.0.0 or later.

Homebrew can install clangd along with LLVM:

$ brew install llvm

If you don't want to use Homebrew, you can download the a binary release of LLVM from releases.llvm.org. Alongside bin/clangd you will need at least lib/clang/*/include:

$ cp clang+llvm-7.0.0/bin/clangd /usr/local/bin/clangd
$ cp -r clang+llvm-7.0.0/lib/clang/ /usr/local/lib/

Download and run the LLVM installer from releases.llvm.org.

The clang-tools package usually contains an old version of clangd.

Try to install the latest release (8.0):

$ sudo apt-get install clang-tools-8

If that is not found, at least clang-tools-7 should be available.

The clangd executable will be installed as /usr/bin/clangd-8. Make it the default clangd:

$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/clangd clangd /usr/bin/clangd-8 100

Most distributions include clangd in a clang-tools package, or in the full llvm distribution.

For some platforms, binaries are also avaliable at releases.llvm.org.

  Editor plugins

Language Server plugins are available for many editors. In principle, clangd should work with any of them, though the feature set and UI may vary.

Here are some plugins we know work well with clangd.

YouCompleteMe supports clangd. However, clangd support is not turned on by default, so you must install YouCompleteMe with install.py --clangd-completer.

We recommend changing a couple of YCM's default settings. In .vimrc add:

" Let clangd fully control code completion
let g:ycm_clangd_uses_ycmd_caching = 0
" Use installed clangd, not YCM-bundled clangd which doesn't get updates.
let g:ycm_clangd_binary_path = exepath("clangd")

You should see errors highlighted and code completions as you type. [image: Code completion in YouCompleteMe] [image]

YouCompleteMe supports many of clangd's features:

•   code completion,

•   diagnostics and fixes (:YcmCompleter FixIt),

•   find declarations, references, and definitions (:YcmCompleter GoTo etc),

•   rename symbol (:YcmCompleter RefactorRename).

    Under the hood

•   Debug logs: run :YcmDebugInfo to see clangd status, and :YcmToggleLogs to view clangd's debug logs.

•   Command-line flags: Set g:ycm_clangd_args in .vimrc, e.g.:

    let g:ycm_clangd_args = ['-log=verbose', '-pretty']

•   Alternate clangd binary: set g:ycm_clangd_binary_path in .vimrc.

    LanguageClient-neovim has instructions for using clangd, and may be easier to install than YouCompleteMe.

    eglot can be configured to work with clangd.

    Install eglot with M-x package-install RET eglot RET.

    Add the following to ~/.emacs to enable clangd:

    (require 'eglot)
    (add-to-list 'eglot-server-programs '((c++-mode c-mode) "clangd"))
    (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'eglot-ensure)
    (add-hook 'c++-mode-hook 'eglot-ensure)

    After restarting you should see diagnostics for errors in your code, and M-x completion-at-point should work. [image: Diagnostics in Emacs] [image]

    eglot supports many of clangd's features, with caveats:

•   code completion, though the interaction is quite poor (even with company-mode, see below),

•   diagnostics and fixes,

•   find definitions and references (M-x xref-find-definitions etc),

•   hover and highlights,

•   code actions (M-x eglot-code-actions).

    company-mode

    eglot does have basic integration with company-mode, which provides a more fluent completion UI.

    You can install it with M-x package-install RET company RET, and enable it with M-x company-mode.

    company-clang is enabled by default, and will interfere with clangd. Disable it in M-x customize-variable RET company-backends RET.

    Completion still has some major limitations:

•   completions are alphabetically sorted, not ranked.

•   only pure-prefix completions are shown - no fuzzy matches.

•   completion triggering seems to be a bit hit-and-miss. [image: Completion in company-mode] [image]

    Under the hood

•   Debug logs: available in the EGLOT stderr buffer.

•   Command-line flags and alternate binary: instead of adding "clangd" to eglot-server-programs, add ("/path/to/clangd" "-log=verbose") etc.

    The official extension is vscode-clangd and can be installed from within VSCode.

    Choose View --> Extensions, then search for "clangd". (Make sure the Microsoft C/C++ extension is not installed).

    After restarting, you should see red underlines underneath errors, and you should get rich code completions including e.g. function parameters. [image: Code completion in VSCode] [image]

    vscode-clangd has excellent support for all clangd features, including:

•   code completion

•   diagnostics and fixes

•   find declarations, references, and definitions

•   find symbol in file (Ctrl-P @foo) or workspace (Ctrl-P #foo)

•   hover and highlights

•   code actions

    Under the hood

•   Debug logs: when clangd is running, you should see "Clang Language Server" in the dropdown of the Output panel (View -> Output).

