    -- (c) The University of Glasgow 2006
    --
    -- FamInstEnv: Type checked family instance declarations

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP, GADTs, ScopedTypeVariables #-}

    module FamInstEnv (
            FamInst(..), FamFlavor(..), famInstAxiom, famInstTyCon, famInstRHS,
            famInstsRepTyCons, famInstRepTyCon_maybe, dataFamInstRepTyCon,
            pprFamInst, pprFamInsts,
            mkImportedFamInst,

            FamInstEnvs, FamInstEnv, emptyFamInstEnv, emptyFamInstEnvs,
            extendFamInstEnv, deleteFromFamInstEnv, extendFamInstEnvList,
            identicalFamInstHead, famInstEnvElts, familyInstances,

            -- * CoAxioms
            mkCoAxBranch, mkBranchedCoAxiom, mkUnbranchedCoAxiom, mkSingleCoAxiom,
            mkNewTypeCoAxiom,

            FamInstMatch(..),
            lookupFamInstEnv, lookupFamInstEnvConflicts, lookupFamInstEnvByTyCon,

            isDominatedBy, apartnessCheck,

            -- Injectivity
            InjectivityCheckResult(..),
            lookupFamInstEnvInjectivityConflicts, injectiveBranches,

            -- Normalisation
            topNormaliseType, topNormaliseType_maybe,
            normaliseType, normaliseTcApp,
            reduceTyFamApp_maybe,

            -- Flattening
            flattenTys
        ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import Unify
    import Type
    import TyCoRep
    import TyCon
    import Coercion
    import CoAxiom
    import VarSet
    import VarEnv
    import Name
    import PrelNames ( eqPrimTyConKey )
    import UniqFM
    import Outputable
    import Maybes
    import TrieMap
    import Unique
    import Util
    import Var
    import Pair
    import SrcLoc
    import FastString
    import MonadUtils
    import Control.Monad
    import Data.Function ( on )
    import Data.List( mapAccumL )

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
              Type checked family instance heads
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [FamInsts and CoAxioms]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    * CoAxioms and FamInsts are just like
      DFunIds  and ClsInsts

    * A CoAxiom is a System-FC thing: it can relate any two types

    * A FamInst is a Haskell source-language thing, corresponding
      to a type/data family instance declaration.
        - The FamInst contains a CoAxiom, which is the evidence
          for the instance

        - The LHS of the CoAxiom is always of form F ty1 .. tyn
          where F is a type family
    -}

    data FamInst  -- See Note [FamInsts and CoAxioms]
      = FamInst { fi_axiom  :: CoAxiom Unbranched -- The new coercion axiom
                                                  -- introduced by this family
                                                  -- instance
                     -- INVARIANT: apart from freshening (see below)
                     --    fi_tvs = cab_tvs of the (single) axiom branch
                     --    fi_cvs = cab_cvs ...ditto...
                     --    fi_tys = cab_lhs ...ditto...
                     --    fi_rhs = cab_rhs ...ditto...

                , fi_flavor :: FamFlavor

                -- Everything below here is a redundant,
                -- cached version of the two things above
                -- except that the TyVars are freshened
                , fi_fam   :: Name          -- Family name

                    -- Used for "rough matching"; same idea as for class instances
                    -- See Note [Rough-match field] in InstEnv
                , fi_tcs   :: [Maybe Name]  -- Top of type args
                    -- INVARIANT: fi_tcs = roughMatchTcs fi_tys

                -- Used for "proper matching"; ditto
                , fi_tvs :: [TyVar]      -- Template tyvars for full match
                , fi_cvs :: [CoVar]      -- Template covars for full match
                     -- Like ClsInsts, these variables are always fresh
                     -- See Note [Template tyvars are fresh] in InstEnv

                , fi_tys    :: [Type]       --   The LHS type patterns
                -- May be eta-reduced; see Note [Eta reduction for data families]

                , fi_rhs :: Type         --   the RHS, with its freshened vars
                }

    data FamFlavor
      = SynFamilyInst         -- A synonym family
      | DataFamilyInst TyCon  -- A data family, with its representation TyCon

    {- Note [Eta reduction for data families]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider this
       data family T a b :: *
       newtype instance T Int a = MkT (IO a) deriving( Monad )
    We'd like this to work.

    From the 'newtype instance' you might think we'd get:
       newtype TInt a = MkT (IO a)
       axiom ax1 a :: T Int a ~ TInt a   -- The newtype-instance part
       axiom ax2 a :: TInt a ~ IO a      -- The newtype part

    But now what can we do?  We have this problem
       Given:   d  :: Monad IO
       Wanted:  d' :: Monad (T Int) = d |> ????
    What coercion can we use for the ???

    Solution: eta-reduce both axioms, thus:
       axiom ax1 :: T Int ~ TInt
       axiom ax2 :: TInt ~ IO
    Now
       d' = d |> Monad (sym (ax2 ; ax1))

    This eta reduction happens for data instances as well as newtype
    instances. Here we want to eta-reduce the data family axiom.
    All this is done in TcInstDcls.tcDataFamInstDecl.

    See also Note [Newtype eta] in TyCon.

    Bottom line:
      For a FamInst with fi_flavour = DataFamilyInst rep_tc,
      - fi_tvs may be shorter than tyConTyVars of rep_tc
      - fi_tys may be shorter than tyConArity of the family tycon
           i.e. LHS is unsaturated
      - fi_rhs will be (rep_tc fi_tvs)
           i.e. RHS is un-saturated

      But when fi_flavour = SynFamilyInst,
      - fi_tys has the exact arity of the family tycon
    -}

    -- Obtain the axiom of a family instance
    famInstAxiom :: FamInst -> CoAxiom Unbranched
    famInstAxiom = fi_axiom

    -- Split the left-hand side of the FamInst
    famInstSplitLHS :: FamInst -> (TyCon, [Type])
    famInstSplitLHS (FamInst { fi_axiom = axiom, fi_tys = lhs })
      = (coAxiomTyCon axiom, lhs)

    -- Get the RHS of the FamInst
    famInstRHS :: FamInst -> Type
    famInstRHS = fi_rhs

    -- Get the family TyCon of the FamInst
    famInstTyCon :: FamInst -> TyCon
    famInstTyCon = coAxiomTyCon . famInstAxiom

    -- Return the representation TyCons introduced by data family instances, if any
    famInstsRepTyCons :: [FamInst] -> [TyCon]
    famInstsRepTyCons fis = [tc | FamInst { fi_flavor = DataFamilyInst tc } <- fis]

    -- Extracts the TyCon for this *data* (or newtype) instance
    famInstRepTyCon_maybe :: FamInst -> Maybe TyCon
    famInstRepTyCon_maybe fi
      = case fi_flavor fi of
           DataFamilyInst tycon -> Just tycon
           SynFamilyInst        -> Nothing

    dataFamInstRepTyCon :: FamInst -> TyCon
    dataFamInstRepTyCon fi
      = case fi_flavor fi of
           DataFamilyInst tycon -> tycon
           SynFamilyInst        -> pprPanic "dataFamInstRepTyCon" (ppr fi)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Pretty printing
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    instance NamedThing FamInst where
       getName = coAxiomName . fi_axiom

    instance Outputable FamInst where
       ppr = pprFamInst

    -- Prints the FamInst as a family instance declaration
    -- NB: FamInstEnv.pprFamInst is used only for internal, debug printing
    --     See pprTyThing.pprFamInst for printing for the user
    pprFamInst :: FamInst -> SDoc
    pprFamInst famInst
      = hang (pprFamInstHdr famInst) 2 (ifPprDebug debug_stuff)
      where
        ax = fi_axiom famInst
        debug_stuff = vcat [ text "Coercion axiom:" <+> ppr ax
                           , text "Tvs:" <+> ppr (fi_tvs famInst)
                           , text "LHS:" <+> ppr (fi_tys famInst)
                           , text "RHS:" <+> ppr (fi_rhs famInst) ]

    pprFamInstHdr :: FamInst -> SDoc
    pprFamInstHdr fi@(FamInst {fi_flavor = flavor})
      = pprTyConSort <+> pp_instance <+> pp_head
      where
        -- For *associated* types, say "type T Int = blah"
        -- For *top level* type instances, say "type instance T Int = blah"
        pp_instance
          | isTyConAssoc fam_tc = empty
          | otherwise           = text "instance"

