# Qt (简体中文)

相关文章

- KDE (简体中文)
- Uniform Look for QT and GTK Applications (简体中文)
- GTK+ (简体中文)

翻译状态： 本文是英文页面 Qt 的翻译，最后翻译时间：2016-11-15，点击这里可以查看翻译后英文页面的改动。

Qt 是一个跨平台的应用程序和组件工具，使用标准 C++编写，通过大量使用代码生成器 Meta Object Compiler(moc)以及数个宏来扩展语言的功能。它有一些更重要的特性包括：

- 支持各种主流桌面平台和部分手机平台。
- 完善的国际化支持。
- 提供 SQL 数据访问、XML 解析、线程管理、网络支持和统一的文件处理跨平台应用编程接口。

Qt 框架正在成为主要的开发平台，是 KDE 软件社区和其它一些重要开源和闭源应用的基石，例如 VLC、VirtualBox、Opera、Mathematica和Skype 等等。

## 安装

现在官方源中有三个版本的 Qt，能用以下软件包来安装：

- Qt 5.x：软件包 qt5-base，文档包是 qt5-doc。
- Qt 4.x：软件包 qt4，文档包是 qt4-docAUR。
- Qt 3.x：在软件包 qt3AUR，文档包是 qt3-docAUR。

## 默认 Qt 库

Qt软件包不再提供通常的二进制文件`/usr/bin/qmake`,而是将它们改名为 qmake-qt5, qmake-qt4, qmake-qt3 软链接，这可能导致 Qt3/4 程序编译失败。安装qtchooserAUR可以恢复 `/usr/bin/qmake` 并设置要使用的 Qt 版本，默认是使用 Qt5。

警告: 现在 qtchooserAUR 与 qt5-base 相冲突，可以自行编译并安装到`/usr/local`。Arch 官方不支持这种方式[1]。

### 修改环境变量

可以通过 `QT_SELECT` 环境变量 设置默认的 QT. 例如要使用 Qt4，可以在`~/.bash_profile` 或 `~/.zsh_profile` 中 `export QT_SELECT=4`。

### 使用配置文件

创建 `~/.config/qtchooser/default.conf` 软链接，链接到`/etc/xdg/qtchooser/`目录中需要的 .conf 文件上。例如要使用 Qt4，将 `/etc/xdg/qtchooser/4.conf` 软链接到 `~/.config/qtchooser/default.conf`。

    $ ln -s /etc/xdg/qtchooser/4.conf ~/.config/qtchooser/default.conf

## 外观

### Qt4

Qt4 应用程序会尝试模仿所运行的桌面环境的行为，除非碰到了某些问题或者进行了强制配置。要修改 Qt 程序的外观，可以使用 Qt 配置工具(`qtconfig-qt4` 或 `qt3config`).

尽管不是 Qt 的一部分，KDE 系统设置 提供了许多定制设置，Qt 程序也会使用这些设置。

- In KDE Plasma, it uses the actually selected Qt style. It can be configured using KDE System Settings (systemsettings5), the settings can be found in Appearance > Application Style > Widget Style.
- In Cinnamon, GNOME, Xfce, it uses GTK+ (QGtkStyle).
- In other desktop environments, it uses Windows.

要修改 Qt4 程序的外观，可以使用 qt4 提供的 Qt 配置工具qtconfig-qt4。这个程序可以配置 Qt4 程序的样式、颜色、字体等。

Note: 如果使用 GTK+ 样式，将忽略颜色和字体设置，直接使用 GTK+2 的值。

Qt keeps all its configuration information in `/etc/xdg/Trolltech.conf` (system-wide) or `~/.config/Trolltech.conf` (user-specific). The file is rather difficult to navigate because it contains a lot of information not related to appearance, but for any changes you can just add to the end of the file and overwrite any previous values (make sure to add your modification under the [Qt] header).

