    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}

    module TcSimplify(
           simplifyInfer, solveTopConstraints,
           growThetaTyVars,
           simplifyAmbiguityCheck,
           simplifyDefault,
           simplifyTop, simplifyInteractive, solveEqualities,
           simplifyWantedsTcM,
           tcCheckSatisfiability,

           -- For Rules we need these
           solveWanteds, runTcSDeriveds
      ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import Bag
    import Class         ( Class, classKey, classTyCon )
    import DynFlags      ( WarningFlag ( Opt_WarnMonomorphism )
                         , WarnReason ( Reason )
                         , DynFlags( solverIterations ) )
    import Inst
    import ListSetOps
    import Maybes
    import Name
    import Outputable
    import PrelInfo
    import PrelNames
    import TcErrors
    import TcEvidence
    import TcInteract
    import TcCanonical   ( makeSuperClasses )
    import TcMType   as TcM
    import TcRnMonad as TcM
    import TcSMonad  as TcS
    import TcType
    import TrieMap       () -- DV: for now
    import Type
    import TysWiredIn    ( ptrRepLiftedTy )
    import Unify         ( tcMatchTy )
    import Util
    import Var
    import VarSet
    import BasicTypes    ( IntWithInf, intGtLimit )
    import ErrUtils      ( emptyMessages )
    import qualified GHC.LanguageExtensions as LangExt

    import Control.Monad ( when, unless )
    import Data.List     ( partition )

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ < 709
    import Data.Traversable ( traverse )
    #endif

    {-
    *********************************************************************************
    *                                                                               *
    *                           External interface                                  *
    *                                                                               *
    *********************************************************************************
    -}

    simplifyTop :: WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind)
    -- Simplify top-level constraints
    -- Usually these will be implications,
    -- but when there is nothing to quantify we don't wrap
    -- in a degenerate implication, so we do that here instead
    simplifyTop wanteds
      = do { traceTc "simplifyTop {" $ text "wanted = " <+> ppr wanteds
           ; ((final_wc, unsafe_ol), binds1) <- runTcS $ simpl_top wanteds
           ; traceTc "End simplifyTop }" empty

           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved {" empty
           ; binds2 <- reportUnsolved final_wc
           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved }" empty

           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved (unsafe overlapping) {" empty
           ; unless (isEmptyCts unsafe_ol) $ do {
               -- grab current error messages and clear, warnAllUnsolved will
               -- update error messages which we'll grab and then restore saved
               -- messages.
               ; errs_var  <- getErrsVar
               ; saved_msg <- TcM.readTcRef errs_var
               ; TcM.writeTcRef errs_var emptyMessages

               ; warnAllUnsolved $ WC { wc_simple = unsafe_ol
                                      , wc_insol = emptyCts
                                      , wc_impl = emptyBag }

               ; whyUnsafe <- fst <$> TcM.readTcRef errs_var
               ; TcM.writeTcRef errs_var saved_msg
               ; recordUnsafeInfer whyUnsafe
               }
           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved (unsafe overlapping) }" empty

           ; return (evBindMapBinds binds1 `unionBags` binds2) }

    -- | Type-check a thing that emits only equality constraints, then
    -- solve those constraints. Fails outright if there is trouble.
    solveEqualities :: TcM a -> TcM a
    solveEqualities thing_inside
      = checkNoErrs $  -- See Note [Fail fast on kind errors]
        do { (result, wanted) <- captureConstraints thing_inside
           ; traceTc "solveEqualities {" $ text "wanted = " <+> ppr wanted
           ; (final_wc, _) <- runTcSEqualities $ simpl_top wanted
           ; traceTc "End solveEqualities }" empty

           ; traceTc "reportAllUnsolved {" empty
           ; reportAllUnsolved final_wc
           ; traceTc "reportAllUnsolved }" empty
           ; return result }

    type SafeOverlapFailures = Cts
    -- ^ See Note [Safe Haskell Overlapping Instances Implementation]

    type FinalConstraints = (WantedConstraints, SafeOverlapFailures)

    simpl_top :: WantedConstraints -> TcS FinalConstraints
        -- See Note [Top-level Defaulting Plan]
    simpl_top wanteds
      = do { wc_first_go <- nestTcS (solveWantedsAndDrop wanteds)
                                -- This is where the main work happens
           ; wc_final <- try_tyvar_defaulting wc_first_go
           ; unsafe_ol <- getSafeOverlapFailures
           ; return (wc_final, unsafe_ol) }
      where
        try_tyvar_defaulting :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints
        try_tyvar_defaulting wc
          | isEmptyWC wc
          = return wc
          | otherwise
          = do { free_tvs <- TcS.zonkTyCoVarsAndFVList (tyCoVarsOfWCList wc)
               ; let meta_tvs = filter (isTyVar <&&> isMetaTyVar) free_tvs
                       -- zonkTyCoVarsAndFV: the wc_first_go is not yet zonked
                       -- filter isMetaTyVar: we might have runtime-skolems in GHCi,
                       -- and we definitely don't want to try to assign to those!
                       -- the isTyVar needs to weed out coercion variables

               ; defaulted <- mapM defaultTyVarTcS meta_tvs   -- Has unification side effects
               ; if or defaulted
                 then do { wc_residual <- nestTcS (solveWanteds wc)
                                -- See Note [Must simplify after defaulting]
                         ; try_class_defaulting wc_residual }
                 else try_class_defaulting wc }     -- No defaulting took place

        try_class_defaulting :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints
        try_class_defaulting wc
          | isEmptyWC wc
          = return wc
          | otherwise  -- See Note [When to do type-class defaulting]
          = do { something_happened <- applyDefaultingRules wc
                                       -- See Note [Top-level Defaulting Plan]
               ; if something_happened
                 then do { wc_residual <- nestTcS (solveWantedsAndDrop wc)
                         ; try_class_defaulting wc_residual }
                      -- See Note [Overview of implicit CallStacks] in TcEvidence
                 else try_callstack_defaulting wc }

        try_callstack_defaulting :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints
        try_callstack_defaulting wc
          | isEmptyWC wc
          = return wc
          | otherwise
          = defaultCallStacks wc

    -- | Default any remaining @CallStack@ constraints to empty @CallStack@s.
    defaultCallStacks :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints
    -- See Note [Overview of implicit CallStacks] in TcEvidence
    defaultCallStacks wanteds
      = do simples <- handle_simples (wc_simple wanteds)
           implics <- mapBagM handle_implic (wc_impl wanteds)
           return (wanteds { wc_simple = simples, wc_impl = implics })

      where

      handle_simples simples
        = catBagMaybes <$> mapBagM defaultCallStack simples

      handle_implic implic
        = do { wanteds <- setEvBindsTcS (ic_binds implic) $
                          -- defaultCallStack sets a binding, so
                          -- we must set the correct binding group
                          defaultCallStacks (ic_wanted implic)
             ; return (implic { ic_wanted = wanteds }) }

      defaultCallStack ct
        | Just _ <- isCallStackPred (ctPred ct)
        = do { solveCallStack (cc_ev ct) EvCsEmpty
             ; return Nothing }

      defaultCallStack ct
        = return (Just ct)

    -- | Type-check a thing, returning the result and any EvBinds produced
    -- during solving. Emits errors -- but does not fail -- if there is trouble.
    solveTopConstraints :: TcM a -> TcM (a, Bag EvBind)
    solveTopConstraints thing_inside
      = do { (result, wanted) <- captureConstraints thing_inside
           ; ev_binds <- simplifyTop wanted
           ; return (result, ev_binds) }

    {- Note [Fail fast on kind errors]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    solveEqualities is used to solve kind equalities when kind-checking
    user-written types. If solving fails we should fail outright, rather
    than just accumulate an error message, for two reasons:
      * A kind-bogus type signature may cause a cascade of knock-on
        errors if we let it pass

      * More seriously, if we don't solve a constraint we'll be left
        with a type that has a coercion hole in it, something like
               <type> |> co-hole
        where co-hole is not filled in.  Eeek!  That un-filled-in
        hole actually causes GHC to crash with "fvProv falls into a hole"
        See Trac #11563, #11520, #11516, #11399

    So it's important to use 'checkNoErrs' here!

    Note [When to do type-class defaulting]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In GHC 7.6 and 7.8.2, we did type-class defaulting only if insolubleWC
    was false, on the grounds that defaulting can't help solve insoluble
    constraints.  But if we *don't* do defaulting we may report a whole
    lot of errors that would be solved by defaulting; these errors are
    quite spurious because fixing the single insoluble error means that
    defaulting happens again, which makes all the other errors go away.
    This is jolly confusing: Trac #9033.

    So it seems better to always do type-class defaulting.

    However, always doing defaulting does mean that we'll do it in
    situations like this (Trac #5934):
       run :: (forall s. GenST s) -> Int
       run = fromInteger 0
    We don't unify the return type of fromInteger with the given function
    type, because the latter involves foralls.  So we're left with
        (Num alpha, alpha ~ (forall s. GenST s) -> Int)
    Now we do defaulting, get alpha := Integer, and report that we can't
    match Integer with (forall s. GenST s) -> Int.  That's not totally
    stupid, but perhaps a little strange.

    Another potential alternative would be to suppress *all* non-insoluble
    errors if there are *any* insoluble errors, anywhere, but that seems
    too drastic.

    Note [Must simplify after defaulting]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We may have a deeply buried constraint
        (t:*) ~ (a:Open)
    which we couldn't solve because of the kind incompatibility, and 'a' is free.
    Then when we default 'a' we can solve the constraint.  And we want to do
    that before starting in on type classes.  We MUST do it before reporting
    errors, because it isn't an error!  Trac #7967 was due to this.

    Note [Top-level Defaulting Plan]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We have considered two design choices for where/when to apply defaulting.
       (i) Do it in SimplCheck mode only /whenever/ you try to solve some
           simple constraints, maybe deep inside the context of implications.
           This used to be the case in GHC 7.4.1.
       (ii) Do it in a tight loop at simplifyTop, once all other constraints have
            finished. This is the current story.

    Option (i) had many disadvantages:
       a) Firstly, it was deep inside the actual solver.
       b) Secondly, it was dependent on the context (Infer a type signature,
          or Check a type signature, or Interactive) since we did not want
          to always start defaulting when inferring (though there is an exception to
          this, see Note [Default while Inferring]).
       c) It plainly did not work. Consider typecheck/should_compile/DfltProb2.hs:
              f :: Int -> Bool
              f x = const True (\y -> let w :: a -> a
                                          w a = const a (y+1)
                                      in w y)
          We will get an implication constraint (for beta the type of y):
                   [untch=beta] forall a. 0 => Num beta
          which we really cannot default /while solving/ the implication, since beta is
          untouchable.

