# Copyright 2016 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================

"""## Functions for working with arbitrarily nested sequences of elements.

This module can perform operations on nested structures. A nested structure is a
Python sequence, tuple (including `namedtuple`), or dict that can contain
further sequences, tuples, and dicts.

The utilities here assume (and do not check) that the nested structures form a
'tree', i.e., no references in the structure of the input of these functions
should be recursive.

Example structures: `((3, 4), 5, (6, 7, (9, 10), 8))`, `(np.array(0),
  (np.array([3, 4]), tf.constant([3, 4])))`
"""

from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function

import collections as _collections

import six as _six

from tensorflow.python.platform import tf_logging as _tf_logging
from tensorflow.python.util.all_util import remove_undocumented


def _sorted(dict_):
  """Returns a sorted list of the dict keys, with error if keys not sortable."""
  try:
    return sorted(_six.iterkeys(dict_))
  except TypeError:
    raise TypeError("nest only supports dicts with sortable keys.")


def _sequence_like(instance, args):
  """Converts the sequence `args` to the same type as `instance`.

  Args:
    instance: an instance of `tuple`, `list`, `namedtuple`, `dict`, or
        `collections.OrderedDict`.
    args: elements to be converted to the `instance` type.

  Returns:
    `args` with the type of `instance`.
  """
  if isinstance(instance, dict):
    # Pack dictionaries in a deterministic order by sorting the keys.
    # Notice this means that we ignore the original order of `OrderedDict`
    # instances. This is intentional, to avoid potential bugs caused by mixing
    # ordered and plain dicts (e.g., flattening a dict but using a
    # corresponding `OrderedDict` to pack it back).
    result = dict(zip(_sorted(instance), args))
    return type(instance)((key, result[key]) for key in _six.iterkeys(instance))
  elif (isinstance(instance, tuple) and
        hasattr(instance, "_fields") and
        isinstance(instance._fields, _collections.Sequence) and
        all(isinstance(f, _six.string_types) for f in instance._fields)):
    # This is a namedtuple
    return type(instance)(*args)
  else:
    # Not a namedtuple
    return type(instance)(args)


def _yield_value(iterable):
  if isinstance(iterable, dict):
    # Iterate through dictionaries in a deterministic order by sorting the
    # keys. Notice this means that we ignore the original order of `OrderedDict`
    # instances. This is intentional, to avoid potential bugs caused by mixing
    # ordered and plain dicts (e.g., flattening a dict but using a
    # corresponding `OrderedDict` to pack it back).
    for key in _sorted(iterable):
      yield iterable[key]
  else:
    for value in iterable:
      yield value


def _yield_flat_nest(nest):
  for n in _yield_value(nest):
    if is_sequence(n):
      for ni in _yield_flat_nest(n):
        yield ni
    else:
      yield n


# Used by `_warn_once` to remember which warning messages have been given.
_ALREADY_WARNED = {}


def _warn_once(message):
  """Logs a warning message, once per unique string."""
  if message not in _ALREADY_WARNED:
    _ALREADY_WARNED[message] = True
    _tf_logging.warning(message)


def is_sequence(seq):
  """Returns a true if its input is a collections.Sequence (except strings).

  Args:
    seq: an input sequence.

  Returns:
    True if the sequence is a not a string and is a collections.Sequence or a
    dict.
  """
  if isinstance(seq, dict):
    return True
  if isinstance(seq, set):
    _warn_once("Sets are not currently considered sequences, but this may "
               "change in the future, so consider avoiding using them.")
  return (isinstance(seq, _collections.Sequence)
          and not isinstance(seq, _six.string_types))


def flatten(nest):
  """Returns a flat list from a given nested structure.

  If `nest` is not a sequence, tuple, or dict, then returns a single-element
  list: `[nest]`.

  In the case of dict instances, the sequence consists of the values, sorted by
  key to ensure deterministic behavior. This is true also for `OrderedDict`
  instances: their sequence order is ignored, the sorting order of keys is
  used instead. The same convention is followed in `pack_sequence_as`. This
  correctly repacks dicts and `OrderedDict`s after they have been flattened,
  and also allows flattening an `OrderedDict` and then repacking it back using
  a correponding plain dict, or vice-versa.
  Dictionaries with non-sortable keys cannot be flattened.