        (fam_tc, etad_lhs_tys) = famInstSplitLHS fi
        vanilla_pp_head = pprTypeApp fam_tc etad_lhs_tys

        pp_head | DataFamilyInst rep_tc <- flavor
                , isAlgTyCon rep_tc
                , let extra_tvs = dropList etad_lhs_tys (tyConTyVars rep_tc)
                , not (null extra_tvs)
                = getPprStyle $ \ sty ->
                  if debugStyle sty
                  then vanilla_pp_head   -- With -dppr-debug just show it as-is
                  else pprTypeApp fam_tc (etad_lhs_tys ++ mkTyVarTys extra_tvs)
                         -- Without -dppr-debug, eta-expand
                         -- See Trac #8674
                         -- (This is probably over the top now that we use this
                         --  only for internal debug printing; PprTyThing.pprFamInst
                         --  is used for user-level printing.)
                | otherwise
                = vanilla_pp_head

        pprTyConSort = case flavor of
                         SynFamilyInst        -> text "type"
                         DataFamilyInst tycon
                           | isDataTyCon     tycon -> text "data"
                           | isNewTyCon      tycon -> text "newtype"
                           | isAbstractTyCon tycon -> text "data"
                           | otherwise             -> text "WEIRD" <+> ppr tycon

    pprFamInsts :: [FamInst] -> SDoc
    pprFamInsts finsts = vcat (map pprFamInst finsts)

    {-
    Note [Lazy axiom match]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    It is Vitally Important that mkImportedFamInst is *lazy* in its axiom
    parameter. The axiom is loaded lazily, via a forkM, in TcIface. Sometime
    later, mkImportedFamInst is called using that axiom. However, the axiom
    may itself depend on entities which are not yet loaded as of the time
    of the mkImportedFamInst. Thus, if mkImportedFamInst eagerly looks at the
    axiom, a dependency loop spontaneously appears and GHC hangs. The solution
    is simply for mkImportedFamInst never, ever to look inside of the axiom
    until everything else is good and ready to do so. We can assume that this
    readiness has been achieved when some other code pulls on the axiom in the
    FamInst. Thus, we pattern match on the axiom lazily (in the where clause,
    not in the parameter list) and we assert the consistency of names there
    also.
    -}

    -- Make a family instance representation from the information found in an
    -- interface file.  In particular, we get the rough match info from the iface
    -- (instead of computing it here).
    mkImportedFamInst :: Name               -- Name of the family
                      -> [Maybe Name]       -- Rough match info
                      -> CoAxiom Unbranched -- Axiom introduced
                      -> FamInst            -- Resulting family instance
    mkImportedFamInst fam mb_tcs axiom
      = FamInst {
          fi_fam    = fam,
          fi_tcs    = mb_tcs,
          fi_tvs    = tvs,
          fi_cvs    = cvs,
          fi_tys    = tys,
          fi_rhs    = rhs,
          fi_axiom  = axiom,
          fi_flavor = flavor }
      where
         -- See Note [Lazy axiom match]
         ~(CoAxBranch { cab_lhs = tys
                      , cab_tvs = tvs
                      , cab_cvs = cvs
                      , cab_rhs = rhs }) = coAxiomSingleBranch axiom

             -- Derive the flavor for an imported FamInst rather disgustingly
             -- Maybe we should store it in the IfaceFamInst?
         flavor = case splitTyConApp_maybe rhs of
                    Just (tc, _)
                      | Just ax' <- tyConFamilyCoercion_maybe tc
                      , ax' == axiom
                      -> DataFamilyInst tc
                    _ -> SynFamilyInst

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    FamInstEnv
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [FamInstEnv]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    A FamInstEnv maps a family name to the list of known instances for that family.

    The same FamInstEnv includes both 'data family' and 'type family' instances.
    Type families are reduced during type inference, but not data families;
    the user explains when to use a data family instance by using contructors
    and pattern matching.

    Nevertheless it is still useful to have data families in the FamInstEnv:

     - For finding overlaps and conflicts

     - For finding the representation type...see FamInstEnv.topNormaliseType
       and its call site in Simplify

     - In standalone deriving instance Eq (T [Int]) we need to find the
       representation type for T [Int]

    Note [Varying number of patterns for data family axioms]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    For data families, the number of patterns may vary between instances.
    For example
       data family T a b
       data instance T Int a = T1 a | T2
       data instance T Bool [a] = T3 a

    Then we get a data type for each instance, and an axiom:
       data TInt a = T1 a | T2
       data TBoolList a = T3 a

       axiom ax7   :: T Int ~ TInt   -- Eta-reduced
       axiom ax8 a :: T Bool [a] ~ TBoolList a

    These two axioms for T, one with one pattern, one with two;
    see Note [Eta reduction for data families]
    -}

    type FamInstEnv = UniqFM FamilyInstEnv  -- Maps a family to its instances
         -- See Note [FamInstEnv]

    type FamInstEnvs = (FamInstEnv, FamInstEnv)
         -- External package inst-env, Home-package inst-env

    newtype FamilyInstEnv
      = FamIE [FamInst]     -- The instances for a particular family, in any order

    instance Outputable FamilyInstEnv where
      ppr (FamIE fs) = text "FamIE" <+> vcat (map ppr fs)

    -- INVARIANTS:
    --  * The fs_tvs are distinct in each FamInst
    --      of a range value of the map (so we can safely unify them)

    emptyFamInstEnvs :: (FamInstEnv, FamInstEnv)
    emptyFamInstEnvs = (emptyFamInstEnv, emptyFamInstEnv)

    emptyFamInstEnv :: FamInstEnv
    emptyFamInstEnv = emptyUFM

    famInstEnvElts :: FamInstEnv -> [FamInst]
    famInstEnvElts fi = [elt | FamIE elts <- eltsUFM fi, elt <- elts]

    familyInstances :: (FamInstEnv, FamInstEnv) -> TyCon -> [FamInst]
    familyInstances (pkg_fie, home_fie) fam
      = get home_fie ++ get pkg_fie
      where
        get env = case lookupUFM env fam of
                    Just (FamIE insts) -> insts
                    Nothing                      -> []

    extendFamInstEnvList :: FamInstEnv -> [FamInst] -> FamInstEnv
    extendFamInstEnvList inst_env fis = foldl extendFamInstEnv inst_env fis

    extendFamInstEnv :: FamInstEnv -> FamInst -> FamInstEnv
    extendFamInstEnv inst_env
                     ins_item@(FamInst {fi_fam = cls_nm})
      = addToUFM_C add inst_env cls_nm (FamIE [ins_item])
      where
        add (FamIE items) _ = FamIE (ins_item:items)

    deleteFromFamInstEnv :: FamInstEnv -> FamInst -> FamInstEnv
    -- Used only for overriding in GHCi
    deleteFromFamInstEnv inst_env fam_inst@(FamInst {fi_fam = fam_nm})
     = adjustUFM adjust inst_env fam_nm
     where
       adjust :: FamilyInstEnv -> FamilyInstEnv
       adjust (FamIE items)
         = FamIE (filterOut (identicalFamInstHead fam_inst) items)

    identicalFamInstHead :: FamInst -> FamInst -> Bool
    -- ^ True when the LHSs are identical
    -- Used for overriding in GHCi
    identicalFamInstHead (FamInst { fi_axiom = ax1 }) (FamInst { fi_axiom = ax2 })
      =  coAxiomTyCon ax1 == coAxiomTyCon ax2
      && numBranches brs1 == numBranches brs2
      && and ((zipWith identical_branch `on` fromBranches) brs1 brs2)
      where
        brs1 = coAxiomBranches ax1
        brs2 = coAxiomBranches ax2

        identical_branch br1 br2
          =  isJust (tcMatchTys lhs1 lhs2)
          && isJust (tcMatchTys lhs2 lhs1)
          where
            lhs1 = coAxBranchLHS br1
            lhs2 = coAxBranchLHS br2

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Compatibility
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Apartness]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In dealing with closed type families, we must be able to check that one type
    will never reduce to another. This check is called /apartness/. The check
    is always between a target (which may be an arbitrary type) and a pattern.
    Here is how we do it:

    apart(target, pattern) = not (unify(flatten(target), pattern))

    where flatten (implemented in flattenTys, below) converts all type-family
    applications into fresh variables. (See Note [Flattening].)

