# Architecture & Platform Information for Compiler Writers

- Hardware

  - AArch64 & ARM

  - Itanium (ia64)

  - Lanai

  - MIPS

  - PowerPC

    - IBM - Official manuals and docs

    - Other documents, collections, notes

  - AMDGPU

  - RISC-V

  - SPARC

  - SystemZ

  - X86

  - XCore

  - Hexagon

  - Other relevant lists

- ABI

  - Linux

  - OS X

  - Windows

- NVPTX

- Miscellaneous Resources

Note

This document is a work-in-progress. Additions and clarifications are welcome.

## Hardware

### AArch64 & ARM

- ARMv8-A Architecture Reference Manual (authentication required, free sign-up). This document covers both AArch64 and ARM instructions

- ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual (authentication required, free sign-up). This covers the Thumb2-only microcontrollers

- ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual (authentication required, free sign-up). This covers the Thumb1-only microcontrollers

- ARM C Language Extensions

- AArch32 ABI Addenda and Errata

### Itanium (ia64)

- Itanium documentation

### Lanai

- Lanai Instruction Set Architecture

### MIPS

- MIPS Processor Architecture

- MIPS 64-bit ELF Object File Specification

### PowerPC

#### IBM - Official manuals and docs

- Power Instruction Set Architecture, Versions 2.03 through 2.06 (authentication required, free sign-up)

- PowerPC Compiler Writer’s Guide

- Intro to PowerPC Architecture

- PowerPC Processor Manuals (embedded)

- Various IBM specifications and white papers

- IBM AIX/5L for POWER Assembly Reference

#### Other documents, collections, notes

- PowerPC ABI documents

- PowerPC64 alignment of long doubles (from GCC)

- Long branch stubs for powerpc64-linux (from binutils)

### AMDGPU

Refer to User Guide for AMDGPU Backend for additional documentation.

### RISC-V

- RISC-V User-Level ISA Specification

### SPARC

- SPARC standards

- SPARC V9 ABI

- SPARC V8 ABI

### SystemZ

- z/Architecture Principles of Operation (registration required, free sign-up)

### X86

- AMD processor manuals

- Intel 64 and IA-32 manuals

- Intel Itanium documentation

- X86 and X86-64 SysV psABI

- Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems

### XCore

- The XMOS XS1 Architecture (ISA)

- Tools Development Guide (includes ABI)

### Hexagon

- Hexagon Programmer’s Reference Manuals and Hexagon ABI Specification (registration required, free sign-up)

### Other relevant lists

- GCC reading list

## ABI

- System V Application Binary Interface

- Itanium C++ ABI

### Linux

- Linux extensions to gabi

- PowerPC 64-bit ELF ABI Supplement

- Procedure Call Standard for the AArch64 Architecture

- ELF for the ARM Architecture

- ELF for the ARM 64-bit Architecture (AArch64)

- System z ELF ABI Supplement

### OS X

- Mach-O Runtime Architecture

- Notes on Mach-O ABI

### Windows

- Microsoft PE/COFF Specification

## NVPTX

- CUDA Documentation includes the PTX ISA and Driver API documentation

## Miscellaneous Resources

- Executable File Format library

- GCC prefetch project page has a good survey of the prefetching capabilities of a variety of modern processors.