•   Command-line flags: these can be passed in the clangd.arguments array in your settings.json. (File -> Preferences -> Settings).

•   Alternate clangd binary: set the clangd.path string in settings.json.

    tomv564/LSP works with clangd out of the box.

    Select Tools --> Install Package Control (if you haven't installed it yet).

    Press Ctrl-Shift-P and select Package Control: Install Package. Select LSP.

    Press Ctrl-Shift-P and select LSP: Enable Language Server Globally. Select clangd.

    Open a C++ file, and you should see diagnostics and completion: [image: Code completion in Sublime Text] [image]

    The LSP package has excellent support for all most clangd features, including:

•   code completion (a bit noisy due to how snippets are presented)

•   diagnostics and fixes

•   find definition and references

•   hover and highlights

•   code actions

    Under the hood

    Settings can be tweaked under Preferences --> Package Settings --> LSP.

•   Debug logs: add "log_stderr": true

•   Command-line flags and alternate clangd binary: inside the "clients": {"clangd": { ... } } section, add "command": ["/path/to/clangd", "-log=verbose"] etc.

    There is a directory of LSP clients at langserver.org.

    A generic client should be configured to run the command clangd, and communicate via the language server protocol on standard input/output.

    If you don't have strong feelings about an editor, we suggest you try out VSCode, it has excellent language server support and most faithfully demonstrates what clangd can do.

  Project setup

To understand source code in your project, clangd needs to know the build flags. (This is just a fact of life in C++, source files are not self-contained.)

By default, clangd will assume that source code is built as clang some_file.cc, and you'll probably get spurious errors about missing #included files, etc. There are a couple of ways to fix this.

  compile_commands.json

compile_commands.json file provides compile commands for all source files in the project. This file is usually generated by the build system, or tools integrated with the build system. Clangd will look for this file in the parent directories of the files you edit.

If your project builds with CMake, it can generate compile_commands.json. You should enable it with:

$ cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=1

compile_commands.json will be written to your build directory. You should symlink it (or copy it) to the root of your source tree, if they are different.

$ ln -s ~/myproject/compile_commands.json ~/myproject-build/

Bear is a tool that generates a compile_commands.json file by recording a complete build.

For a make-based build, you can run make clean; bear make to generate the file (and run a clean build!)

Other tools can also generate this file. See the compile_commands.json specification.

  compile_flags.txt

If all files in a project use the same build flags, you can put those flags, one flag per line, in compile_flags.txt in your source root.

Clangd will assume the compile command is clang $FLAGS some_file.cc.

Creating this file by hand is a reasonable place to start if your project is quite simple.

  Project-wide Index

By default clangd only has a view on symbols coming from files you are currently editing. You can extend this view to whole project by providing a project-wide index to clangd. There are two ways to do this.

•   Pass an experimental -background-index command line argument. With this feature enabled, clangd incrementally builds an index of projects that you work on and uses the just-built index automatically.

•   Generate an index file using clangd-indexer Then you can pass generated index file to clangd using -index-file=/path/to/index_file. Note that clangd-indexer isn't included alongside clangd in the Debian clang-tools package. You will likely have to build clangd from source to use this option.

  Features

Here is what clangd can do for you. Screenshots below show VSCode; the available features and UI depend on the editor.

  Errors and warnings

clangd runs the clang compiler on your code as you type, and shows errors and warnings in-place. Some errors are suppressed: diagnostics that require expanding templates in headers are disabled for performance reasons.

[image: Demonstration of errors] [image]

  Fixes in errors and warnings

The compiler can suggest fixes for many common problems automatically, and clangd can update the code for you.

[image: Applying a fix suggested by the compiler] [image]

  Code completion

You'll see suggestions as you type based on what methods, variables, etc are available in this context.

[image: Code completion demonstration] [image]

Abbreviating words may help you find the right result faster. If you type in camelCase but the function you're looking for is snake_case, that's OK.

  Insertion of namespace qualifiers and includes

(New in v8) clangd will sometimes suggest results from other files and namespaces. In this case the correct qualifier and #include directive will be inserted.

[image: Code completion inserts namespace qualifiers] [image]

  Signature help

Some editors will show you the parameters of the function you're calling, as you fill them in.

[image: Demonstration of the signature help feature] [image]

  Cross-references

The following features let you navigate your codebase.

If there is no project-wide index, cross-references work across the files you have opened.

  Find definition/declaration

Jump to the definition or declaration of a symbol under the cursor.

[image: Demonstration of the "Go to definition" feature] [image]

  Find references

Show all references to a symbol under the cursor.

[image: Demonstration of the "Find all references" feature] [image]

Some editors will automatically highlight local references to the selected symbol as you move around a file.