    Note [Compatibility]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Two patterns are /compatible/ if either of the following conditions hold:
    1) The patterns are apart.
    2) The patterns unify with a substitution S, and their right hand sides
    equal under that substitution.

    For open type families, only compatible instances are allowed. For closed
    type families, the story is slightly more complicated. Consider the following:

    type family F a where
      F Int = Bool
      F a   = Int

    g :: Show a => a -> F a
    g x = length (show x)

    Should that type-check? No. We need to allow for the possibility that 'a'
    might be Int and therefore 'F a' should be Bool. We can simplify 'F a' to Int
    only when we can be sure that 'a' is not Int.

    To achieve this, after finding a possible match within the equations, we have to
    go back to all previous equations and check that, under the
    substitution induced by the match, other branches are surely apart. (See
    Note [Apartness].) This is similar to what happens with class
    instance selection, when we need to guarantee that there is only a match and
    no unifiers. The exact algorithm is different here because the the
    potentially-overlapping group is closed.

    As another example, consider this:

    type family G x where
      G Int = Bool
      G a   = Double

    type family H y
    -- no instances

    Now, we want to simplify (G (H Char)). We can't, because (H Char) might later
    simplify to be Int. So, (G (H Char)) is stuck, for now.

    While everything above is quite sound, it isn't as expressive as we'd like.
    Consider this:

    type family J a where
      J Int = Int
      J a   = a

    Can we simplify (J b) to b? Sure we can. Yes, the first equation matches if
    b is instantiated with Int, but the RHSs coincide there, so it's all OK.

    So, the rule is this: when looking up a branch in a closed type family, we
    find a branch that matches the target, but then we make sure that the target
    is apart from every previous *incompatible* branch. We don't check the
    branches that are compatible with the matching branch, because they are either
    irrelevant (clause 1 of compatible) or benign (clause 2 of compatible).
    -}

    -- See Note [Compatibility]
    compatibleBranches :: CoAxBranch -> CoAxBranch -> Bool
    compatibleBranches (CoAxBranch { cab_lhs = lhs1, cab_rhs = rhs1 })
                       (CoAxBranch { cab_lhs = lhs2, cab_rhs = rhs2 })
      = case tcUnifyTysFG (const BindMe) lhs1 lhs2 of
          SurelyApart -> True
          Unifiable subst
            | Type.substTyAddInScope subst rhs1 `eqType`
              Type.substTyAddInScope subst rhs2
            -> True
          _ -> False

    -- | Result of testing two type family equations for injectiviy.
    data InjectivityCheckResult
       = InjectivityAccepted
        -- ^ Either RHSs are distinct or unification of RHSs leads to unification of
        -- LHSs
       | InjectivityUnified CoAxBranch CoAxBranch
        -- ^ RHSs unify but LHSs don't unify under that substitution.  Relevant for
        -- closed type families where equation after unification might be
        -- overlpapped (in which case it is OK if they don't unify).  Constructor
        -- stores axioms after unification.

    -- | Check whether two type family axioms don't violate injectivity annotation.
    injectiveBranches :: [Bool] -> CoAxBranch -> CoAxBranch
                      -> InjectivityCheckResult
    injectiveBranches injectivity
                      ax1@(CoAxBranch { cab_lhs = lhs1, cab_rhs = rhs1 })
                      ax2@(CoAxBranch { cab_lhs = lhs2, cab_rhs = rhs2 })
      -- See Note [Verifying injectivity annotation]. This function implements first
      -- check described there.
      = let getInjArgs  = filterByList injectivity
        in case tcUnifyTyWithTFs True rhs1 rhs2 of -- True = two-way pre-unification
           Nothing -> InjectivityAccepted -- RHS are different, so equations are
                                          -- injective.
           Just subst -> -- RHS unify under a substitution
            let lhs1Subst = Type.substTys subst (getInjArgs lhs1)
                lhs2Subst = Type.substTys subst (getInjArgs lhs2)
            -- If LHSs are equal under the substitution used for RHSs then this pair
            -- of equations does not violate injectivity annotation. If LHSs are not
            -- equal under that substitution then this pair of equations violates
            -- injectivity annotation, but for closed type families it still might
            -- be the case that one LHS after substitution is unreachable.
            in if eqTypes lhs1Subst lhs2Subst
               then InjectivityAccepted
               else InjectivityUnified ( ax1 { cab_lhs = Type.substTys subst lhs1
                                             , cab_rhs = Type.substTy  subst rhs1 })
                                       ( ax2 { cab_lhs = Type.substTys subst lhs2
                                             , cab_rhs = Type.substTy  subst rhs2 })

    -- takes a CoAxiom with unknown branch incompatibilities and computes
    -- the compatibilities
    -- See Note [Storing compatibility] in CoAxiom
    computeAxiomIncomps :: [CoAxBranch] -> [CoAxBranch]
    computeAxiomIncomps branches
      = snd (mapAccumL go [] branches)
      where
        go :: [CoAxBranch] -> CoAxBranch -> ([CoAxBranch], CoAxBranch)
        go prev_brs cur_br
           = (cur_br : prev_brs, new_br)
           where
             new_br = cur_br { cab_incomps = mk_incomps prev_brs cur_br }

        mk_incomps :: [CoAxBranch] -> CoAxBranch -> [CoAxBranch]
        mk_incomps prev_brs cur_br
           = filter (not . compatibleBranches cur_br) prev_brs

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
               Constructing axioms
        These functions are here because tidyType / tcUnifyTysFG
        are not available in CoAxiom

        Also computeAxiomIncomps is too sophisticated for CoAxiom
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Tidy axioms when we build them]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We print out axioms and don't want to print stuff like
        F k k a b = ...
    Instead we must tidy those kind variables.  See Trac #7524.
    -}

    -- all axiom roles are Nominal, as this is only used with type families
    mkCoAxBranch :: [TyVar] -- original, possibly stale, tyvars
                 -> [CoVar] -- possibly stale covars
                 -> [Type]  -- LHS patterns
                 -> Type    -- RHS
                 -> [Role]
                 -> SrcSpan
                 -> CoAxBranch
    mkCoAxBranch tvs cvs lhs rhs roles loc
      = CoAxBranch { cab_tvs     = tvs1
                   , cab_cvs     = cvs1
                   , cab_lhs     = tidyTypes env lhs
                   , cab_roles   = roles
                   , cab_rhs     = tidyType  env rhs
                   , cab_loc     = loc
                   , cab_incomps = placeHolderIncomps }
      where
        (env1, tvs1) = tidyTyCoVarBndrs emptyTidyEnv tvs
        (env,  cvs1) = tidyTyCoVarBndrs env1         cvs
        -- See Note [Tidy axioms when we build them]

    -- all of the following code is here to avoid mutual dependencies with
    -- Coercion
    mkBranchedCoAxiom :: Name -> TyCon -> [CoAxBranch] -> CoAxiom Branched
    mkBranchedCoAxiom ax_name fam_tc branches
      = CoAxiom { co_ax_unique   = nameUnique ax_name
                , co_ax_name     = ax_name
                , co_ax_tc       = fam_tc
                , co_ax_role     = Nominal
                , co_ax_implicit = False
                , co_ax_branches = manyBranches (computeAxiomIncomps branches) }

    mkUnbranchedCoAxiom :: Name -> TyCon -> CoAxBranch -> CoAxiom Unbranched
    mkUnbranchedCoAxiom ax_name fam_tc branch
      = CoAxiom { co_ax_unique   = nameUnique ax_name
                , co_ax_name     = ax_name
                , co_ax_tc       = fam_tc
                , co_ax_role     = Nominal
                , co_ax_implicit = False
                , co_ax_branches = unbranched (branch { cab_incomps = [] }) }

    mkSingleCoAxiom :: Role -> Name
                    -> [TyVar] -> [CoVar] -> TyCon -> [Type] -> Type
                    -> CoAxiom Unbranched
    -- Make a single-branch CoAxiom, incluidng making the branch itself
    -- Used for both type family (Nominal) and data family (Representational)
    -- axioms, hence passing in the Role
    mkSingleCoAxiom role ax_name tvs cvs fam_tc lhs_tys rhs_ty
      = CoAxiom { co_ax_unique   = nameUnique ax_name
                , co_ax_name     = ax_name
                , co_ax_tc       = fam_tc
                , co_ax_role     = role
                , co_ax_implicit = False
                , co_ax_branches = unbranched (branch { cab_incomps = [] }) }
      where
        branch = mkCoAxBranch tvs cvs lhs_tys rhs_ty
                              (map (const Nominal) tvs)
                              (getSrcSpan ax_name)