  Args:
    nest: an arbitrarily nested structure or a scalar object. Note, numpy
        arrays are considered scalars.

  Returns:
    A Python list, the flattened version of the input.

  Raises:
    TypeError: The nest is or contains a dict with non-sortable keys.
  """
  if is_sequence(nest):
    return list(_yield_flat_nest(nest))
  else:
    return [nest]


def _recursive_assert_same_structure(nest1, nest2, check_types):
  """Helper function for `assert_same_structure`."""
  is_sequence_nest1 = is_sequence(nest1)
  if is_sequence_nest1 != is_sequence(nest2):
    raise ValueError(
        "The two structures don't have the same nested structure.\n\n"
        "First structure: %s\n\nSecond structure: %s." % (nest1, nest2))

  if not is_sequence_nest1:
    return  # finished checking

  if check_types:
    type_nest1 = type(nest1)
    type_nest2 = type(nest2)
    if type_nest1 != type_nest2:
      raise TypeError(
          "The two structures don't have the same sequence type. First "
          "structure has type %s, while second structure has type %s."
          % (type_nest1, type_nest2))

    if isinstance(nest1, dict):
      keys1 = set(_six.iterkeys(nest1))
      keys2 = set(_six.iterkeys(nest2))
      if keys1 != keys2:
        raise ValueError(
            "The two dictionaries don't have the same set of keys. First "
            "structure has keys {}, while second structure has keys {}."
            .format(keys1, keys2))

  nest1_as_sequence = [n for n in _yield_value(nest1)]
  nest2_as_sequence = [n for n in _yield_value(nest2)]
  for n1, n2 in zip(nest1_as_sequence, nest2_as_sequence):
    _recursive_assert_same_structure(n1, n2, check_types)


def assert_same_structure(nest1, nest2, check_types=True):
  """Asserts that two structures are nested in the same way.

  Args:
    nest1: an arbitrarily nested structure.
    nest2: an arbitrarily nested structure.
    check_types: if `True` (default) types of sequences are checked as
        well, including the keys of dictionaries. If set to `False`, for example
        a list and a tuple of objects will look the same if they have the same
        size.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If the two structures do not have the same number of elements or
      if the two structures are not nested in the same way.
    TypeError: If the two structures differ in the type of sequence in any of
      their substructures. Only possible if `check_types` is `True`.
  """
  len_nest1 = len(flatten(nest1)) if is_sequence(nest1) else 1
  len_nest2 = len(flatten(nest2)) if is_sequence(nest2) else 1
  if len_nest1 != len_nest2:
    raise ValueError("The two structures don't have the same number of "
                     "elements.\n\nFirst structure (%i elements): %s\n\n"
                     "Second structure (%i elements): %s"
                     % (len_nest1, nest1, len_nest2, nest2))
  _recursive_assert_same_structure(nest1, nest2, check_types)


def flatten_dict_items(dictionary):
  """Returns a dictionary with flattened keys and values.

  This function flattens the keys and values of a dictionary, which can be
  arbitrarily nested structures, and returns the flattened version of such
  structures:

  ```python
  example_dictionary = {(4, 5, (6, 8)): ("a", "b", ("c", "d"))}
  result = {4: "a", 5: "b", 6: "c", 8: "d"}
  flatten_dict_items(example_dictionary) == result
  ```

  The input dictionary must satisfy two properties:

  1. Its keys and values should have the same exact nested structure.
  2. The set of all flattened keys of the dictionary must not contain repeated
     keys.

  Args:
    dictionary: the dictionary to zip

  Returns:
    The zipped dictionary.