    Instead our new defaulting story is to pull defaulting out of the solver loop and
    go with option (ii), implemented at SimplifyTop. Namely:
         - First, have a go at solving the residual constraint of the whole
           program
         - Try to approximate it with a simple constraint
         - Figure out derived defaulting equations for that simple constraint
         - Go round the loop again if you did manage to get some equations

    Now, that has to do with class defaulting. However there exists type variable /kind/
    defaulting. Again this is done at the top-level and the plan is:
         - At the top-level, once you had a go at solving the constraint, do
           figure out /all/ the touchable unification variables of the wanted constraints.
         - Apply defaulting to their kinds

    More details in Note [DefaultTyVar].

    Note [Safe Haskell Overlapping Instances]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In Safe Haskell, we apply an extra restriction to overlapping instances. The
    motive is to prevent untrusted code provided by a third-party, changing the
    behavior of trusted code through type-classes. This is due to the global and
    implicit nature of type-classes that can hide the source of the dictionary.

    Another way to state this is: if a module M compiles without importing another
    module N, changing M to import N shouldn't change the behavior of M.

    Overlapping instances with type-classes can violate this principle. However,
    overlapping instances aren't always unsafe. They are just unsafe when the most
    selected dictionary comes from untrusted code (code compiled with -XSafe) and
    overlaps instances provided by other modules.

    In particular, in Safe Haskell at a call site with overlapping instances, we
    apply the following rule to determine if it is a 'unsafe' overlap:

     1) Most specific instance, I1, defined in an `-XSafe` compiled module.
     2) I1 is an orphan instance or a MPTC.
     3) At least one overlapped instance, Ix, is both:
        A) from a different module than I1
        B) Ix is not marked `OVERLAPPABLE`

    This is a slightly involved heuristic, but captures the situation of an
    imported module N changing the behavior of existing code. For example, if
    condition (2) isn't violated, then the module author M must depend either on a
    type-class or type defined in N.

    Secondly, when should these heuristics be enforced? We enforced them when the
    type-class method call site is in a module marked `-XSafe` or `-XTrustworthy`.
    This allows `-XUnsafe` modules to operate without restriction, and for Safe
    Haskell inferrence to infer modules with unsafe overlaps as unsafe.

    One alternative design would be to also consider if an instance was imported as
    a `safe` import or not and only apply the restriction to instances imported
    safely. However, since instances are global and can be imported through more
    than one path, this alternative doesn't work.

    Note [Safe Haskell Overlapping Instances Implementation]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    How is this implemented? It's complicated! So we'll step through it all:

     1) `InstEnv.lookupInstEnv` -- Performs instance resolution, so this is where
     we check if a particular type-class method call is safe or unsafe. We do this
     through the return type, `ClsInstLookupResult`, where the last parameter is a
     list of instances that are unsafe to overlap. When the method call is safe,
     the list is null.

     2) `TcInteract.matchClassInst` -- This module drives the instance resolution
     / dictionary generation. The return type is `LookupInstResult`, which either
     says no instance matched, or one found, and if it was a safe or unsafe
     overlap.

     3) `TcInteract.doTopReactDict` -- Takes a dictionary / class constraint and
     tries to resolve it by calling (in part) `matchClassInst`. The resolving
     mechanism has a work list (of constraints) that it process one at a time. If
     the constraint can't be resolved, it's added to an inert set. When compiling
     an `-XSafe` or `-XTrustworthy` module, we follow this approach as we know
     compilation should fail. These are handled as normal constraint resolution
     failures from here-on (see step 6).

     Otherwise, we may be inferring safety (or using `-Wunsafe`), and
     compilation should succeed, but print warnings and/or mark the compiled module
     as `-XUnsafe`. In this case, we call `insertSafeOverlapFailureTcS` which adds
     the unsafe (but resolved!) constraint to the `inert_safehask` field of
     `InertCans`.

     4) `TcSimplify.simpl_top` -- Top-level function for driving the simplifier for
     constraint resolution. Once finished, we call `getSafeOverlapFailures` to
     retrieve the list of overlapping instances that were successfully resolved,
     but unsafe. Remember, this is only applicable for generating warnings
     (`-Wunsafe`) or inferring a module unsafe. `-XSafe` and `-XTrustworthy`
     cause compilation failure by not resolving the unsafe constraint at all.
     `simpl_top` returns a list of unresolved constraints (all types), and resolved
     (but unsafe) resolved dictionary constraints.

     5) `TcSimplify.simplifyTop` -- Is the caller of `simpl_top`. For unresolved
     constraints, it calls `TcErrors.reportUnsolved`, while for unsafe overlapping
     instance constraints, it calls `TcErrors.warnAllUnsolved`. Both functions
     convert constraints into a warning message for the user.

     6) `TcErrors.*Unsolved` -- Generates error messages for constraints by
     actually calling `InstEnv.lookupInstEnv` again! Yes, confusing, but all we
     know is the constraint that is unresolved or unsafe. For dictionary, all we
     know is that we need a dictionary of type C, but not what instances are
     available and how they overlap. So we once again call `lookupInstEnv` to
     figure that out so we can generate a helpful error message.

     7) `TcSimplify.simplifyTop` -- In the case of `warnAllUnsolved` for resolved,
     but unsafe dictionary constraints, we collect the generated warning message
     (pop it) and call `TcRnMonad.recordUnsafeInfer` to mark the module we are
     compiling as unsafe, passing the warning message along as the reason.

     8) `TcRnMonad.recordUnsafeInfer` -- Save the unsafe result and reason in an
     IORef called `tcg_safeInfer`.

     9) `HscMain.tcRnModule'` -- Reads `tcg_safeInfer` after type-checking, calling
     `HscMain.markUnsafeInfer` (passing the reason along) when safe-inferrence
     failed.

    Note [No defaulting in the ambiguity check]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When simplifying constraints for the ambiguity check, we use
    solveWantedsAndDrop, not simpl_top, so that we do no defaulting.
    Trac #11947 was an example:
       f :: Num a => Int -> Int
    This is ambiguous of course, but we don't want to default the
    (Num alpha) constraint to (Num Int)!  Doing so gives a defaulting
    warning, but no error.
    -}

    ------------------
    simplifyAmbiguityCheck :: Type -> WantedConstraints -> TcM ()
    simplifyAmbiguityCheck ty wanteds
      = do { traceTc "simplifyAmbiguityCheck {" (text "type = " <+> ppr ty $$ text "wanted = " <+> ppr wanteds)
           ; (final_wc, _) <- runTcS $ solveWantedsAndDrop wanteds
                 -- NB: no defaulting!  See Note [No defaulting in the ambiguity check]

           ; traceTc "End simplifyAmbiguityCheck }" empty

           -- Normally report all errors; but with -XAllowAmbiguousTypes
           -- report only insoluble ones, since they represent genuinely
           -- inaccessible code
           ; allow_ambiguous <- xoptM LangExt.AllowAmbiguousTypes
           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved(ambig) {" empty
           ; tc_lvl <- TcM.getTcLevel
           ; unless (allow_ambiguous && not (insolubleWC tc_lvl final_wc))
                    (discardResult (reportUnsolved final_wc))
           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved(ambig) }" empty

           ; return () }

    ------------------
    simplifyInteractive :: WantedConstraints -> TcM (Bag EvBind)
    simplifyInteractive wanteds
      = traceTc "simplifyInteractive" empty >>
        simplifyTop wanteds

    ------------------
    simplifyDefault :: ThetaType    -- Wanted; has no type variables in it
                    -> TcM ()       -- Succeeds if the constraint is soluble
    simplifyDefault theta
      = do { traceTc "simplifyDefault" empty
           ; wanted <- newWanteds DefaultOrigin theta
           ; unsolved <- simplifyWantedsTcM wanted

           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved {" empty
           -- See Note [Deferring coercion errors to runtime]
           ; reportAllUnsolved unsolved
           ; traceTc "reportUnsolved }" empty

           ; return () }

    ------------------
    tcCheckSatisfiability :: Bag EvVar -> TcM Bool
    -- Return True if satisfiable, False if definitely contradictory
    tcCheckSatisfiability given_ids
      = do { lcl_env <- TcM.getLclEnv
           ; let given_loc = mkGivenLoc topTcLevel UnkSkol lcl_env
           ; (res, _ev_binds) <- runTcS $
                 do { traceTcS "checkSatisfiability {" (ppr given_ids)
                    ; let given_cts = mkGivens given_loc (bagToList given_ids)
                         -- See Note [Superclasses and satisfiability]
                    ; insols <- solveSimpleGivens given_cts
                    ; insols <- try_harder insols
                    ; traceTcS "checkSatisfiability }" (ppr insols)
                    ; return (isEmptyBag insols) }
           ; return res }
     where
        try_harder :: Cts -> TcS Cts
        -- Maybe we have to search up the superclass chain to find
        -- an unsatisfiable constraint.  Example: pmcheck/T3927b.
        -- At the moment we try just once
        try_harder insols
          | not (isEmptyBag insols)   -- We've found that it's definitely unsatisfiable
          = return insols             -- Hurrah -- stop now.
          | otherwise
          = do { pending_given <- getPendingScDicts
               ; new_given <- makeSuperClasses pending_given
               ; solveSimpleGivens new_given }

    {- Note [Superclases and satisfiability]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Expand superclasses before starting, because (Int ~ Bool), has
    (Int ~~ Bool) as a superclass, which in turn has (Int ~N# Bool)
    as a superclass, and it's the latter that is insoluble.  See
    Note [The equality types story] in TysPrim.

    If we fail to prove unsatisfiability we (arbitrarily) try just once to
    find superclasses, using try_harder.  Reason: we might have a type
    signature
       f :: F op (Implements push) => ..
    where F is a type function.  This happened in Trac #3972.

    We could do more than once but we'd have to have /some/ limit: in the
    the recurisve case, we would go on forever in the common case where
    the constraints /are/ satisfiable (Trac #10592 comment:12!).

    For stratightforard situations without type functions the try_harder
    step does nothing.

    ***********************************************************************************
    *                                                                                 *
    *                            Inference
    *                                                                                 *
    ***********************************************************************************

    Note [Inferring the type of a let-bound variable]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider
       f x = rhs

    To infer f's type we do the following:
     * Gather the constraints for the RHS with ambient level *one more than*
       the current one.  This is done by the call
            pushLevelAndCaptureConstraints (tcMonoBinds...)
       in TcBinds.tcPolyInfer

     * Call simplifyInfer to simplify the constraints and decide what to
       quantify over. We pass in the level used for the RHS constraints,
       here called rhs_tclvl.

    This ensures that the implication constraint we generate, if any,
    has a strictly-increased level compared to the ambient level outside
    the let binding.