    -- | Create a coercion constructor (axiom) suitable for the given
    --   newtype 'TyCon'. The 'Name' should be that of a new coercion
    --   'CoAxiom', the 'TyVar's the arguments expected by the @newtype@ and
    --   the type the appropriate right hand side of the @newtype@, with
    --   the free variables a subset of those 'TyVar's.
    mkNewTypeCoAxiom :: Name -> TyCon -> [TyVar] -> [Role] -> Type -> CoAxiom Unbranched
    mkNewTypeCoAxiom name tycon tvs roles rhs_ty
      = CoAxiom { co_ax_unique   = nameUnique name
                , co_ax_name     = name
                , co_ax_implicit = True  -- See Note [Implicit axioms] in TyCon
                , co_ax_role     = Representational
                , co_ax_tc       = tycon
                , co_ax_branches = unbranched (branch { cab_incomps = [] }) }
      where
        branch = mkCoAxBranch tvs [] (mkTyVarTys tvs) rhs_ty
                              roles (getSrcSpan name)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Looking up a family instance
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    @lookupFamInstEnv@ looks up in a @FamInstEnv@, using a one-way match.
    Multiple matches are only possible in case of type families (not data
    families), and then, it doesn't matter which match we choose (as the
    instances are guaranteed confluent).

    We return the matching family instances and the type instance at which it
    matches.  For example, if we lookup 'T [Int]' and have a family instance

      data instance T [a] = ..

    desugared to

      data :R42T a = ..
      coe :Co:R42T a :: T [a] ~ :R42T a

    we return the matching instance '(FamInst{.., fi_tycon = :R42T}, Int)'.
    -}

    -- when matching a type family application, we get a FamInst,
    -- and the list of types the axiom should be applied to
    data FamInstMatch = FamInstMatch { fim_instance :: FamInst
                                     , fim_tys      :: [Type]
                                     , fim_cos      :: [Coercion]
                                     }
      -- See Note [Over-saturated matches]

    instance Outputable FamInstMatch where
      ppr (FamInstMatch { fim_instance = inst
                        , fim_tys      = tys
                        , fim_cos      = cos })
        = text "match with" <+> parens (ppr inst) <+> ppr tys <+> ppr cos

    lookupFamInstEnvByTyCon :: FamInstEnvs -> TyCon -> [FamInst]
    lookupFamInstEnvByTyCon (pkg_ie, home_ie) fam_tc
      = get pkg_ie ++ get home_ie
      where
        get ie = case lookupUFM ie fam_tc of
                   Nothing          -> []
                   Just (FamIE fis) -> fis

    lookupFamInstEnv
        :: FamInstEnvs
        -> TyCon -> [Type]          -- What we are looking for
        -> [FamInstMatch]           -- Successful matches
    -- Precondition: the tycon is saturated (or over-saturated)

    lookupFamInstEnv
       = lookup_fam_inst_env match
       where
         match _ _ tpl_tys tys = tcMatchTys tpl_tys tys

    lookupFamInstEnvConflicts
        :: FamInstEnvs
        -> FamInst          -- Putative new instance
        -> [FamInstMatch]   -- Conflicting matches (don't look at the fim_tys field)
    -- E.g. when we are about to add
    --    f : type instance F [a] = a->a
    -- we do (lookupFamInstConflicts f [b])
    -- to find conflicting matches
    --
    -- Precondition: the tycon is saturated (or over-saturated)

    lookupFamInstEnvConflicts envs fam_inst@(FamInst { fi_axiom = new_axiom })
      = lookup_fam_inst_env my_unify envs fam tys
      where
        (fam, tys) = famInstSplitLHS fam_inst
            -- In example above,   fam tys' = F [b]

        my_unify (FamInst { fi_axiom = old_axiom }) tpl_tvs tpl_tys _
           = ASSERT2( tyCoVarsOfTypes tys `disjointVarSet` tpl_tvs,
                      (ppr fam <+> ppr tys) $$
                      (ppr tpl_tvs <+> ppr tpl_tys) )
                    -- Unification will break badly if the variables overlap
                    -- They shouldn't because we allocate separate uniques for them
             if compatibleBranches (coAxiomSingleBranch old_axiom) new_branch
               then Nothing
               else Just noSubst
          -- Note [Family instance overlap conflicts]

        noSubst = panic "lookupFamInstEnvConflicts noSubst"
        new_branch = coAxiomSingleBranch new_axiom

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    --                 Type family injectivity checking bits                      --
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    {- Note [Verifying injectivity annotation]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    Injectivity means that the RHS of a type family uniquely determines the LHS (see
    Note [Type inference for type families with injectivity]).  User informs about
    injectivity using an injectivity annotation and it is GHC's task to verify that
    that annotation is correct wrt. to type family equations. Whenever we see a new
    equation of a type family we need to make sure that adding this equation to
    already known equations of a type family does not violate injectivity annotation
    supplied by the user (see Note [Injectivity annotation]).  Of course if the type
    family has no injectivity annotation then no check is required.  But if a type
    family has injectivity annotation we need to make sure that the following
    conditions hold:

    1. For each pair of *different* equations of a type family, one of the following
       conditions holds:

       A:  RHSs are different.

       B1: OPEN TYPE FAMILIES: If the RHSs can be unified under some substitution
           then it must be possible to unify the LHSs under the same substitution.
           Example:

              type family FunnyId a = r | r -> a
              type instance FunnyId Int = Int
              type instance FunnyId a = a

           RHSs of these two equations unify under [ a |-> Int ] substitution.
           Under this substitution LHSs are equal therefore these equations don't
           violate injectivity annotation.

       B2: CLOSED TYPE FAMILIES: If the RHSs can be unified under some
           substitution then either the LHSs unify under the same substitution or
           the LHS of the latter equation is overlapped by earlier equations.
           Example 1:

              type family SwapIntChar a = r | r -> a where
                  SwapIntChar Int  = Char
                  SwapIntChar Char = Int
                  SwapIntChar a    = a

           Say we are checking the last two equations. RHSs unify under [ a |->
           Int ] substitution but LHSs don't. So we apply the substitution to LHS
           of last equation and check whether it is overlapped by any of previous
           equations. Since it is overlapped by the first equation we conclude
           that pair of last two equations does not violate injectivity
           annotation.

       A special case of B is when RHSs unify with an empty substitution ie. they
       are identical.

       If any of the above two conditions holds we conclude that the pair of
       equations does not violate injectivity annotation. But if we find a pair
       of equations where neither of the above holds we report that this pair
       violates injectivity annotation because for a given RHS we don't have a
       unique LHS. (Note that (B) actually implies (A).)

       Note that we only take into account these LHS patterns that were declared
       as injective.

    2. If a RHS of a type family equation is a bare type variable then
       all LHS variables (including implicit kind variables) also have to be bare.
       In other words, this has to be a sole equation of that type family and it has
       to cover all possible patterns.  So for example this definition will be
       rejected:

          type family W1 a = r | r -> a
          type instance W1 [a] = a

       If it were accepted we could call `W1 [W1 Int]`, which would reduce to
       `W1 Int` and then by injectivity we could conclude that `[W1 Int] ~ Int`,
       which is bogus.

    3. If a RHS of a type family equation is a type family application then the type
       family is rejected as not injective.