  Raises:
    TypeError: If the input is not a dictionary.
    ValueError: If any key and value have not the same structure, or if keys are
      not unique.
  """
  if not isinstance(dictionary, dict):
    raise TypeError("input must be a dictionary")
  flat_dictionary = {}
  for i, v in _six.iteritems(dictionary):
    if not is_sequence(i):
      if i in flat_dictionary:
        raise ValueError(
            "Could not flatten dictionary: key %s is not unique." % i)
      flat_dictionary[i] = v
    else:
      flat_i = flatten(i)
      flat_v = flatten(v)
      if len(flat_i) != len(flat_v):
        raise ValueError(
            "Could not flatten dictionary. Key had %d elements, but value had "
            "%d elements. Key: %s, value: %s."
            % (len(flat_i), len(flat_v), flat_i, flat_v))
      for new_i, new_v in zip(flat_i, flat_v):
        if new_i in flat_dictionary:
          raise ValueError(
              "Could not flatten dictionary: key %s is not unique."
              % (new_i))
        flat_dictionary[new_i] = new_v
  return flat_dictionary


def _packed_nest_with_indices(structure, flat, index):
  """Helper function for pack_sequence_as.

  Args:
    structure: Substructure (list / tuple / dict) to mimic.
    flat: Flattened values to output substructure for.
    index: Index at which to start reading from flat.

  Returns:
    The tuple (new_index, child), where:
      * new_index - the updated index into `flat` having processed `structure`.
      * packed - the subset of `flat` corresponding to `structure`,
                 having started at `index`, and packed into the same nested
                 format.

  Raises:
    ValueError: if `structure` contains more elements than `flat`
      (assuming indexing starts from `index`).
  """
  packed = []
  for s in _yield_value(structure):
    if is_sequence(s):
      new_index, child = _packed_nest_with_indices(s, flat, index)
      packed.append(_sequence_like(s, child))
      index = new_index
    else:
      packed.append(flat[index])
      index += 1
  return index, packed


def pack_sequence_as(structure, flat_sequence):
  """Returns a given flattened sequence packed into a given structure.

  If `structure` is a scalar, `flat_sequence` must be a single-element list;
  in this case the return value is `flat_sequence[0]`.

  If `structure` is or contains a dict instance, the keys will be sorted to
  pack the flat sequence in deterministic order. This is true also for
  `OrderedDict` instances: their sequence order is ignored, the sorting order of
  keys is used instead. The same convention is followed in `pack_sequence_as`.
  This correctly repacks dicts and `OrderedDict`s after they have been
  flattened, and also allows flattening an `OrderedDict` and then repacking it
  back using a correponding plain dict, or vice-versa.
  Dictionaries with non-sortable keys cannot be flattened.

  Args:
    structure: Nested structure, whose structure is given by nested lists,
        tuples, and dicts. Note: numpy arrays and strings are considered
        scalars.
    flat_sequence: flat sequence to pack.

  Returns:
    packed: `flat_sequence` converted to have the same recursive structure as
      `structure`.

  Raises:
    ValueError: If `flat_sequence` and `structure` have different
      element counts.
    TypeError: `structure` is or contains a dict with non-sortable keys.
  """
  if not is_sequence(flat_sequence):
    raise TypeError("flat_sequence must be a sequence")

  if not is_sequence(structure):
    if len(flat_sequence) != 1:
      raise ValueError("Structure is a scalar but len(flat_sequence) == %d > 1"
                       % len(flat_sequence))
    return flat_sequence[0]

  flat_structure = flatten(structure)
  if len(flat_structure) != len(flat_sequence):
    raise ValueError(
        "Could not pack sequence. Structure had %d elements, but flat_sequence "
        "had %d elements.  Structure: %s, flat_sequence: %s."
        % (len(flat_structure), len(flat_sequence), structure, flat_sequence))

  _, packed = _packed_nest_with_indices(structure, flat_sequence, 0)
  return _sequence_like(structure, packed)


def map_structure(func, *structure, **check_types_dict):
  """Applies `func` to each entry in `structure` and returns a new structure.

  Applies `func(x[0], x[1], ...)` where x[i] is an entry in
  `structure[i]`.  All structures in `structure` must have the same arity,
  and the return value will contain the results in the same structure.