  Navigation

clangd informs the editor of the code structure in the current file. Some editors use this to present an outline view:

[image: Outline of a file] [image]

In VSCode, the outline is also presented as breadcrumbs that allow jumping to a symbol within the current file. Searching for symbols within the scope of the whole project is also possible.

[image: Navigation with breadcrumbs] [image]

  Formatting

clangd embeds clang-format, which can reformat your code: fixing indentation, breaking lines, and reflowing comments.

[image: Formatting selected code] [image]

clangd respects your project's .clang-format file which controls styling options.

Format-as-you-type is experimental and doesn't work well yet.

  Complete list of features

Here is a list of features that could be useful for editors, together with the implementation status in clangd, and specification in the Language Server Protocol.

It is not clear whether or not some of the features mentioned below should be a part of the Language Server Protocol; those features might be eventually developed outside clangd or become clangd extensions to LSP.
C/C++ Editor feature | LSP | Clangd
Formatting | Yes | Yes
Completion | Yes | Yes
Diagnostics | Yes | Yes
Fix-its | Yes | Yes
Go to Definition | Yes | Yes
Signature Help | Yes | Yes
Document Highlights | Yes | Yes
Rename | Yes | Yes
Source hover | Yes | Yes
Find References | Yes | Yes
Document Symbols | Yes | Yes
Workspace Symbols | Yes | Yes
Code Lens | Yes | No
Code folding | Yes | No
Extract Local Variable | Yes | No
Extract Function/Method | Yes | No
Quick Assist | Yes | No
Hide Method | Yes | No
Implement Method | Yes | No
Gen. Getters/Setters | Yes | No
Syntax and Semantic Coloring | No | No
Call hierarchy | No | No
Type hierarchy | No | No
Organize Includes | No | No

  What is clangd?

clangd understands your C++ code and adds smart features to your editor: code completion, compile errors, go-to-definition and more.

clangd is a language server that implements the Language Server Protocol; it can work with many editors through a plugin. Here's Visual Studio Code with the clangd plugin, demonstrating code completion: [image: Code completion in VSCode] [image]

clangd is based on the Clang C++ compiler, and is part of the LLVM project.

DEVELOPER DOCUMENTATION FOR CLANGD

  Protocol extensions

clangd supports some features that are not in the official Language Server Protocol specification.

We cautious about adding extensions. The most important considerations are:

•   Editor support: How many users will the feature be available to?

•   Standardization: Is the feature stable? Is it likely to be adopted by more editors over time?

•   Utility: Does the feature provide a lot of value?

•   Complexity: Is this hard to implement in clangd, or constrain future work? Is the protocol complicated?

    These extensions may evolve or disappear over time. If you use them, try to recover gracefully if the structures aren't what's expected.

  Switch between the implementation file and the header

This extension is supported in clangd 6 and newer.

Switching between the implementation file and the header is an important feature for C++. A language server that understands C++ can do a better job than the editor.

New client->server request: textDocument/switchSourceHeader.

Lets editors switch between the main source file (*.cpp) and header (*.h).

Parameter: TextDocumentIdentifier: an open file.

Result: string: the URI of the corresponding header (if a source file was provided) or source file (if a header was provided).

If the corresponding file can't be determined, "" is returned.

  File status

This extension is supported in clangd 8 and newer.

It is important to provide feedback to the user when the UI is not responsive.

This extension provides information about activity on clangd's per-file worker thread. This information can be displayed to users to let them know that the language server is busy with something. For example, in clangd, building the AST blocks many other operations.

New server->client notification: textDocument/clangd.fileStatus

Sent when the current activity for a file changes. Replaces previous activity for that file.

Parameter: FileStatus object with properties:

•   uri : string: the document whose status is being updated.

•   state : string: human-readable information about current activity.

    New initialization option: initializationOptions.clangdFileStatus : bool

    Enables receiving textDocument/clangd.fileStatus notifications.

  Compilation commands

This extension is supported in clangd 8 and newer.

clangd relies on knowing accurate compilation options to correctly interpret a file. Typically they are found in a compile_commands.json file in a directory that contains the file, or an ancestor directory. The following extensions allow editors to supply the commands over LSP instead.

New initialization option: initializationOptions.compilationDatabasePath : string

Specifies the directory containing the compilation database (e.g., compile_commands.json). This path will be used for all files, instead of searching their ancestor directories.

New initialization option: initializationOptions.fallbackFlags : string[]

Controls the flags used when no specific compile command is found. The compile command will be approximately clang $FILE $fallbackFlags in this case.

New configuration setting: settings.compilationDatabaseChanges : {string: CompileCommand}

Provides compile commands for files. This can also be provided on startup as initializationOptions.compilationDatabaseChanges.