    4. If a LHS type variable that is declared as injective is not mentioned on
       injective position in the RHS then the type family is rejected as not
       injective.  "Injective position" means either an argument to a type
       constructor or argument to a type family on injective position.

    See also Note [Injective type families] in TyCon
    -}

    -- | Check whether an open type family equation can be added to already existing
    -- instance environment without causing conflicts with supplied injectivity
    -- annotations.  Returns list of conflicting axioms (type instance
    -- declarations).
    lookupFamInstEnvInjectivityConflicts
        :: [Bool]         -- injectivity annotation for this type family instance
                          -- INVARIANT: list contains at least one True value
        ->  FamInstEnvs   -- all type instances seens so far
        ->  FamInst       -- new type instance that we're checking
        -> [CoAxBranch]   -- conflicting instance delcarations
    lookupFamInstEnvInjectivityConflicts injList (pkg_ie, home_ie)
                                 fam_inst@(FamInst { fi_axiom = new_axiom })
      -- See Note [Verifying injectivity annotation]. This function implements
      -- check (1.B1) for open type families described there.
      = lookup_inj_fam_conflicts home_ie ++ lookup_inj_fam_conflicts pkg_ie
        where
          fam        = famInstTyCon fam_inst
          new_branch = coAxiomSingleBranch new_axiom

          -- filtering function used by `lookup_inj_fam_conflicts` to check whether
          -- a pair of equations conflicts with the injectivity annotation.
          isInjConflict (FamInst { fi_axiom = old_axiom })
              | InjectivityAccepted <-
                injectiveBranches injList (coAxiomSingleBranch old_axiom) new_branch
              = False -- no conflict
              | otherwise = True

          lookup_inj_fam_conflicts ie
              | isOpenFamilyTyCon fam, Just (FamIE insts) <- lookupUFM ie fam
              = map (coAxiomSingleBranch . fi_axiom) $
                filter isInjConflict insts
              | otherwise = []

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    --                    Type family overlap checking bits                       --
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    {-
    Note [Family instance overlap conflicts]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    - In the case of data family instances, any overlap is fundamentally a
      conflict (as these instances imply injective type mappings).

    - In the case of type family instances, overlap is admitted as long as
      the right-hand sides of the overlapping rules coincide under the
      overlap substitution.  eg
           type instance F a Int = a
           type instance F Int b = b
      These two overlap on (F Int Int) but then both RHSs are Int,
      so all is well. We require that they are syntactically equal;
      anything else would be difficult to test for at this stage.
    -}

    ------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Might be a one-way match or a unifier
    type MatchFun =  FamInst                -- The FamInst template
                  -> TyVarSet -> [Type]     --   fi_tvs, fi_tys of that FamInst
                  -> [Type]                 -- Target to match against
                  -> Maybe TCvSubst

    lookup_fam_inst_env'          -- The worker, local to this module
        :: MatchFun
        -> FamInstEnv
        -> TyCon -> [Type]        -- What we are looking for
        -> [FamInstMatch]
    lookup_fam_inst_env' match_fun ie fam match_tys
      | isOpenFamilyTyCon fam
      , Just (FamIE insts) <- lookupUFM ie fam
      = find insts    -- The common case
      | otherwise = []
      where

        find [] = []
        find (item@(FamInst { fi_tcs = mb_tcs, fi_tvs = tpl_tvs, fi_cvs = tpl_cvs
                            , fi_tys = tpl_tys }) : rest)
            -- Fast check for no match, uses the "rough match" fields
          | instanceCantMatch rough_tcs mb_tcs
          = find rest

            -- Proper check
          | Just subst <- match_fun item (mkVarSet tpl_tvs) tpl_tys match_tys1
          = (FamInstMatch { fim_instance = item
                          , fim_tys      = substTyVars subst tpl_tvs `chkAppend` match_tys2
                          , fim_cos      = ASSERT( all (isJust . lookupCoVar subst) tpl_cvs )
                                           substCoVars subst tpl_cvs
                          })
            : find rest

            -- No match => try next
          | otherwise
          = find rest

          where
            (rough_tcs, match_tys1, match_tys2) = split_tys tpl_tys

          -- Precondition: the tycon is saturated (or over-saturated)

        -- Deal with over-saturation
        -- See Note [Over-saturated matches]
        split_tys tpl_tys
          | isTypeFamilyTyCon fam
          = pre_rough_split_tys

          | otherwise
          = let (match_tys1, match_tys2) = splitAtList tpl_tys match_tys
                rough_tcs = roughMatchTcs match_tys1
            in (rough_tcs, match_tys1, match_tys2)

        (pre_match_tys1, pre_match_tys2) = splitAt (tyConArity fam) match_tys
        pre_rough_split_tys
          = (roughMatchTcs pre_match_tys1, pre_match_tys1, pre_match_tys2)

    lookup_fam_inst_env           -- The worker, local to this module
        :: MatchFun
        -> FamInstEnvs
        -> TyCon -> [Type]        -- What we are looking for
        -> [FamInstMatch]         -- Successful matches

    -- Precondition: the tycon is saturated (or over-saturated)

    lookup_fam_inst_env match_fun (pkg_ie, home_ie) fam tys
      =  lookup_fam_inst_env' match_fun home_ie fam tys
      ++ lookup_fam_inst_env' match_fun pkg_ie  fam tys

    {-
    Note [Over-saturated matches]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    It's ok to look up an over-saturated type constructor.  E.g.
         type family F a :: * -> *
         type instance F (a,b) = Either (a->b)

    The type instance gives rise to a newtype TyCon (at a higher kind
    which you can't do in Haskell!):
         newtype FPair a b = FP (Either (a->b))

    Then looking up (F (Int,Bool) Char) will return a FamInstMatch
         (FPair, [Int,Bool,Char])
    The "extra" type argument [Char] just stays on the end.

    We handle data families and type families separately here:

     * For type families, all instances of a type family must have the
       same arity, so we can precompute the split between the match_tys
       and the overflow tys. This is done in pre_rough_split_tys.

     * For data family instances, though, we need to re-split for each
       instance, because the breakdown might be different for each
       instance.  Why?  Because of eta reduction; see
       Note [Eta reduction for data families].
    -}

    -- checks if one LHS is dominated by a list of other branches
    -- in other words, if an application would match the first LHS, it is guaranteed
    -- to match at least one of the others. The RHSs are ignored.
    -- This algorithm is conservative:
    --   True -> the LHS is definitely covered by the others
    --   False -> no information
    -- It is currently (Oct 2012) used only for generating errors for
    -- inaccessible branches. If these errors go unreported, no harm done.
    -- This is defined here to avoid a dependency from CoAxiom to Unify
    isDominatedBy :: CoAxBranch -> [CoAxBranch] -> Bool
    isDominatedBy branch branches
      = or $ map match branches
        where
          lhs = coAxBranchLHS branch
          match (CoAxBranch { cab_lhs = tys })
            = isJust $ tcMatchTys tys lhs

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Choosing an axiom application
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    The lookupFamInstEnv function does a nice job for *open* type families,
    but we also need to handle closed ones when normalising a type:
    -}

    reduceTyFamApp_maybe :: FamInstEnvs
                         -> Role              -- Desired role of result coercion
                         -> TyCon -> [Type]
                         -> Maybe (Coercion, Type)
    -- Attempt to do a *one-step* reduction of a type-family application
    --    but *not* newtypes
    -- Works on type-synonym families always; data-families only if
    --     the role we seek is representational
    -- It does *not* normlise the type arguments first, so this may not
    --     go as far as you want. If you want normalised type arguments,
    --     use normaliseTcArgs first.
    --
    -- The TyCon can be oversaturated.
    -- Works on both open and closed families
    --
    -- Always returns a *homogeneous* coercion -- type family reductions are always
    -- homogeneous
    reduceTyFamApp_maybe envs role tc tys
      | Phantom <- role
      = Nothing

      | case role of
          Representational -> isOpenFamilyTyCon     tc
          _                -> isOpenTypeFamilyTyCon tc
           -- If we seek a representational coercion
           -- (e.g. the call in topNormaliseType_maybe) then we can
           -- unwrap data families as well as type-synonym families;
           -- otherwise only type-synonym families
      , FamInstMatch { fim_instance = FamInst { fi_axiom = ax }
                     , fim_tys      = inst_tys
                     , fim_cos      = inst_cos } : _ <- lookupFamInstEnv envs tc tys
          -- NB: Allow multiple matches because of compatible overlap