  Args:
    func: A callable that accepts as many arguments as there are structures.
    *structure: scalar, or tuple or list of constructed scalars and/or other
      tuples/lists, or scalars.  Note: numpy arrays are considered as scalars.
    **check_types_dict: only valid keyword argument is `check_types`. If set to
      `True` (default) the types of iterables within the structures have to be
      same (e.g. `map_structure(func, [1], (1,))` raises a `TypeError`
      exception). To allow this set this argument to `False`.

  Returns:
    A new structure with the same arity as `structure`, whose values correspond
    to `func(x[0], x[1], ...)` where `x[i]` is a value in the corresponding
    location in `structure[i]`. If there are different sequence types and
    `check_types` is `False` the sequence types of the first structure will be
    used.

  Raises:
    TypeError: If `func` is not callable or if the structures do not match
      each other by depth tree.
    ValueError: If no structure is provided or if the structures do not match
      each other by type.
    ValueError: If wrong keyword arguments are provided.
  """
  if not callable(func):
    raise TypeError("func must be callable, got: %s" % func)

  if not structure:
    raise ValueError("Must provide at least one structure")

  if check_types_dict:
    if "check_types" not in check_types_dict or len(check_types_dict) > 1:
      raise ValueError("Only valid keyword argument is check_types")
    check_types = check_types_dict["check_types"]
  else:
    check_types = True

  for other in structure[1:]:
    assert_same_structure(structure[0], other, check_types=check_types)

  flat_structure = [flatten(s) for s in structure]
  entries = zip(*flat_structure)

  return pack_sequence_as(
      structure[0], [func(*x) for x in entries])


def _yield_flat_up_to(shallow_tree, input_tree):
  """Yields elements `input_tree` partially flattened up to `shallow_tree`."""
  if is_sequence(shallow_tree):
    for shallow_branch, input_branch in zip(_yield_value(shallow_tree),
                                            _yield_value(input_tree)):
      for input_leaf in _yield_flat_up_to(shallow_branch, input_branch):
        yield input_leaf
  else:
    yield input_tree


def assert_shallow_structure(shallow_tree, input_tree, check_types=True):
  """Asserts that `shallow_tree` is a shallow structure of `input_tree`.

  That is, this function tests if the `input_tree` structure can be created from
  the `shallow_tree` structure by replacing its leaf nodes with deeper
  tree structures.

  Examples:

  The following code will raise an exception:
  ```python
    shallow_tree = ["a", "b"]
    input_tree = ["c", ["d", "e"], "f"]
    assert_shallow_structure(shallow_tree, input_tree)
  ```

  The following code will not raise an exception:
  ```python
    shallow_tree = ["a", "b"]
    input_tree = ["c", ["d", "e"]]
    assert_shallow_structure(shallow_tree, input_tree)
  ```

  Args:
    shallow_tree: an arbitrarily nested structure.
    input_tree: an arbitrarily nested structure.
    check_types: if `True` (default) the sequence types of `shallow_tree` and
      `input_tree` have to be the same.

  Raises:
    TypeError: If `shallow_tree` is a sequence but `input_tree` is not.
    TypeError: If the sequence types of `shallow_tree` are different from
      `input_tree`. Only raised if `check_types` is `True`.
    ValueError: If the sequence lengths of `shallow_tree` are different from
      `input_tree`.
  """
  if is_sequence(shallow_tree):
    if not is_sequence(input_tree):
      raise TypeError(
          "If shallow structure is a sequence, input must also be a sequence. "
          "Input has type: %s." % type(input_tree))

    if check_types and not isinstance(input_tree, type(shallow_tree)):
      raise TypeError(
          "The two structures don't have the same sequence type. Input "
          "structure has type %s, while shallow structure has type %s."
          % (type(input_tree), type(shallow_tree)))

    if len(input_tree) != len(shallow_tree):
      raise ValueError(
          "The two structures don't have the same sequence length. Input "
          "structure has length %s, while shallow structure has length %s."
          % (len(input_tree), len(shallow_tree)))

    for shallow_branch, input_branch in zip(shallow_tree, input_tree):
      assert_shallow_structure(shallow_branch, input_branch,
                               check_types=check_types)


def flatten_up_to(shallow_tree, input_tree):
  """Flattens `input_tree` up to `shallow_tree`.