For example, to change the theme to QtCurve, add:

    ~/.config/Trolltech.conf

    ...
    [Qt]
    style=QtCurve

Qt4 已经包含数种样式，例如 GTK+ 样式、Windows 样式、CDE 样式等，其它的主题（大多数为 KDE Plasma 桌面编写）可以从官方源或者 AUR 中安装：

- Breeze — Artwork, styles and assets for the Breeze visual style for the Plasma Desktop.

  https://projects.kde.org/projects/kde/workspace/breeze || breeze-kde4

- Oxygen — KDE Oxygen style.

  https://projects.kde.org/projects/kde/workspace/oxygen || oxygen-kde4

- QtCurve — A configurable set of widget styles for KDE and Gtk.

  https://projects.kde.org/projects/playground/base/qtcurve || qtcurve-qt4

- Adwaita-Qt — A style to bend Qt applications to look like they belong into GNOME Shell.

  https://github.com/MartinBriza/adwaita-qt || adwaita-qt4AUR

### Qt5

Qt5 decides the style to use based on what desktop environment is used:

- In KDE Plasma, it uses the actually selected Qt style. It can be configured using KDE System Settings (systemsettings5), the settings can be found in Appearance > Application Style > Widget Style.
- In Cinnamon, GNOME, MATE, LXDE, Xfce, it uses GTK+ (QGtkStyle).
- In other desktop environments, it uses Fusion.

To force a specific style, you can set the `QT_STYLE_OVERRIDE` environment variable. Specifically, set it to `gtk2` if you want to use the GTK+ theme (Note: you will need to install the Qt style plugins mention below to get the GTK+ style). Qt5 applications also support the `-style` flag, which you can use to launch a Qt5 application with a specific style.

The following styles are included in Qt5: Fusion, Windows. Others can be installed from the official repositories:

- Breeze — Artwork, styles and assets for the Breeze visual style for the Plasma Desktop.

  https://projects.kde.org/projects/kde/workspace/breeze || breeze

- Oxygen — KDE Oxygen style.

  https://projects.kde.org/projects/kde/workspace/oxygen || oxygen

- QtCurve — A configurable set of widget styles for KDE and Gtk.

  https://projects.kde.org/projects/playground/base/qtcurve || qtcurve-qt5

- Adwaita-Qt — A style to bend Qt applications to look like they belong into GNOME Shell.

  https://github.com/MartinBriza/adwaita-qt || adwaita-qt5AUR

- Qt style plugins — Additional style plugins for Qt5, including GTK+, Cleanlooks, Motif, Plastique.

  http://code.qt.io/cgit/qt/qtstyleplugins.git || qt5-stylepluginsAUR

### Qt 样式表

An interesting way of customizing the look and feel of a Qt application is using Style Sheets, which are just simple CSS files. Using Style Sheets, one can modify the appearance of every widget in the application.

To run an application with a different style just execute:

    $ qt_application -stylesheet style.qss

For more information on Qt Style Sheets see the official documentation or other tutorials. As an example Style Sheet see this Dolphin modification.

### GTK+ 和 Qt

如果你有 GTK+ 和 Qt 应用程序，它们的外观可能无法融合到一起。如果你希望使 GTK+ 风格与 Qt 风格匹配，请阅读 统一 GTK+ 和 Qt 应用程序外观.

### Configuration of Qt5 apps under environments other than KDE

Unlike Qt4, Qt5 doesn't ship a qtconfig utility to configure fonts, icons or styles. Instead, it will try to use the settings from the running DE. In KDE or GNOME this works well, but in other less popular DEs or WM it can lead to missing icons in Qt5 applications. One way to solve this is to fake the running desktop environment by setting `XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP=KDE` or `GNOME`, and then using the corresponding configuration application to set the desired icon set.

Another solution is provided by the qt5ct package, which provides a DE independent Qt5 QPA and a configuration utility. After installing the package, run `qt5ct` to set an icon theme, and set the environment variable `QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME="qt5ct"` so that the settings are picked up by Qt applications. Alternatively, use `--platformtheme qt5ct` as argument to the Qt5 application.

To automatically set `QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME` for user session, add the following line to `~/.profile`.

    [ "$XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP" = "KDE" ] || [ "$XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP" = "GNOME" ] || export QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME="qt5ct"

This will export `QT_QPA_PLATFORMTHEME` environment variable for the whole user session. Note that this doesn't work on enlightenment because it has its own custom environment variable setting instead of getting it from `~/.profile` file.

If the below errors are received, and some icons still do not appear in some of the apps, install oxygen and oxygen-icons:

    Icon theme "oxygen" not found.
    Icon theme "oxygen" not found.
    Error: standard icon theme "oxygen" not found!

## 开发

### 支持的平台

Qt supports most platforms that are available today, even some of the more obscure ones, with more ports appearing every once in a while. For a more complete list see the Qt Wikipedia article.