      = let co = mkUnbranchedAxInstCo role ax inst_tys inst_cos
            ty = pSnd (coercionKind co)
        in Just (co, ty)

      | Just ax <- isClosedSynFamilyTyConWithAxiom_maybe tc
      , Just (ind, inst_tys, inst_cos) <- chooseBranch ax tys
      = let co = mkAxInstCo role ax ind inst_tys inst_cos
            ty = pSnd (coercionKind co)
        in Just (co, ty)

      | Just ax           <- isBuiltInSynFamTyCon_maybe tc
      , Just (coax,ts,ty) <- sfMatchFam ax tys
      = let co = mkAxiomRuleCo coax (zipWith mkReflCo (coaxrAsmpRoles coax) ts)
        in Just (co, ty)

      | otherwise
      = Nothing

    -- The axiom can be oversaturated. (Closed families only.)
    chooseBranch :: CoAxiom Branched -> [Type]
                 -> Maybe (BranchIndex, [Type], [Coercion])  -- found match, with args
    chooseBranch axiom tys
      = do { let num_pats = coAxiomNumPats axiom
                 (target_tys, extra_tys) = splitAt num_pats tys
                 branches = coAxiomBranches axiom
           ; (ind, inst_tys, inst_cos)
               <- findBranch (fromBranches branches) target_tys
           ; return ( ind, inst_tys `chkAppend` extra_tys, inst_cos ) }

    -- The axiom must *not* be oversaturated
    findBranch :: [CoAxBranch]             -- branches to check
               -> [Type]                   -- target types
               -> Maybe (BranchIndex, [Type], [Coercion])
        -- coercions relate requested types to returned axiom LHS at role N
    findBranch branches target_tys
      = go 0 branches
      where
        go ind (branch@(CoAxBranch { cab_tvs = tpl_tvs, cab_cvs = tpl_cvs
                                   , cab_lhs = tpl_lhs
                                   , cab_incomps = incomps }) : rest)
          = let in_scope = mkInScopeSet (unionVarSets $
                                map (tyCoVarsOfTypes . coAxBranchLHS) incomps)
                -- See Note [Flattening] below
                flattened_target = flattenTys in_scope target_tys
            in case tcMatchTys tpl_lhs target_tys of
            Just subst -- matching worked. now, check for apartness.
              |  apartnessCheck flattened_target branch
              -> -- matching worked & we're apart from all incompatible branches.
                 -- success
                 ASSERT( all (isJust . lookupCoVar subst) tpl_cvs )
                 Just (ind, substTyVars subst tpl_tvs, substCoVars subst tpl_cvs)

            -- failure. keep looking
            _ -> go (ind+1) rest

        -- fail if no branches left
        go _ [] = Nothing

    -- | Do an apartness check, as described in the "Closed Type Families" paper
    -- (POPL '14). This should be used when determining if an equation
    -- ('CoAxBranch') of a closed type family can be used to reduce a certain target
    -- type family application.
    apartnessCheck :: [Type]     -- ^ /flattened/ target arguments. Make sure
                                 -- they're flattened! See Note [Flattening].
                                 -- (NB: This "flat" is a different
                                 -- "flat" than is used in TcFlatten.)
                   -> CoAxBranch -- ^ the candidate equation we wish to use
                                 -- Precondition: this matches the target
                   -> Bool       -- ^ True <=> equation can fire
    apartnessCheck flattened_target (CoAxBranch { cab_incomps = incomps })
      = all (isSurelyApart
             . tcUnifyTysFG (const BindMe) flattened_target
             . coAxBranchLHS) incomps
      where
        isSurelyApart SurelyApart = True
        isSurelyApart _           = False

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Looking up a family instance
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Normalising types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The topNormaliseType function removes all occurrences of type families
    and newtypes from the top-level structure of a type. normaliseTcApp does
    the type family lookup and is fairly straightforward. normaliseType is
    a little more involved.

    The complication comes from the fact that a type family might be used in the
    kind of a variable bound in a forall. We wish to remove this type family
    application, but that means coming up with a fresh variable (with the new
    kind). Thus, we need a substitution to be built up as we recur through the
    type. However, an ordinary TCvSubst just won't do: when we hit a type variable
    whose kind has changed during normalisation, we need both the new type
    variable *and* the coercion. We could conjure up a new VarEnv with just this
    property, but a usable substitution environment already exists:
    LiftingContexts from the liftCoSubst family of functions, defined in Coercion.
    A LiftingContext maps a type variable to a coercion and a coercion variable to
    a pair of coercions. Let's ignore coercion variables for now. Because the
    coercion a type variable maps to contains the destination type (via
    coercionKind), we don't need to store that destination type separately. Thus,
    a LiftingContext has what we need: a map from type variables to (Coercion,
    Type) pairs.

    We also benefit because we can piggyback on the liftCoSubstVarBndr function to
    deal with binders. However, I had to modify that function to work with this
    application. Thus, we now have liftCoSubstVarBndrCallback, which takes
    a function used to process the kind of the binder. We don't wish
    to lift the kind, but instead normalise it. So, we pass in a callback function
    that processes the kind of the binder.

    After that brilliant explanation of all this, I'm sure you've forgotten the
    dangling reference to coercion variables. What do we do with those? Nothing at
    all. The point of normalising types is to remove type family applications, but
    there's no sense in removing these from coercions. We would just get back a
    new coercion witnessing the equality between the same types as the original
    coercion. Because coercions are irrelevant anyway, there is no point in doing
    this. So, whenever we encounter a coercion, we just say that it won't change.
    That's what the CoercionTy case is doing within normalise_type.

    -}

    topNormaliseType :: FamInstEnvs -> Type -> Type
    topNormaliseType env ty = case topNormaliseType_maybe env ty of
                                Just (_co, ty') -> ty'
                                Nothing         -> ty

    topNormaliseType_maybe :: FamInstEnvs -> Type -> Maybe (Coercion, Type)

    -- ^ Get rid of *outermost* (or toplevel)
    --      * type function redex
    --      * data family redex
    --      * newtypes
    -- returning an appropriate Representational coercion.  Specifically, if
    --   topNormaliseType_maybe env ty = Maybe (co, ty')
    -- then
    --   (a) co :: ty ~R ty'
    --   (b) ty' is not a newtype, and is not a type-family or data-family redex
    --
    -- However, ty' can be something like (Maybe (F ty)), where
    -- (F ty) is a redex.
    --
    -- Its a bit like Type.repType, but handles type families too

    topNormaliseType_maybe env ty
      = topNormaliseTypeX stepper mkTransCo ty
      where
        stepper = unwrapNewTypeStepper `composeSteppers` tyFamStepper

        tyFamStepper rec_nts tc tys  -- Try to step a type/data familiy
          = let (args_co, ntys) = normaliseTcArgs env Representational tc tys in
              -- NB: It's OK to use normaliseTcArgs here instead of
              -- normalise_tc_args (which takes the LiftingContext described
              -- in Note [Normalising types]) because the reduceTyFamApp below
              -- works only at top level. We'll never recur in this function
              -- after reducing the kind of a bound tyvar.

            case reduceTyFamApp_maybe env Representational tc ntys of
              Just (co, rhs) -> NS_Step rec_nts rhs (args_co `mkTransCo` co)
              _              -> NS_Done

    ---------------
    normaliseTcApp :: FamInstEnvs -> Role -> TyCon -> [Type] -> (Coercion, Type)
    -- See comments on normaliseType for the arguments of this function
    normaliseTcApp env role tc tys
      = initNormM env role (tyCoVarsOfTypes tys) $
        normalise_tc_app tc tys