    -}

    simplifyInfer :: TcLevel               -- Used when generating the constraints
                  -> Bool                  -- Apply monomorphism restriction
                  -> [TcIdSigInfo]         -- Any signatures (possibly partial)
                  -> [(Name, TcTauType)]   -- Variables to be generalised,
                                           -- and their tau-types
                  -> WantedConstraints
                  -> TcM ([TcTyVar],    -- Quantify over these type variables
                          [EvVar],      -- ... and these constraints (fully zonked)
                          TcEvBinds)    -- ... binding these evidence variables
    simplifyInfer rhs_tclvl apply_mr sigs name_taus wanteds
      | isEmptyWC wanteds
      = do { gbl_tvs <- tcGetGlobalTyCoVars
           ; dep_vars <- zonkTcTypesAndSplitDepVars (map snd name_taus)
           ; qtkvs <- quantify_tvs sigs gbl_tvs dep_vars
           ; traceTc "simplifyInfer: empty WC" (ppr name_taus $$ ppr qtkvs)
           ; return (qtkvs, [], emptyTcEvBinds) }

      | otherwise
      = do { traceTc "simplifyInfer {"  $ vcat
                 [ text "sigs =" <+> ppr sigs
                 , text "binds =" <+> ppr name_taus
                 , text "rhs_tclvl =" <+> ppr rhs_tclvl
                 , text "apply_mr =" <+> ppr apply_mr
                 , text "(unzonked) wanted =" <+> ppr wanteds
                 ]

           -- First do full-blown solving
           -- NB: we must gather up all the bindings from doing
           -- this solving; hence (runTcSWithEvBinds ev_binds_var).
           -- And note that since there are nested implications,
           -- calling solveWanteds will side-effect their evidence
           -- bindings, so we can't just revert to the input
           -- constraint.

           ; ev_binds_var <- TcM.newTcEvBinds
           ; wanted_transformed_incl_derivs <- setTcLevel rhs_tclvl $
               do { sig_derived <- concatMapM mkSigDerivedWanteds sigs
                      -- the False says we don't really need to solve all Deriveds
                  ; runTcSWithEvBinds False (Just ev_binds_var) $
                    solveWanteds (wanteds `addSimples` listToBag sig_derived) }
           ; wanted_transformed_incl_derivs <- TcM.zonkWC wanted_transformed_incl_derivs

           -- Find quant_pred_candidates, the predicates that
           -- we'll consider quantifying over
           -- NB: We do not do any defaulting when inferring a type, this can lead
           -- to less polymorphic types, see Note [Default while Inferring]

           ; tc_lcl_env <- TcM.getLclEnv
           ; let wanted_transformed = dropDerivedWC wanted_transformed_incl_derivs
           ; quant_pred_candidates   -- Fully zonked
               <- if insolubleWC rhs_tclvl wanted_transformed_incl_derivs
                  then return []   -- See Note [Quantification with errors]
                                   -- NB: must include derived errors in this test,
                                   --     hence "incl_derivs"

                  else do { let quant_cand = approximateWC False wanted_transformed
                                meta_tvs   = filter isMetaTyVar $
                                             tyCoVarsOfCtsList quant_cand

                          ; gbl_tvs <- tcGetGlobalTyCoVars
                                -- Miminise quant_cand.  We are not interested in any evidence
                                -- produced, because we are going to simplify wanted_transformed
                                -- again later. All we want here are the predicates over which to
                                -- quantify.
                                --
                                -- If any meta-tyvar unifications take place (unlikely),
                                -- we'll pick that up later.

                          -- See Note [Promote _and_ default when inferring]
                          ; let def_tyvar tv
                                  = when (not $ tv `elemVarSet` gbl_tvs) $
                                    defaultTyVar tv
                          ; mapM_ def_tyvar meta_tvs
                          ; mapM_ (promoteTyVar rhs_tclvl) meta_tvs

                          ; WC { wc_simple = simples }
                               <- setTcLevel rhs_tclvl $
                                  runTcSDeriveds       $
                                  solveSimpleWanteds   $
                                  mapBag toDerivedCt quant_cand
                                    -- NB: we don't want evidence,
                                    -- so use Derived constraints

                          ; simples <- TcM.zonkSimples simples

                          ; return [ ctEvPred ev | ct <- bagToList simples
                                                 , let ev = ctEvidence ct ] }

           -- NB: quant_pred_candidates is already fully zonked

           -- Decide what type variables and constraints to quantify
           ; zonked_taus <- mapM (TcM.zonkTcType . snd) name_taus
           ; let zonked_tau_dvs = splitDepVarsOfTypes zonked_taus
           ; (qtvs, bound_theta)
               <- decideQuantification apply_mr sigs name_taus
                                       quant_pred_candidates zonked_tau_dvs

             -- Promote any type variables that are free in the inferred type
             -- of the function:
             --    f :: forall qtvs. bound_theta => zonked_tau
             -- These variables now become free in the envt, and hence will show
             -- up whenever 'f' is called.  They may currently at rhs_tclvl, but
             -- they had better be unifiable at the outer_tclvl!
             -- Example:   envt mentions alpha[1]
             --            tau_ty = beta[2] -> beta[2]
             --            consraints = alpha ~ [beta]
             -- we don't quantify over beta (since it is fixed by envt)
             -- so we must promote it!  The inferred type is just
             --   f :: beta -> beta
           ; zonked_tau_tkvs <- TcM.zonkTyCoVarsAndFV $
                                dVarSetToVarSet (dv_kvs zonked_tau_dvs)
                                `unionVarSet`
                                dVarSetToVarSet (dv_tvs zonked_tau_dvs)
                  -- decideQuantification turned some meta tyvars into
                  -- quantified skolems, so we have to zonk again

           ; let phi_tkvs = tyCoVarsOfTypes bound_theta  -- Already zonked
                            `unionVarSet` zonked_tau_tkvs
                 promote_tkvs = closeOverKinds phi_tkvs `delVarSetList` qtvs

           ; MASSERT2( closeOverKinds promote_tkvs `subVarSet` promote_tkvs
                     , ppr phi_tkvs $$
                       ppr (closeOverKinds phi_tkvs) $$
                       ppr promote_tkvs $$
                       ppr (closeOverKinds promote_tkvs) )
               -- we really don't want a type to be promoted when its kind isn't!

               -- promoteTyVar ignores coercion variables
           ; outer_tclvl <- TcM.getTcLevel
           ; mapM_ (promoteTyVar outer_tclvl) (varSetElems promote_tkvs)

               -- Emit an implication constraint for the
               -- remaining constraints from the RHS
           ; bound_theta_vars <- mapM TcM.newEvVar bound_theta
           ; let skol_info   = InferSkol [ (name, mkSigmaTy [] bound_theta ty)
                                         | (name, ty) <- name_taus ]
                            -- Don't add the quantified variables here, because
                            -- they are also bound in ic_skols and we want them
                            -- to be tidied uniformly

                 implic = Implic { ic_tclvl    = rhs_tclvl
                                 , ic_skols    = qtvs
                                 , ic_no_eqs   = False
                                 , ic_given    = bound_theta_vars
                                 , ic_wanted   = wanted_transformed
                                 , ic_status   = IC_Unsolved
                                 , ic_binds    = Just ev_binds_var
                                 , ic_info     = skol_info
                                 , ic_env      = tc_lcl_env }
           ; emitImplication implic

             -- All done!
           ; traceTc "} simplifyInfer/produced residual implication for quantification" $
             vcat [ text "quant_pred_candidates =" <+> ppr quant_pred_candidates
                  , text "zonked_taus" <+> ppr zonked_taus
                  , text "zonked_tau_dvs=" <+> ppr zonked_tau_dvs
                  , text "promote_tvs=" <+> ppr promote_tkvs
                  , text "bound_theta =" <+> ppr bound_theta
                  , text "qtvs =" <+> ppr qtvs
                  , text "implic =" <+> ppr implic ]

           ; return ( qtvs, bound_theta_vars, TcEvBinds ev_binds_var ) }

    mkSigDerivedWanteds :: TcIdSigInfo -> TcM [Ct]
    -- See Note [Add deriveds for signature contexts]
    mkSigDerivedWanteds (TISI { sig_bndr = PartialSig { sig_name = name }
                              , sig_theta = theta, sig_tau = tau })
     = do { let skol_info = InferSkol [(name, mkSigmaTy [] theta tau)]
          ; loc <- getCtLocM (GivenOrigin skol_info) (Just TypeLevel)
          ; return [ mkNonCanonical (CtDerived { ctev_pred = pred
                                               , ctev_loc = loc })
                   | pred <- theta ] }
    mkSigDerivedWanteds _ = return []

    {- Note [Add deriveds for signature contexts]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider this (Trac #11016):
      f2 :: (?x :: Int) => _
      f2 = ?x
    We'll use plan InferGen because there are holes in the type.  But we want
    to have the (?x :: Int) constraint floating around so that the functional
    dependencies kick in.  Otherwise the occurrence of ?x on the RHS produces
    constraint (?x :: alpha), and we wont unify alpha:=Int.

    Solution: in simplifyInfer, just before simplifying the constraints
    gathered from the RHS, add Derived constraints for the context of any
    type signatures.  This is rare; if there is a type signature we'll usually
    be doing CheckGen.  But it happens for signatures with holes.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Quantification
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Deciding quantification]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    If the monomorphism restriction does not apply, then we quantify as follows:
      * Take the global tyvars, and "grow" them using the equality constraints
        E.g.  if x:alpha is in the environment, and alpha ~ [beta] (which can
              happen because alpha is untouchable here) then do not quantify over
              beta, because alpha fixes beta, and beta is effectively free in
              the environment too
        These are the mono_tvs

      * Take the free vars of the tau-type (zonked_tau_tvs) and "grow" them
        using all the constraints.  These are tau_tvs_plus

      * Use quantifyTyVars to quantify over (tau_tvs_plus - mono_tvs), being
        careful to close over kinds, and to skolemise the quantified tyvars.
        (This actually unifies each quantifies meta-tyvar with a fresh skolem.)
        Result is qtvs.

      * Filter the constraints using pickQuantifiablePreds and the qtvs.
        We have to zonk the constraints first, so they "see" the freshly
        created skolems.

    If the MR does apply, mono_tvs includes all the constrained tyvars --
    including all covars -- and the quantified constraints are empty/insoluble.

