# Architecture & Platform Information for Compiler Writers

- Hardware
  - AArch64 & ARM
  - Itanium (ia64)
  - Lanai
  - MIPS
  - PowerPC
    - IBM - Official manuals and docs
    - Other documents, collections, notes
  - AMDGPU
  - RISC-V
  - SPARC
  - SystemZ
  - X86
  - XCore
  - Hexagon
  - Other relevant lists
- ABI
  - Linux
  - OS X
  - Windows
- NVPTX
- Miscellaneous Resources

Note

This document is a work-in-progress. Additions and clarifications are welcome.

## Hardware

### AArch64 & ARM

- ARMv8-A Architecture Reference Manual (authentication required, free sign-up). This document covers both AArch64 and ARM instructions
- ARMv7-M Architecture Reference Manual (authentication required, free sign-up). This covers the Thumb2-only microcontrollers
- ARMv6-M Architecture Reference Manual (authentication required, free sign-up). This covers the Thumb1-only microcontrollers
- ARM C Language Extensions
- AArch32 ABI Addenda and Errata

### Itanium (ia64)

- Itanium documentation

### Lanai

- Lanai Instruction Set Architecture

### MIPS

- MIPS Processor Architecture
- MIPS 64-bit ELF Object File Specification

### PowerPC

#### IBM - Official manuals and docs

- Power Instruction Set Architecture, Versions 2.03 through 2.06 (authentication required, free sign-up)
- PowerPC Compiler Writer’s Guide
- Intro to PowerPC Architecture
- PowerPC Processor Manuals (embedded)
- Various IBM specifications and white papers
- IBM AIX/5L for POWER Assembly Reference

#### Other documents, collections, notes

- PowerPC ABI documents
- PowerPC64 alignment of long doubles (from GCC)
- Long branch stubs for powerpc64-linux (from binutils)

### AMDGPU

Refer to User Guide for AMDGPU Backend for additional documentation.

### RISC-V

- RISC-V User-Level ISA Specification

### SPARC

- SPARC standards
- SPARC V9 ABI
- SPARC V8 ABI

### SystemZ

- z/Architecture Principles of Operation (registration required, free sign-up)

### X86

- AMD processor manuals
- Intel 64 and IA-32 manuals
- Intel Itanium documentation
- X86 and X86-64 SysV psABI
- Calling conventions for different C++ compilers and operating systems

### XCore

- The XMOS XS1 Architecture (ISA)
- Tools Development Guide (includes ABI)

### Hexagon

- Hexagon Programmer’s Reference Manuals and Hexagon ABI Specification (registration required, free sign-up)

### Other relevant lists

- GCC reading list

## ABI

- System V Application Binary Interface
- Itanium C++ ABI

### Linux

- Linux extensions to gabi
- PowerPC 64-bit ELF ABI Supplement
- Procedure Call Standard for the AArch64 Architecture
- ELF for the ARM Architecture
- ELF for the ARM 64-bit Architecture (AArch64)
- System z ELF ABI Supplement

### OS X

- Mach-O Runtime Architecture
- Notes on Mach-O ABI

### Windows

- Microsoft PE/COFF Specification

## NVPTX

- CUDA Documentation includes the PTX ISA and Driver API documentation

## Miscellaneous Resources

- Executable File Format library
- GCC prefetch project page has a good survey of the prefetching capabilities of a variety of modern processors.