    -- See Note [Normalising types] about the LiftingContext
    normalise_tc_app :: TyCon -> [Type] -> NormM (Coercion, Type)
    normalise_tc_app tc tys
      = do { (args_co, ntys) <- normalise_tc_args tc tys
           ; case expandSynTyCon_maybe tc ntys of
             { Just (tenv, rhs, ntys') ->
               do { (co2, ninst_rhs)
                      <- normalise_type (substTy (mkTvSubstPrs tenv) rhs)
                  ; return $
                    if isReflCo co2
                    then (args_co,                 mkTyConApp tc ntys)
                    else (args_co `mkTransCo` co2, mkAppTys ninst_rhs ntys') }
             ; Nothing ->
        do { env <- getEnv
           ; role <- getRole
           ; case reduceTyFamApp_maybe env role tc ntys of
               Just (first_co, ty')
                 -> do { (rest_co,nty) <- normalise_type ty'
                       ; return ( args_co `mkTransCo` first_co `mkTransCo` rest_co
                                , nty ) }
               _ -> -- No unique matching family instance exists;
                    -- we do not do anything
                    return (args_co, mkTyConApp tc ntys) }}}

    ---------------
    -- | Normalise arguments to a tycon
    normaliseTcArgs :: FamInstEnvs          -- ^ env't with family instances
                    -> Role                 -- ^ desired role of output coercion
                    -> TyCon                -- ^ tc
                    -> [Type]               -- ^ tys
                    -> (Coercion, [Type])   -- ^ co :: tc tys ~ tc new_tys
    normaliseTcArgs env role tc tys
      = initNormM env role (tyCoVarsOfTypes tys) $
        normalise_tc_args tc tys

    normalise_tc_args :: TyCon -> [Type]             -- tc tys
                      -> NormM (Coercion, [Type])    -- (co, new_tys), where
                                                     -- co :: tc tys ~ tc new_tys
    normalise_tc_args tc tys
      = do { role <- getRole
           ; (cois, ntys) <- zipWithAndUnzipM normalise_type_role
                                              tys (tyConRolesX role tc)
           ; return (mkTyConAppCo role tc cois, ntys) }
      where
        normalise_type_role ty r = withRole r $ normalise_type ty

    ---------------
    normaliseType :: FamInstEnvs
                  -> Role  -- desired role of coercion
                  -> Type -> (Coercion, Type)
    normaliseType env role ty
      = initNormM env role (tyCoVarsOfType ty) $ normalise_type ty

    normalise_type :: Type                     -- old type
                   -> NormM (Coercion, Type)   -- (coercion,new type), where
                                             -- co :: old-type ~ new_type
    -- Normalise the input type, by eliminating *all* type-function redexes
    -- but *not* newtypes (which are visible to the programmer)
    -- Returns with Refl if nothing happens
    -- Does nothing to newtypes
    -- The returned coercion *must* be *homogeneous*
    -- See Note [Normalising types]
    -- Try to not to disturb type synonyms if possible

    normalise_type
      = go
      where
        go (TyConApp tc tys) = normalise_tc_app tc tys
        go ty@(LitTy {})     = do { r <- getRole
                                  ; return (mkReflCo r ty, ty) }
        go (AppTy ty1 ty2)
          = do { (co,  nty1) <- go ty1
               ; (arg, nty2) <- withRole Nominal $ go ty2
               ; return (mkAppCo co arg, mkAppTy nty1 nty2) }
        go (ForAllTy (Anon ty1) ty2)
          = do { (co1, nty1) <- go ty1
               ; (co2, nty2) <- go ty2
               ; r <- getRole
               ; return (mkFunCo r co1 co2, mkFunTy nty1 nty2) }
        go (ForAllTy (Named tyvar vis) ty)
          = do { (lc', tv', h, ki') <- normalise_tyvar_bndr tyvar
               ; (co, nty)          <- withLC lc' $ normalise_type ty
               ; let tv2 = setTyVarKind tv' ki'
               ; return (mkForAllCo tv' h co, mkNamedForAllTy tv2 vis nty) }
        go (TyVarTy tv)    = normalise_tyvar tv
        go (CastTy ty co)
          = do { (nco, nty) <- go ty
               ; lc <- getLC
               ; let co' = substRightCo lc co
               ; return (castCoercionKind nco co co', mkCastTy nty co') }
        go (CoercionTy co)
          = do { lc <- getLC
               ; r <- getRole
               ; let right_co = substRightCo lc co
               ; return ( mkProofIrrelCo r
                             (liftCoSubst Nominal lc (coercionType co))
                             co right_co
                        , mkCoercionTy right_co ) }

    normalise_tyvar :: TyVar -> NormM (Coercion, Type)
    normalise_tyvar tv
      = ASSERT( isTyVar tv )
        do { lc <- getLC
           ; r  <- getRole
           ; return $ case liftCoSubstTyVar lc r tv of
               Just co -> (co, pSnd $ coercionKind co)
               Nothing -> (mkReflCo r ty, ty) }
      where ty = mkTyVarTy tv

    normalise_tyvar_bndr :: TyVar -> NormM (LiftingContext, TyVar, Coercion, Kind)
    normalise_tyvar_bndr tv
      = do { lc1 <- getLC
           ; env <- getEnv
           ; let callback lc ki = runNormM (normalise_type ki) env lc Nominal
           ; return $ liftCoSubstVarBndrCallback callback lc1 tv }

    -- | a monad for the normalisation functions, reading 'FamInstEnvs',
    -- a 'LiftingContext', and a 'Role'.
    newtype NormM a = NormM { runNormM ::
                                FamInstEnvs -> LiftingContext -> Role -> a }

    initNormM :: FamInstEnvs -> Role
              -> TyCoVarSet   -- the in-scope variables
              -> NormM a -> a
    initNormM env role vars (NormM thing_inside)
      = thing_inside env lc role
      where
        in_scope = mkInScopeSet vars
        lc       = emptyLiftingContext in_scope

    getRole :: NormM Role
    getRole = NormM (\ _ _ r -> r)

    getLC :: NormM LiftingContext
    getLC = NormM (\ _ lc _ -> lc)

    getEnv :: NormM FamInstEnvs
    getEnv = NormM (\ env _ _ -> env)

    withRole :: Role -> NormM a -> NormM a
    withRole r thing = NormM $ \ envs lc _old_r -> runNormM thing envs lc r

    withLC :: LiftingContext -> NormM a -> NormM a
    withLC lc thing = NormM $ \ envs _old_lc r -> runNormM thing envs lc r

    instance Monad NormM where
      return     = pure
      ma >>= fmb = NormM $ \env lc r ->
                   let a = runNormM ma env lc r in
                   runNormM (fmb a) env lc r

    instance Functor NormM where
      fmap = liftM
    instance Applicative NormM where
      pure x = NormM $ \ _ _ _ -> x
      (<*>)  = ap

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                  Flattening
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Flattening]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    As described in "Closed type families with overlapping equations"
    http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/simonpj/papers/ext-f/axioms-extended.pdf
    we need to flatten core types before unifying them, when checking for "surely-apart"
    against earlier equations of a closed type family.
    Flattening means replacing all top-level uses of type functions with
    fresh variables, *taking care to preserve sharing*. That is, the type
    (Either (F a b) (F a b)) should flatten to (Either c c), never (Either
    c d).

    Here is a nice example of why it's all necessary:

      type family F a b where
        F Int Bool = Char
        F a   b    = Double
      type family G a         -- open, no instances

    How do we reduce (F (G Float) (G Float))? The first equation clearly doesn't match,
    while the second equation does. But, before reducing, we must make sure that the
    target can never become (F Int Bool). Well, no matter what G Float becomes, it
    certainly won't become *both* Int and Bool, so indeed we're safe reducing
    (F (G Float) (G Float)) to Double.