  Any further depth in structure in `input_tree` is retained as elements in the
  partially flatten output.

  If `shallow_tree` and `input_tree` are not sequences, this returns a
  single-element list: `[input_tree]`.

  Use Case:

  Sometimes we may wish to partially flatten a nested sequence, retaining some
  of the nested structure. We achieve this by specifying a shallow structure,
  `shallow_tree`, we wish to flatten up to.

  The input, `input_tree`, can be thought of as having the same structure as
  `shallow_tree`, but with leaf nodes that are themselves tree structures.

  Examples:

  ```python
  input_tree = [[[2, 2], [3, 3]], [[4, 9], [5, 5]]]
  shallow_tree = [[True, True], [False, True]]

  flattened_input_tree = flatten_up_to(shallow_tree, input_tree)
  flattened_shallow_tree = flatten_up_to(shallow_tree, shallow_tree)

  # Output is:
  # [[2, 2], [3, 3], [4, 9], [5, 5]]
  # [True, True, False, True]
  ```

  ```python
  input_tree = [[('a', 1), [('b', 2), [('c', 3), [('d', 4)]]]]]
  shallow_tree = [['level_1', ['level_2', ['level_3', ['level_4']]]]]

  input_tree_flattened_as_shallow_tree = flatten_up_to(shallow_tree, input_tree)
  input_tree_flattened = flatten(input_tree)

  # Output is:
  # [('a', 1), ('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('d', 4)]
  # ['a', 1, 'b', 2, 'c', 3, 'd', 4]
  ```

  Non-Sequence Edge Cases:

  ```python
  flatten_up_to(0, 0)  # Output: [0]
  flatten_up_to(0, [0, 1, 2])  # Output: [[0, 1, 2]]
  flatten_up_to([0, 1, 2], 0)  # Output: TypeError
  flatten_up_to([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2])  # Output: [0, 1, 2]
  ```

  Args:
    shallow_tree: a possibly pruned structure of input_tree.
    input_tree: an arbitrarily nested structure or a scalar object.
      Note, numpy arrays are considered scalars.

  Returns:
    A Python list, the partially flattened version of `input_tree` according to
    the structure of `shallow_tree`.

  Raises:
    TypeError: If `shallow_tree` is a sequence but `input_tree` is not.
    TypeError: If the sequence types of `shallow_tree` are different from
      `input_tree`.
    ValueError: If the sequence lengths of `shallow_tree` are different from
      `input_tree`.
  """
  assert_shallow_structure(shallow_tree, input_tree)
  return list(_yield_flat_up_to(shallow_tree, input_tree))


def map_structure_up_to(shallow_tree, func, *inputs):
  """Applies a function or op to a number of partially flattened inputs.

  The `inputs` are flattened up to `shallow_tree` before being mapped.

  Use Case:

  Sometimes we wish to apply a function to a partially flattened
  sequence (for example when the function itself takes sequence inputs). We
  achieve this by specifying a shallow structure, `shallow_tree` we wish to
  flatten up to.

  The `inputs`, can be thought of as having the same structure as
  `shallow_tree`, but with leaf nodes that are themselves tree structures.

  This function therefore will return something with the same base structure as
  `shallow_tree`.

  Examples:

  ```python
  ab_tuple = collections.namedtuple("ab_tuple", "a, b")
  op_tuple = collections.namedtuple("op_tuple", "add, mul")
  inp_val = ab_tuple(a=2, b=3)
  inp_ops = ab_tuple(a=op_tuple(add=1, mul=2), b=op_tuple(add=2, mul=3))
  out = map_structure_up_to(inp_val, lambda val, ops: (val + ops.add) * ops.mul,
                            inp_val, inp_ops)

  # Output is: ab_tuple(a=6, b=15)
  ```

  ```python
  data_list = [[2, 4, 6, 8], [[1, 3, 5, 7, 9], [3, 5, 7]]]
  name_list = ['evens', ['odds', 'primes']]
  out = map_structure_up_to(
      name_list,
      lambda name, sec: "first_{}_{}".format(len(sec), name),
      name_list, data_list)

  # Output is: ['first_4_evens', ['first_5_odds', 'first_3_primes']]
  ```

  Args:
    shallow_tree: a shallow tree, common to all the inputs.
    func: callable which will be applied to each input individually.
    *inputs: arbitrarily nested combination of objects that are compatible with
        shallow_tree. The function `func` is applied to corresponding
        partially flattened elements of each input, so the function must support
        arity of `len(inputs)`.