    -}

    decideQuantification
      :: Bool                  -- try the MR restriction?
      -> [TcIdSigInfo]
      -> [(Name, TcTauType)]   -- variables to be generalised (for errors only)
      -> [PredType]            -- candidate theta
      -> TcDepVars
      -> TcM ( [TcTyVar]       -- Quantify over these (skolems)
             , [PredType] )    -- and this context (fully zonked)
    -- See Note [Deciding quantification]
    decideQuantification apply_mr sigs name_taus constraints
                         zonked_dvs@(DV { dv_kvs = zonked_tau_kvs, dv_tvs = zonked_tau_tvs })
      | apply_mr     -- Apply the Monomorphism restriction
      = do { gbl_tvs <- tcGetGlobalTyCoVars
           ; let zonked_tkvs = dVarSetToVarSet zonked_tau_kvs `unionVarSet`
                               dVarSetToVarSet zonked_tau_tvs
                 constrained_tvs = tyCoVarsOfTypes constraints `unionVarSet`
                                   filterVarSet isCoVar zonked_tkvs
                 mono_tvs = gbl_tvs `unionVarSet` constrained_tvs
           ; qtvs <- quantify_tvs sigs mono_tvs zonked_dvs

               -- Warn about the monomorphism restriction
           ; warn_mono <- woptM Opt_WarnMonomorphism
           ; let mr_bites = constrained_tvs `intersectsVarSet` zonked_tkvs
           ; warnTc (Reason Opt_WarnMonomorphism) (warn_mono && mr_bites) $
             hang (text "The Monomorphism Restriction applies to the binding"
                   <> plural bndrs <+> text "for" <+> pp_bndrs)
                 2 (text "Consider giving a type signature for"
                    <+> if isSingleton bndrs then pp_bndrs
                                             else text "these binders")

           -- All done
           ; traceTc "decideQuantification 1" (vcat [ppr constraints, ppr gbl_tvs, ppr mono_tvs
                                                    , ppr qtvs, ppr mr_bites])
           ; return (qtvs, []) }

      | otherwise
      = do { gbl_tvs <- tcGetGlobalTyCoVars
           ; let mono_tvs     = growThetaTyVars equality_constraints gbl_tvs
                 tau_tvs_plus = growThetaTyVarsDSet constraints zonked_tau_tvs
                 dvs_plus     = DV { dv_kvs = zonked_tau_kvs, dv_tvs = tau_tvs_plus }
           ; qtvs <- quantify_tvs sigs mono_tvs dvs_plus
              -- We don't grow the kvs, as there's no real need to. Recall
              -- that quantifyTyVars uses the separation between kvs and tvs
              -- only for defaulting, and we don't want (ever) to default a tv
              -- to *. So, don't grow the kvs.

           ; constraints <- TcM.zonkTcTypes constraints
                     -- quantiyTyVars turned some meta tyvars into
                     -- quantified skolems, so we have to zonk again

           ; let theta     = pickQuantifiablePreds
                               (mkVarSet qtvs) (concatMap sig_theta sigs) constraints
                 min_theta = mkMinimalBySCs theta
                   -- See Note [Minimize by Superclasses]

           ; traceTc "decideQuantification 2"
               (vcat [ text "constraints:"  <+> ppr constraints
                     , text "gbl_tvs:"      <+> ppr gbl_tvs
                     , text "mono_tvs:"     <+> ppr mono_tvs
                     , text "zonked_kvs:"   <+> ppr zonked_tau_kvs
                     , text "tau_tvs_plus:" <+> ppr tau_tvs_plus
                     , text "qtvs:"         <+> ppr qtvs
                     , text "min_theta:"    <+> ppr min_theta ])
           ; return (qtvs, min_theta) }
      where
        bndrs    = map fst name_taus
        pp_bndrs = pprWithCommas (quotes . ppr) bndrs
        equality_constraints = filter isEqPred constraints

    quantify_tvs :: [TcIdSigInfo]
                 -> TcTyVarSet   -- the monomorphic tvs
                 -> TcDepVars
                 -> TcM [TcTyVar]
    -- See Note [Which type variables to quantify]
    quantify_tvs sigs mono_tvs dep_tvs@(DV { dv_tvs = tau_tvs })
       -- NB: don't use quantifyZonkedTyVars because the sig stuff might
       -- be unzonked
      = quantifyTyVars (mono_tvs `delVarSetList` sig_qtvs)
                       (dep_tvs { dv_tvs = tau_tvs `extendDVarSetList` sig_qtvs
                                                   `extendDVarSetList` sig_wcs })
                       -- NB: quantifyTyVars zonks its arguments
      where
        sig_qtvs = [ skol | sig <- sigs, (_, skol) <- sig_skols sig ]
        sig_wcs  = [ wc   | TISI { sig_bndr = PartialSig { sig_wcs = wcs } } <- sigs
                          , (_, wc) <- wcs ]

    ------------------
    growThetaTyVars :: ThetaType -> TyCoVarSet -> TyVarSet
    -- See Note [Growing the tau-tvs using constraints]
    -- NB: only returns tyvars, never covars
    growThetaTyVars theta tvs
      | null theta = tvs_only
      | otherwise  = filterVarSet isTyVar $
                     transCloVarSet mk_next seed_tvs
      where
        tvs_only = filterVarSet isTyVar tvs
        seed_tvs = tvs `unionVarSet` tyCoVarsOfTypes ips
        (ips, non_ips) = partition isIPPred theta
                             -- See Note [Inheriting implicit parameters] in TcType

        mk_next :: VarSet -> VarSet -- Maps current set to newly-grown ones
        mk_next so_far = foldr (grow_one so_far) emptyVarSet non_ips
        grow_one so_far pred tvs
           | pred_tvs `intersectsVarSet` so_far = tvs `unionVarSet` pred_tvs
           | otherwise                          = tvs
           where
             pred_tvs = tyCoVarsOfType pred

    ------------------
    growThetaTyVarsDSet :: ThetaType -> DTyCoVarSet -> DTyVarSet
    -- See Note [Growing the tau-tvs using constraints]
    -- NB: only returns tyvars, never covars
    -- It takes a deterministic set of TyCoVars and returns a deterministic set
    -- of TyVars.
    -- The implementation mirrors growThetaTyVars, the only difference is that
    -- it avoids unionDVarSet and uses more efficient extendDVarSetList.
    growThetaTyVarsDSet theta tvs
      | null theta = tvs_only
      | otherwise  = filterDVarSet isTyVar $
                     transCloDVarSet mk_next seed_tvs
      where
        tvs_only = filterDVarSet isTyVar tvs
        seed_tvs = tvs `extendDVarSetList` tyCoVarsOfTypesList ips
        (ips, non_ips) = partition isIPPred theta
                             -- See Note [Inheriting implicit parameters] in TcType

        mk_next :: DVarSet -> DVarSet -- Maps current set to newly-grown ones
        mk_next so_far = foldr (grow_one so_far) emptyDVarSet non_ips
        grow_one so_far pred tvs
           | any (`elemDVarSet` so_far) pred_tvs = tvs `extendDVarSetList` pred_tvs
           | otherwise                           = tvs
           where
             pred_tvs = tyCoVarsOfTypeList pred

    {- Note [Which type variables to quantify]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When choosing type variables to quantify, the basic plan is to
    quantify over all type variables that are
     * free in the tau_tvs, and
     * not forced to be monomorphic (mono_tvs),
       for example by being free in the environment.

    However, for a pattern binding, or with wildcards, we might
    be doing inference *in the presence of a type signature*.
    Mostly, if there is a signature we use CheckGen, not InferGen,
    but with pattern bindings or wildcards we might do InferGen
    and still have a type signature.  For example:
       f :: _ -> a
       f x = ...
    or
       g :: (Eq _a) => _b -> _b
    or
       p :: a -> a
       (p,q) = e
    In all these cases we use plan InferGen, and hence call simplifyInfer.
    But those 'a' variables are skolems, and we should be sure to quantify
    over them, regardless of the monomorphism restriction etc.  If we
    don't, when reporting a type error we panic when we find that a
    skolem isn't bound by any enclosing implication.

    Moreover we must quantify over all wildcards that are not free in
    the environment.  In the case of 'g' for example, silly though it is,
    we want to get the inferred type
       g :: forall t. Eq t => Int -> Int
    and then report ambiguity, rather than *not* quantifying over 't'
    and getting some much more mysterious error later.  A similar case
    is
      h :: F _a -> Int

    That's why we pass sigs to simplifyInfer, and make sure (in
    quantify_tvs) that we do quantify over them.  Trac #10615 is
    a case in point.

    Note [Quantifying over equality constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Should we quantify over an equality constraint (s ~ t)?  In general, we don't.
    Doing so may simply postpone a type error from the function definition site to
    its call site.  (At worst, imagine (Int ~ Bool)).

    However, consider this
             forall a. (F [a] ~ Int) => blah
    Should we quantify over the (F [a] ~ Int)?  Perhaps yes, because at the call
    site we will know 'a', and perhaps we have instance  F [Bool] = Int.
    So we *do* quantify over a type-family equality where the arguments mention
    the quantified variables.

    Note [Growing the tau-tvs using constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    (growThetaTyVars insts tvs) is the result of extending the set
        of tyvars, tvs, using all conceivable links from pred

    E.g. tvs = {a}, preds = {H [a] b, K (b,Int) c, Eq e}
    Then growThetaTyVars preds tvs = {a,b,c}

    Notice that
       growThetaTyVars is conservative       if v might be fixed by vs
                                             => v `elem` grow(vs,C)

    Note [Quantification with errors]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    If we find that the RHS of the definition has some absolutely-insoluble
    constraints, we abandon all attempts to find a context to quantify
    over, and instead make the function fully-polymorphic in whatever
    type we have found.  For two reasons
      a) Minimise downstream errors
      b) Avoid spurious errors from this function

    But NB that we must include *derived* errors in the check. Example:
        (a::*) ~ Int#
    We get an insoluble derived error *~#, and we don't want to discard
    it before doing the isInsolubleWC test!  (Trac #8262)

    Note [Default while Inferring]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Our current plan is that defaulting only happens at simplifyTop and
    not simplifyInfer.  This may lead to some insoluble deferred constraints.
    Example:

    instance D g => C g Int b

    constraint inferred = (forall b. 0 => C gamma alpha b) /\ Num alpha
    type inferred       = gamma -> gamma

    Now, if we try to default (alpha := Int) we will be able to refine the implication to
      (forall b. 0 => C gamma Int b)
    which can then be simplified further to
      (forall b. 0 => D gamma)
    Finally, we /can/ approximate this implication with (D gamma) and infer the quantified
    type:  forall g. D g => g -> g

    Instead what will currently happen is that we will get a quantified type
    (forall g. g -> g) and an implication:
           forall g. 0 => (forall b. 0 => C g alpha b) /\ Num alpha

    Which, even if the simplifyTop defaults (alpha := Int) we will still be left with an
    unsolvable implication:
           forall g. 0 => (forall b. 0 => D g)

    The concrete example would be:
           h :: C g a s => g -> a -> ST s a
           f (x::gamma) = (\_ -> x) (runST (h x (undefined::alpha)) + 1)

    But it is quite tedious to do defaulting and resolve the implication constraints, and
    we have not observed code breaking because of the lack of defaulting in inference, so
    we don't do it for now.

    Note [Minimize by Superclasses]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When we quantify over a constraint, in simplifyInfer we need to
    quantify over a constraint that is minimal in some sense: For
    instance, if the final wanted constraint is (Eq alpha, Ord alpha),
    we'd like to quantify over Ord alpha, because we can just get Eq alpha
    from superclass selection from Ord alpha. This minimization is what
    mkMinimalBySCs does. Then, simplifyInfer uses the minimal constraint
    to check the original wanted.

    Note [Avoid unnecessary constraint simplification]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
        -------- NB NB NB (Jun 12) -------------
        This note not longer applies; see the notes with Trac #4361.
        But I'm leaving it in here so we remember the issue.)
        ----------------------------------------
    When inferring the type of a let-binding, with simplifyInfer,
    try to avoid unnecessarily simplifying class constraints.
    Doing so aids sharing, but it also helps with delicate
    situations like

       instance C t => C [t] where ..

       f :: C [t] => ....
       f x = let g y = ...(constraint C [t])...
             in ...
    When inferring a type for 'g', we don't want to apply the
    instance decl, because then we can't satisfy (C t).  So we
    just notice that g isn't quantified over 't' and partition
    the constraints before simplifying.

