Module java.base
Package java.io

## Class Writer

- java.lang.Object
- - java.io.Writer

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    `Closeable`, `Flushable`, `Appendable`, `AutoCloseable`
  Direct Known Subclasses:
    `BufferedWriter`, `CharArrayWriter`, `FilterWriter`, `OutputStreamWriter`, `PipedWriter`, `PrintWriter`, `StringWriter`

      public abstract class Writer
      extends Object
      implements Appendable, Closeable, Flushable

  Abstract class for writing to character streams. The only methods that a subclass must implement are write(char[], int, int), flush(), and close(). Most subclasses, however, will override some of the methods defined here in order to provide higher efficiency, additional functionality, or both.
  Since:
    1.1
  See Also:
    `BufferedWriter`, `CharArrayWriter`, `FilterWriter`, `OutputStreamWriter`, `FileWriter`, `PipedWriter`, `PrintWriter`, `StringWriter`, `Reader`

- - ### Field Summary

    Fields
    Modifier and Type | Field | Description
    --- | --- | ---
    `protected Object` | `lock` | The object used to synchronize operations on this stream.

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Modifier | Constructor | Description
    --- | --- | ---
    `protected` | `Writer​()` | Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the writer itself.
    `protected` | `Writer​(Object lock)` | Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the given object.

  - ### Method Summary

    All Methods Instance Methods Abstract Methods Concrete Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method | Description
    --- | --- | ---
    `Writer` | `append​(char c)` | Appends the specified character to this writer.
    `Writer` | `append​(CharSequence csq)` | Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.
    `Writer` | `append​(CharSequence csq, int start, int end)` | Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer.
    `abstract void` | `close​()` | Closes the stream, flushing it first.
    `abstract void` | `flush​()` | Flushes the stream.
    `void` | `write​(char[] cbuf)` | Writes an array of characters.
    `abstract void` | `write​(char[] cbuf, int off, int len)` | Writes a portion of an array of characters.
    `void` | `write​(int c)` | Writes a single character.
    `void` | `write​(String str)` | Writes a string.
    `void` | `write​(String str, int off, int len)` | Writes a portion of a string.

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, toString, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Field Detail

    - #### lock

          protected Object lock

      The object used to synchronize operations on this stream. For efficiency, a character-stream object may use an object other than itself to protect critical sections. A subclass should therefore use the object in this field rather than `this` or a synchronized method.

  - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### Writer

          protected Writer​()

      Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the writer itself.

    - #### Writer

          protected Writer​(Object lock)

      Creates a new character-stream writer whose critical sections will synchronize on the given object.
      Parameters:
        `lock` - Object to synchronize on

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### write

          public void write​(int c)
                     throws IOException

      Writes a single character. The character to be written is contained in the 16 low-order bits of the given integer value; the 16 high-order bits are ignored.

      Subclasses that intend to support efficient single-character output should override this method.

      Parameters:
        `c` - int specifying a character to be written
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public void write​(char[] cbuf)
                     throws IOException

      Writes an array of characters.
      Parameters:
        `cbuf` - Array of characters to be written
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public abstract void write​(char[] cbuf,
                                     int off,
                                     int len)
                              throws IOException

      Writes a portion of an array of characters.
      Parameters:
        `cbuf` - Array of characters
        `off` - Offset from which to start writing characters
        `len` - Number of characters to write
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - Implementations should throw this exception if `off` is negative, or `len` is negative, or `off + len` is negative or greater than the length of the given array
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public void write​(String str)
                     throws IOException

      Writes a string.
      Parameters:
        `str` - String to be written
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### write

          public void write​(String str,
                            int off,
                            int len)
                     throws IOException

      Writes a portion of a string.
      Implementation Requirements:
        The implementation in this class throws an `IndexOutOfBoundsException` for the indicated conditions; overriding methods may choose to do otherwise.
      Parameters:
        `str` - A String
        `off` - Offset from which to start writing characters
        `len` - Number of characters to write
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - Implementations should throw this exception if `off` is negative, or `len` is negative, or `off + len` is negative or greater than the length of the given string
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### append

          public Writer append​(CharSequence csq)
                        throws IOException

      Appends the specified character sequence to this writer.

      An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(csq)` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

               out.write(csq.toString())

      Depending on the specification of `toString` for the character sequence `csq`, the entire sequence may not be appended. For instance, invoking the `toString` method of a character buffer will return a subsequence whose content depends upon the buffer's position and limit.

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `csq` - The character sequence to append. If `csq` is `null`, then the four characters `"null"` are appended to this writer.
      Returns:
        This writer
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### append

          public Writer append​(CharSequence csq,
                               int start,
                               int end)
                        throws IOException

      Appends a subsequence of the specified character sequence to this writer. `Appendable`.

      An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(csq, start, end)` when `csq` is not `null` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

               out.write(csq.subSequence(start, end).toString())

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `csq` - The character sequence from which a subsequence will be appended. If `csq` is `null`, then characters will be appended as if `csq` contained the four characters `"null"`.
        `start` - The index of the first character in the subsequence
        `end` - The index of the character following the last character in the subsequence
      Returns:
        This writer
      Throws:
        `IndexOutOfBoundsException` - If `start` or `end` are negative, `start` is greater than `end`, or `end` is greater than `csq.length()`
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### append

          public Writer append​(char c)
                        throws IOException

      Appends the specified character to this writer.

      An invocation of this method of the form `out.append(c)` behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation

               out.write(c)

      Specified by:
        `append` in interface `Appendable`
      Parameters:
        `c` - The 16-bit character to append
      Returns:
        This writer
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs
      Since:
        1.5

    - #### flush

          public abstract void flush​()
                              throws IOException

      Flushes the stream. If the stream has saved any characters from the various write() methods in a buffer, write them immediately to their intended destination. Then, if that destination is another character or byte stream, flush it. Thus one flush() invocation will flush all the buffers in a chain of Writers and OutputStreams.

      If the intended destination of this stream is an abstraction provided by the underlying operating system, for example a file, then flushing the stream guarantees only that bytes previously written to the stream are passed to the operating system for writing; it does not guarantee that they are actually written to a physical device such as a disk drive.

      Specified by:
        `flush` in interface `Flushable`
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs

    - #### close

          public abstract void close​()
                              throws IOException

      Closes the stream, flushing it first. Once the stream has been closed, further write() or flush() invocations will cause an IOException to be thrown. Closing a previously closed stream has no effect.
      Specified by:
        `close` in interface `AutoCloseable`
      Specified by:
        `close` in interface `Closeable`
      Throws:
        `IOException` - If an I/O error occurs