### 工具

以下是官方 Qt 工具：

- Qt Creator — A cross-platform IDE tailored for Qt that supports all of its features.

  http://doc.qt.io/qtcreator/ || qtcreator

- Qt Linguist — A set of tools that speed the translation and internationalization of Qt applications.

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qtlinguist-index.html || Qt 5: qt5-tools, Qt 4: qt4

- Qt Assistant — A configurable and redistributable documentation reader for Qt qch files.

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qtassistant-index.html || Qt 5: qt5-tools, Qt 4: qt4

- Qt Designer — A powerful cross-platform GUI layout and forms builder for Qt widgets.

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qtdesigner-manual.html || Qt 5: qt5-tools, Qt 4: qt4

- Qt Quick Designer — A visual editor for QML files which supports WYSIWYG. It allows you to rapidly design and build Qt Quick applications and components from scratch.

  http://doc.qt.io/qtcreator/creator-using-qt-quick-designer.html || qtcreator

- qmlscene — A tool for loading QML documents that makes it easy to quickly develop and debug QML applications.

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qtquick-qmlscene.html || Qt 5: qt5-declarative, Qt 4 QML Viewer: qt4

- qmake — A tool that helps simplify the build process for development project across different platforms, similar to cmake, but with fewer options and tailored for Qt applications.

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/qmake-manual.html || Qt 5: qt5-base, Qt 4: qt4

- uic — A tool that reads *.ui XML files and generates the corresponding C++ files.

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/uic.html || Qt 5: qt5-base, Qt 4: qt4

- rcc — A tool that is used to embed resources (such as pictures) into a Qt application during the build process. It works by generating a C++ source file containing data specified in a Qt resource (.qrc) file.

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/rcc.html || Qt 5: qt5-base, Qt 4: qt4

- moc — A tool that handles Qt's C++ extensions (the signals and slots mechanism, the run-time type information, and the dynamic property system, etc.).

  http://doc.qt.io/qt-5/moc.html || Qt 5: qt5-base, Qt 4: qt4

### 绑定

Qt 提供了所有流行编程语言的绑定。以下示例会在一个窗口中显示一句 'Hello world!' 消息。

#### C++

- Package:
  - qt4 - Version 4.x of the Qt toolkit.
  - qt5-base - Version 5.x of the Qt toolkit.
- Website: http://qt-project.org/
- Build:
  - The Qt4 version: `g++ $(pkg-config --cflags --libs QtGui) -o hello hello.cpp`
  - The Qt5 version: `g++ $(pkg-config --cflags --libs Qt5Widgets) -fPIC -o hello hello.cpp`
- Run with: `./hello`

    hello.cpp

    #include <QApplication>
    #include <QLabel>

    int main(int argc, char **argv)
    {
        QApplication app(argc, argv);
        QLabel hello("Hello world!");

        hello.show();
        return app.exec();
    }

#### QML

- Package: qt4 or qt5-declarative.
- Website: http://qt-project.org/
- Run with: `qmlviewer-qt4 hello.qml` or `qmlscene-qt5 hello.qml`

    hello.qml

    import QtQuick 1.0

    Rectangle {
        id: page
        width: 400; height: 100
        color: "lightgray"

        Text {
            id: helloText
            text: "Hello world!"
            anchors.horizontalCenter: page.horizontalCenter
            anchors.verticalCenter: page.verticalCenter
            font.pointSize: 24; font.bold: true
        }
    }

Note: For version 5.x of the Qt toolkit, we need to import QtQuick 2.y.

#### Python (PyQt)

- Package:
  - python-pyqt4 - Python 3.x bindings for Qt 4
  - python2-pyqt4 - Python 2.x bindings for Qt 4
  - python-pyqt5 - Python 3.x bindings for Qt 5
  - python2-pyqt5 - Python 2.x bindings for Qt 5

- Website: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/intro
- Run with: `python hello-pyqt.py` or `python2 hello-pyqt.py`.

    hello-pyqt.py

    import sys
    from PyQt4 import QtGui

    app = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
    label = QtGui.QLabel("Hello world!")

    label.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

The Qt 5.x version is slighly different:

    hello-pyqt.py

    import sys
    from PyQt5 import QtWidgets

    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    label = QtWidgets.QLabel("Hello world!")