    This only half-works, but then let-generalisation only half-works.

    *********************************************************************************
    *                                                                                 *
    *                                 Main Simplifier                                 *
    *                                                                                 *
    ***********************************************************************************

    -}

    simplifyWantedsTcM :: [CtEvidence] -> TcM WantedConstraints
    -- Solve the specified Wanted constraints
    -- Discard the evidence binds
    -- Discards all Derived stuff in result
    -- Postcondition: fully zonked and unflattened constraints
    simplifyWantedsTcM wanted
      = do { traceTc "simplifyWantedsTcM {" (ppr wanted)
           ; (result, _) <- runTcS (solveWantedsAndDrop $ mkSimpleWC wanted)
           ; result <- TcM.zonkWC result
           ; traceTc "simplifyWantedsTcM }" (ppr result)
           ; return result }

    solveWantedsAndDrop :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints
    -- Since solveWanteds returns the residual WantedConstraints,
    -- it should always be called within a runTcS or something similar,
    -- Result is not zonked
    solveWantedsAndDrop wanted
      = do { wc <- solveWanteds wanted
           ; return (dropDerivedWC wc) }

    solveWanteds :: WantedConstraints -> TcS WantedConstraints
    -- so that the inert set doesn't mindlessly propagate.
    -- NB: wc_simples may be wanted /or/ derived now
    solveWanteds wc@(WC { wc_simple = simples, wc_insol = insols, wc_impl = implics })
      = do { traceTcS "solveWanteds {" (ppr wc)

             -- Try the simple bit, including insolubles. Solving insolubles a
             -- second time round is a bit of a waste; but the code is simple
             -- and the program is wrong anyway, and we don't run the danger
             -- of adding Derived insolubles twice; see
             -- TcSMonad Note [Do not add duplicate derived insolubles]
           ; wc1 <- solveSimpleWanteds simples
           ; (no_new_scs, wc1) <- expandSuperClasses wc1
           ; let WC { wc_simple = simples1, wc_insol = insols1, wc_impl = implics1 } = wc1

           ; (floated_eqs, implics2) <- solveNestedImplications (implics `unionBags` implics1)

           ; dflags <- getDynFlags
           ; final_wc <- simpl_loop 0 (solverIterations dflags) floated_eqs no_new_scs
                                    (WC { wc_simple = simples1, wc_impl = implics2
                                        , wc_insol  = insols `unionBags` insols1 })

           ; bb <- TcS.getTcEvBindsMap
           ; traceTcS "solveWanteds }" $
                     vcat [ text "final wc =" <+> ppr final_wc
                          , text "current evbinds  =" <+> ppr (evBindMapBinds bb) ]

           ; return final_wc }

    simpl_loop :: Int -> IntWithInf -> Cts -> Bool
               -> WantedConstraints
               -> TcS WantedConstraints
    simpl_loop n limit floated_eqs no_new_scs
               wc@(WC { wc_simple = simples, wc_insol = insols, wc_impl = implics })
      | isEmptyBag floated_eqs && no_new_scs
      = return wc  -- Done!

      | n `intGtLimit` limit
      = do { -- Add an error (not a warning) if we blow the limit,
             -- Typically if we blow the limit we are going to report some other error
             -- (an unsolved constraint), and we don't want that error to suppress
             -- the iteration limit warning!
             addErrTcS (hang (text "solveWanteds: too many iterations"
                       <+> parens (text "limit =" <+> ppr limit))
                    2 (vcat [ text "Unsolved:" <+> ppr wc
                            , ppUnless (isEmptyBag floated_eqs) $
                              text "Floated equalities:" <+> ppr floated_eqs
                            , ppUnless no_new_scs $
                              text "New superclasses found"
                            , text "Set limit with -fconstraint-solver-iterations=n; n=0 for no limit"
                      ]))
           ; return wc }

      | otherwise
      = do { let n_floated = lengthBag floated_eqs
           ; csTraceTcS $
             text "simpl_loop iteration=" <> int n
             <+> (parens $ hsep [ text "no new scs =" <+> ppr no_new_scs <> comma
                                , int n_floated <+> text "floated eqs" <> comma
                                , int (lengthBag simples) <+> text "simples to solve" ])

           -- solveSimples may make progress if either float_eqs hold
           ; (unifs1, wc1) <- reportUnifications $
                              solveSimpleWanteds (floated_eqs `unionBags` simples)
                                   -- Put floated_eqs first so they get solved first
                                   -- NB: the floated_eqs may include /derived/ equalities
                                   --     arising from fundeps inside an implication

           ; (no_new_scs, wc1) <- expandSuperClasses wc1
           ; let WC { wc_simple = simples1, wc_insol = insols1, wc_impl = implics1 } = wc1

           -- We have already tried to solve the nested implications once
           -- Try again only if we have unified some meta-variables
           -- (which is a bit like adding more givens
           -- See Note [Cutting off simpl_loop]
           ; (floated_eqs2, implics2) <- if unifs1 == 0 && isEmptyBag implics1
                                         then return (emptyBag, implics)
                                         else solveNestedImplications (implics `unionBags` implics1)

           ; simpl_loop (n+1) limit floated_eqs2 no_new_scs
                        (WC { wc_simple = simples1, wc_impl = implics2
                            , wc_insol  = insols `unionBags` insols1 }) }

    expandSuperClasses :: WantedConstraints -> TcS (Bool, WantedConstraints)
    -- If there are any unsolved wanteds, expand one step of superclasses for
    -- unsolved wanteds or givens
    -- See Note [The superclass story] in TcCanonical
    expandSuperClasses wc@(WC { wc_simple = unsolved, wc_insol = insols })
      | not (anyBag superClassesMightHelp unsolved)
      = return (True, wc)
      | otherwise
      = do { traceTcS "expandSuperClasses {" empty
           ; let (pending_wanted, unsolved') = mapAccumBagL get [] unsolved
                 get acc ct = case isPendingScDict ct of
                                Just ct' -> (ct':acc, ct')
                                Nothing  -> (acc,     ct)
           ; pending_given <- getPendingScDicts
           ; if null pending_given && null pending_wanted
             then do { traceTcS "End expandSuperClasses no-op }" empty
                     ; return (True, wc) }
             else
        do { new_given  <- makeSuperClasses pending_given
           ; new_insols <- solveSimpleGivens new_given
           ; new_wanted <- makeSuperClasses pending_wanted
           ; traceTcS "End expandSuperClasses }"
                      (vcat [ text "Given:" <+> ppr pending_given
                            , text "Insols from given:" <+> ppr new_insols
                            , text "Wanted:" <+> ppr new_wanted ])
           ; return (False, wc { wc_simple = unsolved' `unionBags` listToBag new_wanted
                               , wc_insol = insols `unionBags` new_insols }) } }

    solveNestedImplications :: Bag Implication
                            -> TcS (Cts, Bag Implication)
    -- Precondition: the TcS inerts may contain unsolved simples which have
    -- to be converted to givens before we go inside a nested implication.
    solveNestedImplications implics
      | isEmptyBag implics
      = return (emptyBag, emptyBag)
      | otherwise
      = do { traceTcS "solveNestedImplications starting {" empty
           ; (floated_eqs_s, unsolved_implics) <- mapAndUnzipBagM solveImplication implics
           ; let floated_eqs = concatBag floated_eqs_s

           -- ... and we are back in the original TcS inerts
           -- Notice that the original includes the _insoluble_simples so it was safe to ignore
           -- them in the beginning of this function.
           ; traceTcS "solveNestedImplications end }" $
                      vcat [ text "all floated_eqs ="  <+> ppr floated_eqs
                           , text "unsolved_implics =" <+> ppr unsolved_implics ]

           ; return (floated_eqs, catBagMaybes unsolved_implics) }

    solveImplication :: Implication    -- Wanted
                     -> TcS (Cts,      -- All wanted or derived floated equalities: var = type
                             Maybe Implication) -- Simplified implication (empty or singleton)
    -- Precondition: The TcS monad contains an empty worklist and given-only inerts
    -- which after trying to solve this implication we must restore to their original value
    solveImplication imp@(Implic { ic_tclvl  = tclvl
                                 , ic_binds  = m_ev_binds
                                 , ic_skols  = skols
                                 , ic_given  = given_ids
                                 , ic_wanted = wanteds
                                 , ic_info   = info
                                 , ic_status = status
                                 , ic_env    = env })
      | IC_Solved {} <- status
      = return (emptyCts, Just imp)  -- Do nothing

      | otherwise  -- Even for IC_Insoluble it is worth doing more work
                   -- The insoluble stuff might be in one sub-implication
                   -- and other unsolved goals in another; and we want to
                   -- solve the latter as much as possible
      = do { inerts <- getTcSInerts
           ; traceTcS "solveImplication {" (ppr imp $$ text "Inerts" <+> ppr inerts)

             -- Solve the nested constraints
           ; ((no_given_eqs, given_insols, residual_wanted), used_tcvs)
                 <- nestImplicTcS m_ev_binds (mkVarSet (skols ++ given_ids)) tclvl $
                   do { let loc    = mkGivenLoc tclvl info env
                            givens = mkGivens loc given_ids
                      ; given_insols <- solveSimpleGivens givens

                      ; residual_wanted <- solveWanteds wanteds
                            -- solveWanteds, *not* solveWantedsAndDrop, because
                            -- we want to retain derived equalities so we can float
                            -- them out in floatEqualities

                      ; no_eqs <- getNoGivenEqs tclvl skols given_insols
                            -- Call getNoGivenEqs /after/ solveWanteds, because
                            -- solveWanteds can augment the givens, via expandSuperClasses,
                            -- to reveal given superclass equalities

                      ; return (no_eqs, given_insols, residual_wanted) }

           ; (floated_eqs, residual_wanted)
                 <- floatEqualities skols no_given_eqs residual_wanted

           ; traceTcS "solveImplication 2"
               (ppr given_insols $$ ppr residual_wanted $$ ppr used_tcvs)
           ; let final_wanted = residual_wanted `addInsols` given_insols

           ; res_implic <- setImplicationStatus (imp { ic_no_eqs = no_given_eqs
                                                     , ic_wanted = final_wanted })
                                                used_tcvs

           ; evbinds <- TcS.getTcEvBindsMap
           ; traceTcS "solveImplication end }" $ vcat
                 [ text "no_given_eqs =" <+> ppr no_given_eqs
                 , text "floated_eqs =" <+> ppr floated_eqs
                 , text "res_implic =" <+> ppr res_implic
                 , text "implication evbinds = " <+> ppr (evBindMapBinds evbinds) ]