Keys are file paths (Not URIs!)

Values are {workingDirectory: string, compilationCommand: string[]}.

  Force diagnostics generation

This extension is supported in clangd 7 and newer.

Clangd does not regenerate diagnostics for every version of a file (e.g., after every keystroke), as that would be too slow. Its heuristics ensure:

•   diagnostics do not get too stale,

•   if you stop editing, diagnostics will catch up.

    This extension allows editors to force diagnostics to be generated or not generated at a particular revision.

    New property of textDocument/didChange request: wantDiagnostics : bool

•   if true, diagnostics will be produced for exactly this version.

•   if false, diagnostics will not be produced for this version, even if there are no further edits.

•   if unset, diagnostics will be produced for this version or some subsequent one in a bounded amount of time.

  Diagnostic categories

This extension is supported in clangd 8 and newer.

Clang compiler groups diagnostics into categories (e.g., "Inline Assembly Issue"). Clangd can emit these categories for interested editors.

New property of Diagnostic object: category : string:

A human-readable name for a group of related diagnostics. Diagnostics with the same code will always have the same category.

New client capability: textDocument.publishDiagnostics.categorySupport:

Requests that clangd send Diagnostic.category.

  Inline fixes for diagnostics

This extension is supported in clangd 8 and newer.

LSP specifies that code actions for diagnostics (fixes) are retrieved asynchronously using textDocument/codeAction. clangd always computes fixes eagerly. Providing them alongside diagnostics can improve the UX in editors.

New property of Diagnostic object: codeActions : CodeAction[]:

All the code actions that address this diagnostic.

New client capability: textDocument.publishDiagnostics.codeActionsInline : bool

Requests clangd to send Diagnostic.codeActions.

  Symbol info request

This extension is supported in clangd 8 and newer.

New client->server request: textDocument/symbolInfo:

This request attempts to resolve the symbol under the cursor, without retrieving further information (like definition location, which may require consulting an index). This request was added to support integration with indexes outside clangd.

Parameter: TextDocumentPositionParams

Response: SymbolDetails, an object with properties:

•   name : string the unqualified name of the symbol

•   containerName : string the enclosing namespace, class etc (without trailing ::)

•   usr : string: the clang-specific "unified symbol resolution" identifier

•   id : string?: the clangd-specific opaque symbol ID

  Compiling clangd

To build clangd from source, please follow the instructions for building Clang and include LLVM, Clang, and the "extra Clang tools" in your build.

  Contributing to clangd

A good place for interested contributors is the Clangd developer mailing list. For discussions with the broader community on topics not only related to Clangd, use Clang developer mailing list. If you're also interested in contributing patches to clangd, take a look at the LLVM Developer Policy and Code Reviews page. Contributions of new features to the Language Server Protocol itself would also be very useful, so that clangd can eventually implement them in a conforming way.

CLANG-DOC

  Contents

•   Clang-Doc

•   Use

    clang-doc is a tool for generating C and C++ documenation from source code and comments.

    The tool is in a very early development stage, so you might encounter bugs and crashes. Submitting reports with information about how to reproduce the issue to the LLVM bugtracker will definitely help the project. If you have any ideas or suggestions, please to put a feature request there.

  Use

clang-doc is a LibTooling-based tool, and so requires a compile command database for your project (for an example of how to do this see How To Setup Tooling For LLVM).

The tool can be used on a single file or multiple files as defined in the compile commands database:

$ clang-doc /path/to/file.cpp -p /path/to/compile/commands

This generates an intermediate representation of the declarations and their associated information in the specified TUs, serialized to LLVM bitcode.

As currently implemented, the tool is only able to parse TUs that can be stored in-memory. Future additions will extend the current framework to use map-reduce frameworks to allow for use with large codebases.

clang-doc offers the following options:

      $ clang-doc --help
USAGE: clang-doc [options] <source0> [... <sourceN>]
OPTIONS:
Generic Options:
  -help                      - Display available options (-help-hidden for more)
  -help-list                 - Display list of available options (-help-list-hidden for more)
  -version                   - Display the version of this program
clang-doc options:
  -doxygen                   - Use only doxygen-style comments to generate docs.
  -dump                      - Dump intermediate results to bitcode file.
  -extra-arg=<string>        - Additional argument to append to the compiler command line
  -extra-arg-before=<string> - Additional argument to prepend to the compiler command line
  -omit-filenames            - Omit filenames in output.
  -output=<string>           - Directory for outputting generated files.
  -p=<string>                - Build path

•   genindex

•   search

AUTHOR
The Clang Team

COPYRIGHT
2007-2019, The Clang Team