    label.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

#### Python (PySide)

- Package:
  - python-pyside - Python 3.x bindings
  - python2-pyside - Python 2.x bindings
- Website: http://www.pyside.org/
- Run with: `python hello-pyside.py` or `python2 hello-pyside.py`

    hello-pyside.py

    import sys
    from PySide.QtCore import *
    from PySide.QtGui import *

    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    label = QLabel("Hello world!")

    label.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

#### C#

- Package: kdebindings-qyotoAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror]
- Website: http://techbase.kde.org/Development/Languages/Qyoto
- Build with: `mcs -pkg:qyoto hello.cs`
- Run with: `mono hello.exe`

    hello.cs

    using System;
    using Qyoto;

    public class Hello {
        public static int Main(String[] args) {
            new QApplication(args);
            new QLabel("Hello world!").Show();

            return QApplication.Exec();
        }
    }

#### Ruby

- Package: kdebindings-qtrubyAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror]
- Website: http://rubyforge.org/projects/korundum/
- Run with: `ruby hello.rb`

    hello.rb

    require 'Qt4'

    app = Qt::Application.new(ARGV)
    hello = Qt::Label.new('Hello World!')

    hello.show
    app.exec

#### Java

- Package: qtjambiAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror] or qtjambi-betaAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror].
- Website: http://qt-jambi.org/
- Build with: `javac Hello.java -cp /opt/qtjambi-beta/qtjambi-linux64-community-4.7.0/qtjambi-4.7.0.jar`.
- Run with: `java -cp /opt/qtjambi-beta/qtjambi-linux64-community-4.7.0/qtjambi-4.7.0.jar:. Hello`.

    Hello.java

    import com.trolltech.qt.gui.*;

    public class Hello
    {
        public static void main(String args[])
        {
            QApplication.initialize(args);
            QLabel hello = new QLabel("Hello World!");

            hello.show();
            QApplication.exec();
        }
    }

Note: The build instructions and example have been tested on the beta version of Qt Jambi 4.7.0.

#### Perl

- Package: kdebindings-perlqtAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror]
- Website: http://code.google.com/p/perlqt4/
- Run with: `perl hello.pl`

    hello.pl

    use QtGui4;

    my $a = Qt::Application(\@ARGV);
    my $hello = Qt::Label("Hello World!", undef);

    $hello->show;
    exit $a->exec;

#### Lua

- Package: libqtluaAUR[broken link: archived in aur-mirror]
- Website: http://www.nongnu.org/libqtlua/
- Run with: `qtlua hello.lua`

    hello.lua

    label = qt.new_widget("QLabel")

    label:setText("Hello World!")
    label:show()

Note: QtLua is not designed to develop an application in pure Lua but rather to extend a Qt C++ application using Lua as scripting language.

## 问题解决

### Icon theme is not applied

Since Qt 5.1 SVG support has moved into a module. Since qt5-base does not depend on qt5-svg it may happen that the qt5-base is installed but not qt5-svg. This results in deceptive icon theme behaviour. Since SVG is not supported the icons are silently skipped and the icon theme may seem to be unused. Installing qt5-svg explicitly solves the problem.

### Theme not applied to root applications

As the user theme file (`$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/Trolltech.conf`), are not read by other accounts, the selected theme will not apply to X applications run as root. Possible solutions include:

- Create symlinks, e.g

    # ln -s /home/[username]/.config/Trolltech.conf /etc/xdg/Trolltech.conf

- Configure system-wide theme file: `/etc/xdg/Trolltech.conf`
- Adjust the theme as root

### Qt4 style not respected

If pure Qt4 (non-KDE) applications do not stick with your selected Qt4 style, then you'll probably need to tell Qt4 how to find KDE's styles (Oxygen, Phase etc.). You just need to set the environment variable QT_PLUGIN_PATH. E.g. put

    export QT_PLUGIN_PATH=$HOME/.kde4/lib/kde4/plugins/:/usr/lib/kde4/plugins/

into your `/etc/profile` (or `~/.profile` if you do not have root access). `qtconfig-qt4` should then be able to find your kde styles and everything should look nice again!

Alternatively, you can symlink the Qt4 styles directory to the KDE4 styles one:

    # ln -s /usr/lib/{kde,qt}4/plugins/styles/[theme name]

## 参阅

- 官方网站
- Qt 项目
- Qt 文档
- Planet Qt
- Qt 应用程序

Category:

- Widget toolkits (简体中文)

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