           ; return (floated_eqs, res_implic) }

    ----------------------
    setImplicationStatus :: Implication -> TyCoVarSet  -- needed variables
                         -> TcS (Maybe Implication)
    -- Finalise the implication returned from solveImplication:
    --    * Set the ic_status field
    --    * Trim the ic_wanted field to remove Derived constraints
    -- Return Nothing if we can discard the implication altogether
    setImplicationStatus implic@(Implic { ic_binds = m_ev_binds_var
                                        , ic_info = info
                                        , ic_tclvl  = tc_lvl
                                        , ic_wanted = wc
                                        , ic_given = givens })
                         used_tcvs
     | some_insoluble
     = return $ Just $
       implic { ic_status = IC_Insoluble
              , ic_wanted = wc { wc_simple = pruned_simples
                               , wc_insol  = pruned_insols } }

     | some_unsolved
     = return $ Just $
       implic { ic_status = IC_Unsolved
              , ic_wanted = wc { wc_simple = pruned_simples
                               , wc_insol  = pruned_insols } }

     | otherwise  -- Everything is solved; look at the implications
                  -- See Note [Tracking redundant constraints]
     = do { ev_binds <- case m_ev_binds_var of
                          Just (EvBindsVar ref _) -> TcS.readTcRef ref
                          Nothing                 -> return emptyEvBindMap
          ; let all_needs = neededEvVars ev_binds
                                         (used_tcvs `unionVarSet` implic_needs)

                dead_givens | warnRedundantGivens info
                            = filterOut (`elemVarSet` all_needs) givens
                            | otherwise = []   -- None to report

                final_needs = all_needs `delVarSetList` givens

                discard_entire_implication  -- Can we discard the entire implication?
                  =  null dead_givens           -- No warning from this implication
                  && isEmptyBag pruned_implics  -- No live children
                  && isEmptyVarSet final_needs  -- No needed vars to pass up to parent

                final_status = IC_Solved { ics_need = final_needs
                                         , ics_dead = dead_givens }
                final_implic = implic { ic_status = final_status
                                      , ic_wanted = wc { wc_simple = pruned_simples
                                                       , wc_insol  = pruned_insols
                                                       , wc_impl   = pruned_implics } }
                   -- We can only prune the child implications (pruned_implics)
                   -- in the IC_Solved status case, because only then we can
                   -- accumulate their needed evidence variales into the
                   -- IC_Solved final_status field of the parent implication.

          ; return $ if discard_entire_implication
                     then Nothing
                     else Just final_implic }
     where
       WC { wc_simple = simples, wc_impl = implics, wc_insol = insols } = wc

       some_insoluble = insolubleWC tc_lvl wc
       some_unsolved = not (isEmptyBag simples && isEmptyBag insols)
                     || isNothing mb_implic_needs

       pruned_simples = dropDerivedSimples simples
       pruned_insols  = dropDerivedInsols insols
       pruned_implics = filterBag need_to_keep_implic implics

       mb_implic_needs :: Maybe VarSet
            -- Just vs => all implics are IC_Solved, with 'vs' needed
            -- Nothing => at least one implic is not IC_Solved
       mb_implic_needs   = foldrBag add_implic (Just emptyVarSet) implics
       Just implic_needs = mb_implic_needs

       add_implic implic acc
          | Just vs_acc <- acc
          , IC_Solved { ics_need = vs } <- ic_status implic
          = Just (vs `unionVarSet` vs_acc)
          | otherwise = Nothing

       need_to_keep_implic ic
         | IC_Solved { ics_dead = [] } <- ic_status ic
               -- Fully solved, and no redundant givens to report
         , isEmptyBag (wc_impl (ic_wanted ic))
               -- And no children that might have things to report
         = False
         | otherwise
         = True

    warnRedundantGivens :: SkolemInfo -> Bool
    warnRedundantGivens (SigSkol ctxt _)
      = case ctxt of
           FunSigCtxt _ warn_redundant -> warn_redundant
           ExprSigCtxt                 -> True
           _                           -> False

      -- To think about: do we want to report redundant givens for
      -- pattern synonyms, PatSynSigSkol? c.f Trac #9953, comment:21.
    warnRedundantGivens (InstSkol {}) = True
    warnRedundantGivens _             = False

    neededEvVars :: EvBindMap -> VarSet -> VarSet
    -- Find all the evidence variables that are "needed",
    --    and then delete all those bound by the evidence bindings
    -- See note [Tracking redundant constraints]
    neededEvVars ev_binds initial_seeds
     = needed `minusVarSet` bndrs
     where
       seeds  = foldEvBindMap add_wanted initial_seeds ev_binds
       needed = transCloVarSet also_needs seeds
       bndrs  = foldEvBindMap add_bndr emptyVarSet ev_binds

       add_wanted :: EvBind -> VarSet -> VarSet
       add_wanted (EvBind { eb_is_given = is_given, eb_rhs = rhs }) needs
         | is_given  = needs  -- Add the rhs vars of the Wanted bindings only
         | otherwise = evVarsOfTerm rhs `unionVarSet` needs

       also_needs :: VarSet -> VarSet
       also_needs needs
         = foldVarSet add emptyVarSet needs
         where
           add v needs
            | Just ev_bind <- lookupEvBind ev_binds v
            , EvBind { eb_is_given = is_given, eb_rhs = rhs } <- ev_bind
            , is_given
            = evVarsOfTerm rhs `unionVarSet` needs
            | otherwise
            = needs

       add_bndr :: EvBind -> VarSet -> VarSet
       add_bndr (EvBind { eb_lhs = v }) vs = extendVarSet vs v

    {-
    Note [Tracking redundant constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    With Opt_WarnRedundantConstraints, GHC can report which
    constraints of a type signature (or instance declaration) are
    redundant, and can be omitted.  Here is an overview of how it
    works:

    ----- What is a redundant constraint?

    * The things that can be redundant are precisely the Given
      constraints of an implication.

    * A constraint can be redundant in two different ways:
      a) It is implied by other givens.  E.g.
           f :: (Eq a, Ord a)     => blah   -- Eq a unnecessary
           g :: (Eq a, a~b, Eq b) => blah   -- Either Eq a or Eq b unnecessary
      b) It is not needed by the Wanted constraints covered by the
         implication E.g.
           f :: Eq a => a -> Bool
           f x = True  -- Equality not used

    *  To find (a), when we have two Given constraints,
       we must be careful to drop the one that is a naked variable (if poss).
       So if we have
           f :: (Eq a, Ord a) => blah
       then we may find [G] sc_sel (d1::Ord a) :: Eq a
                        [G] d2 :: Eq a
       We want to discard d2 in favour of the superclass selection from
       the Ord dictionary.  This is done by TcInteract.solveOneFromTheOther
       See Note [Replacement vs keeping].

    * To find (b) we need to know which evidence bindings are 'wanted';
      hence the eb_is_given field on an EvBind.

    ----- How tracking works

    * When the constraint solver finishes solving all the wanteds in
      an implication, it sets its status to IC_Solved

      - The ics_dead field, of IC_Solved, records the subset of this implication's
        ic_given that are redundant (not needed).

      - The ics_need field of IC_Solved then records all the
        in-scope (given) evidence variables bound by the context, that
        were needed to solve this implication, including all its nested
        implications.  (We remove the ic_given of this implication from
        the set, of course.)

    * We compute which evidence variables are needed by an implication
      in setImplicationStatus.  A variable is needed if
        a) it is free in the RHS of a Wanted EvBind,
        b) it is free in the RHS of an EvBind whose LHS is needed,
        c) it is in the ics_need of a nested implication.
        d) it is listed in the tcs_used_tcvs field of the nested TcSEnv

    * We need to be careful not to discard an implication
      prematurely, even one that is fully solved, because we might
      thereby forget which variables it needs, and hence wrongly
      report a constraint as redundant.  But we can discard it once
      its free vars have been incorporated into its parent; or if it
      simply has no free vars. This careful discarding is also
      handled in setImplicationStatus.

    ----- Reporting redundant constraints

    * TcErrors does the actual warning, in warnRedundantConstraints.

    * We don't report redundant givens for *every* implication; only
      for those which reply True to TcSimplify.warnRedundantGivens:

       - For example, in a class declaration, the default method *can*
         use the class constraint, but it certainly doesn't *have* to,
         and we don't want to report an error there.

       - More subtly, in a function definition
           f :: (Ord a, Ord a, Ix a) => a -> a
           f x = rhs
         we do an ambiguity check on the type (which would find that one
         of the Ord a constraints was redundant), and then we check that
         the definition has that type (which might find that both are
         redundant).  We don't want to report the same error twice, so we
         disable it for the ambiguity check.  Hence using two different
         FunSigCtxts, one with the warn-redundant field set True, and the
         other set False in
            - TcBinds.tcSpecPrag
            - TcBinds.tcTySig

      This decision is taken in setImplicationStatus, rather than TcErrors
      so that we can discard implication constraints that we don't need.
      So ics_dead consists only of the *reportable* redundant givens.

    ----- Shortcomings

    Consider (see Trac #9939)
        f2 :: (Eq a, Ord a) => a -> a -> Bool
        -- Ord a redundant, but Eq a is reported
        f2 x y = (x == y)

    We report (Eq a) as redundant, whereas actually (Ord a) is.  But it's
    really not easy to detect that!

    Note [Cutting off simpl_loop]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    It is very important not to iterate in simpl_loop unless there is a chance
    of progress.  Trac #8474 is a classic example:

      * There's a deeply-nested chain of implication constraints.
           ?x:alpha => ?y1:beta1 => ... ?yn:betan => [W] ?x:Int

      * From the innermost one we get a [D] alpha ~ Int,
        but alpha is untouchable until we get out to the outermost one

      * We float [D] alpha~Int out (it is in floated_eqs), but since alpha
        is untouchable, the solveInteract in simpl_loop makes no progress

      * So there is no point in attempting to re-solve
           ?yn:betan => [W] ?x:Int
        via solveNestedImplications, because we'll just get the
        same [D] again

      * If we *do* re-solve, we'll get an ininite loop. It is cut off by
        the fixed bound of 10, but solving the next takes 10*10*...*10 (ie
        exponentially many) iterations!