  Raises:
    TypeError: If `shallow_tree` is a sequence but `input_tree` is not.
    TypeError: If the sequence types of `shallow_tree` are different from
      `input_tree`.
    ValueError: If the sequence lengths of `shallow_tree` are different from
      `input_tree`.

  Returns:
    result of repeatedly applying `func`, with same structure as
    `shallow_tree`.
  """
  if not inputs:
    raise ValueError("Cannot map over no sequences")
  for input_tree in inputs:
    assert_shallow_structure(shallow_tree, input_tree)

  # Flatten each input separately, apply the function to corresponding elements,
  # then repack based on the structure of the first input.
  all_flattened_up_to = [flatten_up_to(shallow_tree, input_tree)
                         for input_tree in inputs]
  results = [func(*tensors) for tensors in zip(*all_flattened_up_to)]
  return pack_sequence_as(structure=shallow_tree, flat_sequence=results)


def get_traverse_shallow_structure(traverse_fn, structure):
  """Generates a shallow structure from a `traverse_fn` and `structure`.

  `traverse_fn` must accept any possible subtree of `structure` and return
  a depth=1 structure containing `True` or `False` values, describing which
  of the top-level subtrees may be traversed.  It may also
  return scalar `True` or `False` "traversal is OK / not OK for all subtrees."

  Examples are available in the unit tests (nest_test.py).

  Args:
    traverse_fn: Function taking a substructure and returning either a scalar
      `bool` (whether to traverse that substructure or not) or a depth=1
      shallow structure of the same type, describing which parts of the
      substructure to traverse.
    structure: The structure to traverse.

  Returns:
    A shallow structure containing python bools, which can be passed to
    `map_structure_up_to` and `flatten_up_to`.

  Raises:
    TypeError: if `traverse_fn` returns a sequence for a non-sequence input,
      or a structure with depth higher than 1 for a sequence input,
      or if any leaf values in the returned structure or scalar are not type
      `bool`.
  """
  to_traverse = traverse_fn(structure)
  if not is_sequence(structure):
    if not isinstance(to_traverse, bool):
      raise TypeError("traverse_fn returned structure: %s for non-structure: %s"
                      % (to_traverse, structure))
    return to_traverse
  level_traverse = []
  if isinstance(to_traverse, bool):
    if not to_traverse:
      # Do not traverse this substructure at all.  Exit early.
      return False
    else:
      # Traverse the entire substructure.
      for branch in _yield_value(structure):
        level_traverse.append(
            get_traverse_shallow_structure(traverse_fn, branch))
  elif not is_sequence(to_traverse):
    raise TypeError("traverse_fn returned a non-bool scalar: %s for input: %s"
                    % (to_traverse, structure))
  else:
    # Traverse some subset of this substructure.
    assert_shallow_structure(to_traverse, structure)
    for t, branch in zip(_yield_value(to_traverse), _yield_value(structure)):
      if not isinstance(t, bool):
        raise TypeError(
            "traverse_fn didn't return a depth=1 structure of bools.  saw: %s "
            " for structure: %s" % (to_traverse, structure))
      if t:
        level_traverse.append(
            get_traverse_shallow_structure(traverse_fn, branch))
      else:
        level_traverse.append(False)
  return _sequence_like(structure, level_traverse)


_allowed_symbols = [
    "assert_same_structure",
    "is_sequence",
    "flatten",
    "flatten_dict_items",
    "pack_sequence_as",
    "map_structure",
    "assert_shallow_structure",
    "flatten_up_to",
    "map_structure_up_to",
    "get_traverse_shallow_structure",
]

remove_undocumented(__name__, _allowed_symbols)