    This is necessary not only to get more reductions (which we might be
    willing to give up on), but for substitutivity. If we have (F x x), we
    can see that (F x x) can reduce to Double. So, it had better be the
    case that (F blah blah) can reduce to Double, no matter what (blah)
    is!  Flattening as done below ensures this.

    flattenTys is defined here because of module dependencies.
    -}

    data FlattenEnv = FlattenEnv { fe_type_map :: TypeMap TyVar
                                 , fe_subst    :: TCvSubst }

    emptyFlattenEnv :: InScopeSet -> FlattenEnv
    emptyFlattenEnv in_scope
      = FlattenEnv { fe_type_map = emptyTypeMap
                   , fe_subst    = mkEmptyTCvSubst in_scope }

    -- See Note [Flattening]
    flattenTys :: InScopeSet -> [Type] -> [Type]
    flattenTys in_scope tys = snd $ coreFlattenTys env tys
      where
        -- when we hit a type function, we replace it with a fresh variable
        -- but, we need to make sure that this fresh variable isn't mentioned
        -- *anywhere* in the types we're flattening, even if locally-bound in
        -- a forall. That way, we can ensure consistency both within and outside
        -- of that forall.
        all_in_scope = in_scope `extendInScopeSetSet` allTyVarsInTys tys
        env          = emptyFlattenEnv all_in_scope

    coreFlattenTys :: FlattenEnv -> [Type] -> (FlattenEnv, [Type])
    coreFlattenTys = go []
      where
        go rtys env []         = (env, reverse rtys)
        go rtys env (ty : tys)
          = let (env', ty') = coreFlattenTy env ty in
            go (ty' : rtys) env' tys

    coreFlattenTy :: FlattenEnv -> Type -> (FlattenEnv, Type)
    coreFlattenTy = go
      where
        go env ty | Just ty' <- coreView ty = go env ty'

        go env (TyVarTy tv)    = (env, substTyVar (fe_subst env) tv)
        go env (AppTy ty1 ty2) = let (env1, ty1') = go env  ty1
                                     (env2, ty2') = go env1 ty2 in
                                 (env2, AppTy ty1' ty2')
        go env (TyConApp tc tys)
             -- NB: Don't just check if isFamilyTyCon: this catches *data* families,
             -- which are generative and thus can be preserved during flattening
          | not (isGenerativeTyCon tc Nominal)
          = let (env', tv) = coreFlattenTyFamApp env tc tys in
            (env', mkTyVarTy tv)

          | otherwise
          = let (env', tys') = coreFlattenTys env tys in
            (env', mkTyConApp tc tys')

        go env (ForAllTy (Anon ty1) ty2) = let (env1, ty1') = go env  ty1
                                               (env2, ty2') = go env1 ty2 in
                                           (env2, mkFunTy ty1' ty2')

        go env (ForAllTy (Named tv vis) ty)
          = let (env1, tv') = coreFlattenVarBndr env tv
                (env2, ty') = go env1 ty in
            (env2, mkNamedForAllTy tv' vis ty')

        go env ty@(LitTy {}) = (env, ty)

        go env (CastTy ty co) = let (env1, ty') = go env ty
                                    (env2, co') = coreFlattenCo env1 co in
                                (env2, CastTy ty' co')

        go env (CoercionTy co) = let (env', co') = coreFlattenCo env co in
                                 (env', CoercionTy co')

    -- when flattening, we don't care about the contents of coercions.
    -- so, just return a fresh variable of the right (flattened) type
    coreFlattenCo :: FlattenEnv -> Coercion -> (FlattenEnv, Coercion)
    coreFlattenCo env co
      = (env2, mkCoVarCo covar)
      where
        (env1, kind') = coreFlattenTy env (coercionType co)
        fresh_name    = mkFlattenFreshCoName
        subst1        = fe_subst env1
        in_scope      = getTCvInScope subst1
        covar         = uniqAway in_scope (mkCoVar fresh_name kind')
        env2          = env1 { fe_subst = subst1 `extendTCvInScope` covar }

    coreFlattenVarBndr :: FlattenEnv -> TyVar -> (FlattenEnv, TyVar)
    coreFlattenVarBndr env tv
      | kind' `eqType` kind
      = ( env { fe_subst = extendTvSubst old_subst tv (mkTyVarTy tv) }
                 -- override any previous binding for tv
        , tv)

      | otherwise
      = let new_tv    = uniqAway (getTCvInScope old_subst) (setTyVarKind tv kind')
            new_subst = extendTvSubstWithClone old_subst tv new_tv
        in
        (env' { fe_subst = new_subst }, new_tv)
      where
        kind          = tyVarKind tv
        (env', kind') = coreFlattenTy env kind
        old_subst     = fe_subst env

    coreFlattenTyFamApp :: FlattenEnv
                        -> TyCon         -- type family tycon
                        -> [Type]        -- args
                        -> (FlattenEnv, TyVar)
    coreFlattenTyFamApp env fam_tc fam_args
      = case lookupTypeMap type_map fam_ty of
          Just tv -> (env, tv)
                  -- we need fresh variables here, but this is called far from
                  -- any good source of uniques. So, we just use the fam_tc's unique
                  -- and trust uniqAway to avoid clashes. Recall that the in_scope set
                  -- contains *all* tyvars, even locally bound ones elsewhere in the
                  -- overall type, so this really is fresh.
          Nothing -> let tyvar_name = mkFlattenFreshTyName fam_tc
                         tv = uniqAway (getTCvInScope subst) $
                              mkTyVar tyvar_name (typeKind fam_ty)
                         env' = env { fe_type_map = extendTypeMap type_map fam_ty tv
                                    , fe_subst = extendTCvInScope subst tv }
                     in (env', tv)
      where fam_ty   = mkTyConApp fam_tc fam_args
            FlattenEnv { fe_type_map = type_map
                       , fe_subst = subst } = env

    -- | Get the set of all type variables mentioned anywhere in the list
    -- of types. These variables are not necessarily free.
    allTyVarsInTys :: [Type] -> VarSet
    allTyVarsInTys []       = emptyVarSet
    allTyVarsInTys (ty:tys) = allTyVarsInTy ty `unionVarSet` allTyVarsInTys tys

    -- | Get the set of all type variables mentioned anywhere in a type.
    allTyVarsInTy :: Type -> VarSet
    allTyVarsInTy = go
      where
        go (TyVarTy tv)      = unitVarSet tv
        go (AppTy ty1 ty2)   = (go ty1) `unionVarSet` (go ty2)
        go (TyConApp _ tys)  = allTyVarsInTys tys
        go (ForAllTy bndr ty) =
          caseBinder bndr (\tv -> unitVarSet tv) (const emptyVarSet)
          `unionVarSet` go (binderType bndr) `unionVarSet` go ty
            -- don't remove the tv from the set!
        go (LitTy {})        = emptyVarSet
        go (CastTy ty co)    = go ty `unionVarSet` go_co co
        go (CoercionTy co)   = go_co co

        go_co (Refl _ ty)           = go ty
        go_co (TyConAppCo _ _ args) = go_cos args
        go_co (AppCo co arg)        = go_co co `unionVarSet` go_co arg
        go_co (ForAllCo tv h co)
          = unionVarSets [unitVarSet tv, go_co co, go_co h]
        go_co (CoVarCo cv)          = unitVarSet cv
        go_co (AxiomInstCo _ _ cos) = go_cos cos
        go_co (UnivCo p _ t1 t2)    = go_prov p `unionVarSet` go t1 `unionVarSet` go t2
        go_co (SymCo co)            = go_co co
        go_co (TransCo c1 c2)       = go_co c1 `unionVarSet` go_co c2
        go_co (NthCo _ co)          = go_co co
        go_co (LRCo _ co)           = go_co co
        go_co (InstCo co arg)       = go_co co `unionVarSet` go_co arg
        go_co (CoherenceCo c1 c2)   = go_co c1 `unionVarSet` go_co c2
        go_co (KindCo co)           = go_co co
        go_co (SubCo co)            = go_co co
        go_co (AxiomRuleCo _ cs)    = go_cos cs

        go_cos = foldr (unionVarSet . go_co) emptyVarSet

        go_prov UnsafeCoerceProv    = emptyVarSet
        go_prov (PhantomProv co)    = go_co co
        go_prov (ProofIrrelProv co) = go_co co
        go_prov (PluginProv _)      = emptyVarSet
        go_prov (HoleProv _)        = emptyVarSet

    mkFlattenFreshTyName :: Uniquable a => a -> Name
    mkFlattenFreshTyName unq
      = mkSysTvName (getUnique unq) (fsLit "flt")

    mkFlattenFreshCoName :: Name
    mkFlattenFreshCoName
      = mkSystemVarName (deriveUnique eqPrimTyConKey 71) (fsLit "flc")