    Conclusion: we should call solveNestedImplications only if we did
    some unifiction in solveSimpleWanteds; because that's the only way
    we'll get more Givens (a unificaiton is like adding a Given) to
    allow the implication to make progress.
    -}

    promoteTyVar :: TcLevel -> TcTyVar  -> TcM ()
    -- When we float a constraint out of an implication we must restore
    -- invariant (MetaTvInv) in Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables] in TcType
    -- See Note [Promoting unification variables]
    promoteTyVar tclvl tv
      | isFloatedTouchableMetaTyVar tclvl tv
      = do { cloned_tv <- TcM.cloneMetaTyVar tv
           ; let rhs_tv = setMetaTyVarTcLevel cloned_tv tclvl
           ; TcM.writeMetaTyVar tv (mkTyVarTy rhs_tv) }
      | otherwise
      = return ()

    promoteTyVarTcS :: TcLevel -> TcTyVar  -> TcS ()
    -- When we float a constraint out of an implication we must restore
    -- invariant (MetaTvInv) in Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables] in TcType
    -- See Note [Promoting unification variables]
    -- We don't just call promoteTyVar because we want to use unifyTyVar,
    -- not writeMetaTyVar
    promoteTyVarTcS tclvl tv
      | isFloatedTouchableMetaTyVar tclvl tv
      = do { cloned_tv <- TcS.cloneMetaTyVar tv
           ; let rhs_tv = setMetaTyVarTcLevel cloned_tv tclvl
           ; unifyTyVar tv (mkTyVarTy rhs_tv) }
      | otherwise
      = return ()

    -- | If the tyvar is a RuntimeRep var, set it to PtrRepLifted. Returns whether or
    -- not this happened.
    defaultTyVar :: TcTyVar -> TcM ()
    -- Precondition: MetaTyVars only
    -- See Note [DefaultTyVar]
    defaultTyVar the_tv
      | isRuntimeRepVar the_tv
      = do { traceTc "defaultTyVar RuntimeRep" (ppr the_tv)
           ; writeMetaTyVar the_tv ptrRepLiftedTy }

      | otherwise = return ()    -- The common case

    -- | Like 'defaultTyVar', but in the TcS monad.
    defaultTyVarTcS :: TcTyVar -> TcS Bool
    defaultTyVarTcS the_tv
      | isRuntimeRepVar the_tv
      = do { traceTcS "defaultTyVarTcS RuntimeRep" (ppr the_tv)
           ; unifyTyVar the_tv ptrRepLiftedTy
           ; return True }
      | otherwise
      = return False  -- the common case

    approximateWC :: Bool -> WantedConstraints -> Cts
    -- Postcondition: Wanted or Derived Cts
    -- See Note [ApproximateWC]
    approximateWC float_past_equalities wc
      = float_wc emptyVarSet wc
      where
        float_wc :: TcTyCoVarSet -> WantedConstraints -> Cts
        float_wc trapping_tvs (WC { wc_simple = simples, wc_impl = implics })
          = filterBag is_floatable simples `unionBags`
            do_bag (float_implic new_trapping_tvs) implics
          where
            is_floatable ct = tyCoVarsOfCt ct `disjointVarSet` new_trapping_tvs
            new_trapping_tvs = transCloVarSet grow trapping_tvs

            grow :: VarSet -> VarSet  -- Maps current trapped tyvars to newly-trapped ones
            grow so_far = foldrBag (grow_one so_far) emptyVarSet simples
            grow_one so_far ct tvs
              | ct_tvs `intersectsVarSet` so_far = tvs `unionVarSet` ct_tvs
              | otherwise                        = tvs
              where
                ct_tvs = tyCoVarsOfCt ct

        float_implic :: TcTyCoVarSet -> Implication -> Cts
        float_implic trapping_tvs imp
          | float_past_equalities || ic_no_eqs imp
          = float_wc new_trapping_tvs (ic_wanted imp)
          | otherwise   -- Take care with equalities
          = emptyCts    -- See (1) under Note [ApproximateWC]
          where
            new_trapping_tvs = trapping_tvs `extendVarSetList` ic_skols imp
        do_bag :: (a -> Bag c) -> Bag a -> Bag c
        do_bag f = foldrBag (unionBags.f) emptyBag

    {- Note [ApproximateWC]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    approximateWC takes a constraint, typically arising from the RHS of a
    let-binding whose type we are *inferring*, and extracts from it some
    *simple* constraints that we might plausibly abstract over.  Of course
    the top-level simple constraints are plausible, but we also float constraints
    out from inside, if they are not captured by skolems.

    The same function is used when doing type-class defaulting (see the call
    to applyDefaultingRules) to extract constraints that that might be defaulted.

    There are two caveats:

    1.  When infering most-general types (in simplifyInfer), we do *not*
        float anything out if the implication binds equality constraints,
        because that defeats the OutsideIn story.  Consider
           data T a where
             TInt :: T Int
             MkT :: T a

           f TInt = 3::Int

        We get the implication (a ~ Int => res ~ Int), where so far we've decided
          f :: T a -> res
        We don't want to float (res~Int) out because then we'll infer
          f :: T a -> Int
        which is only on of the possible types. (GHC 7.6 accidentally *did*
        float out of such implications, which meant it would happily infer
        non-principal types.)

       HOWEVER (Trac #12797) in findDefaultableGroups we are not worried about
       the most-general type; and we /do/ want to float out of equalities.
       Hence the boolean flag to approximateWC.

    2. We do not float out an inner constraint that shares a type variable
       (transitively) with one that is trapped by a skolem.  Eg
           forall a.  F a ~ beta, Integral beta
       We don't want to float out (Integral beta).  Doing so would be bad
       when defaulting, because then we'll default beta:=Integer, and that
       makes the error message much worse; we'd get
           Can't solve  F a ~ Integer
       rather than
           Can't solve  Integral (F a)

       Moreover, floating out these "contaminated" constraints doesn't help
       when generalising either. If we generalise over (Integral b), we still
       can't solve the retained implication (forall a. F a ~ b).  Indeed,
       arguably that too would be a harder error to understand.

    Note [DefaultTyVar]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    defaultTyVar is used on any un-instantiated meta type variables to
    default any RuntimeRep variables to PtrRepLifted.  This is important
    to ensure that instance declarations match.  For example consider

         instance Show (a->b)
         foo x = show (\_ -> True)

    Then we'll get a constraint (Show (p ->q)) where p has kind (TYPE r),
    and that won't match the typeKind (*) in the instance decl.  See tests
    tc217 and tc175.

    We look only at touchable type variables. No further constraints
    are going to affect these type variables, so it's time to do it by
    hand.  However we aren't ready to default them fully to () or
    whatever, because the type-class defaulting rules have yet to run.

    An alternate implementation would be to emit a derived constraint setting
    the RuntimeRep variable to PtrRepLifted, but this seems unnecessarily indirect.

    Note [Promote _and_ default when inferring]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When we are inferring a type, we simplify the constraint, and then use
    approximateWC to produce a list of candidate constraints.  Then we MUST

      a) Promote any meta-tyvars that have been floated out by
         approximateWC, to restore invariant (MetaTvInv) described in
         Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables] in TcType.

      b) Default the kind of any meta-tyyvars that are not mentioned in
         in the environment.

    To see (b), suppose the constraint is (C ((a :: OpenKind) -> Int)), and we
    have an instance (C ((x:*) -> Int)).  The instance doesn't match -- but it
    should!  If we don't solve the constraint, we'll stupidly quantify over
    (C (a->Int)) and, worse, in doing so zonkQuantifiedTyVar will quantify over
    (b:*) instead of (a:OpenKind), which can lead to disaster; see Trac #7332.
    Trac #7641 is a simpler example.

    Note [Promoting unification variables]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When we float an equality out of an implication we must "promote" free
    unification variables of the equality, in order to maintain Invariant
    (MetaTvInv) from Note [TcLevel and untouchable type variables] in TcType.  for the
    leftover implication.

    This is absolutely necessary. Consider the following example. We start
    with two implications and a class with a functional dependency.

        class C x y | x -> y
        instance C [a] [a]

        (I1)      [untch=beta]forall b. 0 => F Int ~ [beta]
        (I2)      [untch=beta]forall c. 0 => F Int ~ [[alpha]] /\ C beta [c]

    We float (F Int ~ [beta]) out of I1, and we float (F Int ~ [[alpha]]) out of I2.
    They may react to yield that (beta := [alpha]) which can then be pushed inwards
    the leftover of I2 to get (C [alpha] [a]) which, using the FunDep, will mean that
    (alpha := a). In the end we will have the skolem 'b' escaping in the untouchable
    beta! Concrete example is in indexed_types/should_fail/ExtraTcsUntch.hs:

        class C x y | x -> y where
         op :: x -> y -> ()

        instance C [a] [a]

        type family F a :: *

        h :: F Int -> ()
        h = undefined

        data TEx where
          TEx :: a -> TEx

        f (x::beta) =
            let g1 :: forall b. b -> ()
                g1 _ = h [x]
                g2 z = case z of TEx y -> (h [[undefined]], op x [y])
            in (g1 '3', g2 undefined)

    Note [Solving Family Equations]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    After we are done with simplification we may be left with constraints of the form:
         [Wanted] F xis ~ beta
    If 'beta' is a touchable unification variable not already bound in the TyBinds
    then we'd like to create a binding for it, effectively "defaulting" it to be 'F xis'.

    When is it ok to do so?
        1) 'beta' must not already be defaulted to something. Example:

               [Wanted] F Int  ~ beta   <~ Will default [beta := F Int]
               [Wanted] F Char ~ beta   <~ Already defaulted, can't default again. We
                                           have to report this as unsolved.

        2) However, we must still do an occurs check when defaulting (F xis ~ beta), to
           set [beta := F xis] only if beta is not among the free variables of xis.

        3) Notice that 'beta' can't be bound in ty binds already because we rewrite RHS
           of type family equations. See Inert Set invariants in TcInteract.

    This solving is now happening during zonking, see Note [Unflattening while zonking]
    in TcMType.

    *********************************************************************************
    *                                                                               *
    *                          Floating equalities                                  *
    *                                                                               *
    *********************************************************************************

    Note [Float Equalities out of Implications]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    For ordinary pattern matches (including existentials) we float
    equalities out of implications, for instance:
         data T where
           MkT :: Eq a => a -> T
         f x y = case x of MkT _ -> (y::Int)
    We get the implication constraint (x::T) (y::alpha):
         forall a. [untouchable=alpha] Eq a => alpha ~ Int
    We want to float out the equality into a scope where alpha is no
    longer untouchable, to solve the implication!

    But we cannot float equalities out of implications whose givens may
    yield or contain equalities:

          data T a where
            T1 :: T Int
            T2 :: T Bool
            T3 :: T a

          h :: T a -> a -> Int

          f x y = case x of
                    T1 -> y::Int
                    T2 -> y::Bool
                    T3 -> h x y

    We generate constraint, for (x::T alpha) and (y :: beta):
       [untouchables = beta] (alpha ~ Int => beta ~ Int)   -- From 1st branch
       [untouchables = beta] (alpha ~ Bool => beta ~ Bool) -- From 2nd branch
       (alpha ~ beta)                                      -- From 3rd branch

    If we float the equality (beta ~ Int) outside of the first implication and
    the equality (beta ~ Bool) out of the second we get an insoluble constraint.
    But if we just leave them inside the implications, we unify alpha := beta and
    solve everything.

    Principle:
        We do not want to float equalities out which may
        need the given *evidence* to become soluble.

    Consequence: classes with functional dependencies don't matter (since there is
    no evidence for a fundep equality), but equality superclasses do matter (since
    they carry evidence).
    -}

    floatEqualities :: [TcTyVar] -> Bool
                    -> WantedConstraints
                    -> TcS (Cts, WantedConstraints)
    -- Main idea: see Note [Float Equalities out of Implications]
    --
    -- Precondition: the wc_simple of the incoming WantedConstraints are
    --               fully zonked, so that we can see their free variables
    --
    -- Postcondition: The returned floated constraints (Cts) are only
    --                Wanted or Derived
    --
    -- Also performs some unifications (via promoteTyVar), adding to
    -- monadically-carried ty_binds. These will be used when processing
    -- floated_eqs later
    --
    -- Subtleties: Note [Float equalities from under a skolem binding]
    --             Note [Skolem escape]
    floatEqualities skols no_given_eqs
                    wanteds@(WC { wc_simple = simples })
      | not no_given_eqs  -- There are some given equalities, so don't float
      = return (emptyBag, wanteds)   -- Note [Float Equalities out of Implications]
      | otherwise
      = do { outer_tclvl <- TcS.getTcLevel
           ; mapM_ (promoteTyVarTcS outer_tclvl)
                   (tyCoVarsOfCtsList float_eqs)
               -- See Note [Promoting unification variables]

           ; traceTcS "floatEqualities" (vcat [ text "Skols =" <+> ppr skols
                                              , text "Simples =" <+> ppr simples
                                              , text "Floated eqs =" <+> ppr float_eqs])
           ; return ( float_eqs
                    , wanteds { wc_simple = remaining_simples } ) }
      where
        skol_set = mkVarSet skols
        (float_eqs, remaining_simples) = partitionBag (usefulToFloat is_useful) simples
        is_useful pred = tyCoVarsOfType pred `disjointVarSet` skol_set

    usefulToFloat :: (TcPredType -> Bool) -> Ct -> Bool
    usefulToFloat is_useful_pred ct   -- The constraint is un-flattened and de-canonicalised
      = is_meta_var_eq pred && is_useful_pred pred
      where
        pred = ctPred ct

          -- Float out alpha ~ ty, or ty ~ alpha
          -- which might be unified outside
          -- See Note [Which equalities to float]
        is_meta_var_eq pred
          | EqPred NomEq ty1 ty2 <- classifyPredType pred
          = case (tcGetTyVar_maybe ty1, tcGetTyVar_maybe ty2) of
              (Just tv1, _) -> float_tv_eq tv1 ty2
              (_, Just tv2) -> float_tv_eq tv2 ty1
              _             -> False
          | otherwise
          = False

        float_tv_eq tv1 ty2  -- See Note [Which equalities to float]
          =  isMetaTyVar tv1
          && (not (isSigTyVar tv1) || isTyVarTy ty2)

    {- Note [Float equalities from under a skolem binding]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Which of the simple equalities can we float out?  Obviously, only
    ones that don't mention the skolem-bound variables.  But that is
    over-eager. Consider
       [2] forall a. F a beta[1] ~ gamma[2], G beta[1] gamma[2] ~ Int
    The second constraint doesn't mention 'a'.  But if we float it,
    we'll promote gamma[2] to gamma'[1].  Now suppose that we learn that
    beta := Bool, and F a Bool = a, and G Bool _ = Int.  Then we'll
    we left with the constraint
       [2] forall a. a ~ gamma'[1]
    which is insoluble because gamma became untouchable.

    Solution: float only constraints that stand a jolly good chance of
    being soluble simply by being floated, namely ones of form
          a ~ ty
    where 'a' is a currently-untouchable unification variable, but may
    become touchable by being floated (perhaps by more than one level).

    We had a very complicated rule previously, but this is nice and
    simple.  (To see the notes, look at this Note in a version of
    TcSimplify prior to Oct 2014).

    Note [Which equalities to float]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Which equalities should we float?  We want to float ones where there
    is a decent chance that floating outwards will allow unification to
    happen.  In particular:

       Float out equalities of form (alpaha ~ ty) or (ty ~ alpha), where

       * alpha is a meta-tyvar.

       * And 'alpha' is not a SigTv with 'ty' being a non-tyvar.  In that
         case, floating out won't help either, and it may affect grouping
         of error messages.

    Note [Skolem escape]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    You might worry about skolem escape with all this floating.
    For example, consider
        [2] forall a. (a ~ F beta[2] delta,
                       Maybe beta[2] ~ gamma[1])

    The (Maybe beta ~ gamma) doesn't mention 'a', so we float it, and
    solve with gamma := beta. But what if later delta:=Int, and
      F b Int = b.
    Then we'd get a ~ beta[2], and solve to get beta:=a, and now the
    skolem has escaped!

    But it's ok: when we float (Maybe beta[2] ~ gamma[1]), we promote beta[2]
    to beta[1], and that means the (a ~ beta[1]) will be stuck, as it should be.

    *********************************************************************************
    *                                                                               *
    *                          Defaulting and disamgiguation                        *
    *                                                                               *
    *********************************************************************************
    -}

    applyDefaultingRules :: WantedConstraints -> TcS Bool
    -- True <=> I did some defaulting, by unifying a meta-tyvar
    -- Imput WantedConstraints are not necessarily zonked

    applyDefaultingRules wanteds
      | isEmptyWC wanteds
      = return False
      | otherwise
      = do { info@(default_tys, _) <- getDefaultInfo
           ; wanteds               <- TcS.zonkWC wanteds

           ; let groups = findDefaultableGroups info wanteds

           ; traceTcS "applyDefaultingRules {" $
                      vcat [ text "wanteds =" <+> ppr wanteds
                           , text "groups  =" <+> ppr groups
                           , text "info    =" <+> ppr info ]

           ; something_happeneds <- mapM (disambigGroup default_tys) groups

           ; traceTcS "applyDefaultingRules }" (ppr something_happeneds)

           ; return (or something_happeneds) }

    findDefaultableGroups
        :: ( [Type]
           , (Bool,Bool) )     -- (Overloaded strings, extended default rules)
        -> WantedConstraints   -- Unsolved (wanted or derived)
        -> [(TyVar, [Ct])]
    findDefaultableGroups (default_tys, (ovl_strings, extended_defaults)) wanteds
      | null default_tys
      = []
      | otherwise
      = [ (tv, map fstOf3 group)
        | group@((_,_,tv):_) <- unary_groups
        , defaultable_tyvar tv
        , defaultable_classes (map sndOf3 group) ]
      where
        simples                = approximateWC True wanteds
        (unaries, non_unaries) = partitionWith find_unary (bagToList simples)
        unary_groups           = equivClasses cmp_tv unaries

        unary_groups :: [[(Ct, Class, TcTyVar)]]  -- (C tv) constraints
        unaries      ::  [(Ct, Class, TcTyVar)]   -- (C tv) constraints
        non_unaries  :: [Ct]                      -- and *other* constraints

            -- Finds unary type-class constraints
            -- But take account of polykinded classes like Typeable,
            -- which may look like (Typeable * (a:*))   (Trac #8931)
        find_unary cc
            | Just (cls,tys)   <- getClassPredTys_maybe (ctPred cc)
            , [ty] <- filterOutInvisibleTypes (classTyCon cls) tys
                  -- Ignore invisible arguments for this purpose
            , Just tv <- tcGetTyVar_maybe ty
            , isMetaTyVar tv  -- We might have runtime-skolems in GHCi, and
                              -- we definitely don't want to try to assign to those!
            = Left (cc, cls, tv)
        find_unary cc = Right cc  -- Non unary or non dictionary

        bad_tvs :: TcTyCoVarSet  -- TyVars mentioned by non-unaries
        bad_tvs = mapUnionVarSet tyCoVarsOfCt non_unaries

        cmp_tv (_,_,tv1) (_,_,tv2) = tv1 `compare` tv2

        defaultable_tyvar tv
            = let b1 = isTyConableTyVar tv  -- Note [Avoiding spurious errors]
                  b2 = not (tv `elemVarSet` bad_tvs)
              in b1 && b2

        defaultable_classes clss
            | extended_defaults = any isInteractiveClass clss
            | otherwise         = all is_std_class clss && (any is_num_class clss)

        -- In interactive mode, or with -XExtendedDefaultRules,
        -- we default Show a to Show () to avoid graututious errors on "show []"
        isInteractiveClass cls
            = is_num_class cls || (classKey cls `elem` [showClassKey, eqClassKey
                                                       , ordClassKey, foldableClassKey
                                                       , traversableClassKey])

        is_num_class cls = isNumericClass cls || (ovl_strings && (cls `hasKey` isStringClassKey))
        -- is_num_class adds IsString to the standard numeric classes,
        -- when -foverloaded-strings is enabled

        is_std_class cls = isStandardClass cls || (ovl_strings && (cls `hasKey` isStringClassKey))
        -- Similarly is_std_class

    ------------------------------
    disambigGroup :: [Type]            -- The default types
                  -> (TcTyVar, [Ct])   -- All classes of the form (C a)
                                       --  sharing same type variable
                  -> TcS Bool   -- True <=> something happened, reflected in ty_binds

    disambigGroup [] _
      = return False
    disambigGroup (default_ty:default_tys) group@(the_tv, wanteds)
      = do { traceTcS "disambigGroup {" (vcat [ ppr default_ty, ppr the_tv, ppr wanteds ])
           ; fake_ev_binds_var <- TcS.newTcEvBinds
           ; tclvl             <- TcS.getTcLevel
           ; (success, _) <- nestImplicTcS (Just fake_ev_binds_var) emptyVarSet
                                           (pushTcLevel tclvl) try_group

           ; if success then
                 -- Success: record the type variable binding, and return
                 do { unifyTyVar the_tv default_ty
                    ; wrapWarnTcS $ warnDefaulting wanteds default_ty
                    ; traceTcS "disambigGroup succeeded }" (ppr default_ty)
                    ; return True }
             else
                 -- Failure: try with the next type
                 do { traceTcS "disambigGroup failed, will try other default types }"
                               (ppr default_ty)
                    ; disambigGroup default_tys group } }
      where
        try_group
          | Just subst <- mb_subst
          = do { lcl_env <- TcS.getLclEnv
               ; let loc = CtLoc { ctl_origin = GivenOrigin UnkSkol
                                 , ctl_env    = lcl_env
                                 , ctl_t_or_k = Nothing
                                 , ctl_depth  = initialSubGoalDepth }
               ; wanted_evs <- mapM (newWantedEvVarNC loc . substTy subst . ctPred)
                                    wanteds
               ; fmap isEmptyWC $
                 solveSimpleWanteds $ listToBag $
                 map mkNonCanonical wanted_evs }

          | otherwise
          = return False

        the_ty   = mkTyVarTy the_tv
        mb_subst = tcMatchTy the_ty default_ty
          -- Make sure the kinds match too; hence this call to tcMatchTy
          -- E.g. suppose the only constraint was (Typeable k (a::k))
          -- With the addition of polykinded defaulting we also want to reject
          -- ill-kinded defaulting attempts like (Eq []) or (Foldable Int) here.

    {-
    Note [Avoiding spurious errors]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    When doing the unification for defaulting, we check for skolem
    type variables, and simply don't default them.  For example:
       f = (*)      -- Monomorphic
       g :: Num a => a -> a
       g x = f x x
    Here, we get a complaint when checking the type signature for g,
    that g isn't polymorphic enough; but then we get another one when
    dealing with the (Num a) context arising from f's definition;
    we try to unify a with Int (to default it), but find that it's
    already been unified with the rigid variable from g's type sig.
    -}