    {-
    (c) The University of Glasgow 2006-2012
    (c) The GRASP Project, Glasgow University, 1992-2002

    Various types used during typechecking, please see TcRnMonad as well for
    operations on these types. You probably want to import it, instead of this
    module.

    All the monads exported here are built on top of the same IOEnv monad. The
    monad functions like a Reader monad in the way it passes the environment
    around. This is done to allow the environment to be manipulated in a stack
    like fashion when entering expressions... ect.

    For state that is global and should be returned at the end (e.g not part
    of the stack mechanism), you should use an TcRef (= IORef) to store them.
    -}

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP, ExistentialQuantification, GeneralizedNewtypeDeriving,
                 ViewPatterns #-}

    module TcRnTypes(
            TcRnIf, TcRn, TcM, RnM, IfM, IfL, IfG, -- The monad is opaque outside this module
            TcRef,

            -- The environment types
            Env(..),
            TcGblEnv(..), TcLclEnv(..),
            IfGblEnv(..), IfLclEnv(..),
            tcVisibleOrphanMods,

            -- Frontend types (shouldn't really be here)
            FrontendResult(..),

            -- Renamer types
            ErrCtxt, RecFieldEnv,
            ImportAvails(..), emptyImportAvails, plusImportAvails,
            WhereFrom(..), mkModDeps,

            -- Typechecker types
            TcTypeEnv, TcIdBinderStack, TcIdBinder(..),
            TcTyThing(..), PromotionErr(..),
            SelfBootInfo(..),
            pprTcTyThingCategory, pprPECategory,

            -- Desugaring types
            DsM, DsLclEnv(..), DsGblEnv(..), PArrBuiltin(..),
            DsMetaEnv, DsMetaVal(..),

            -- Template Haskell
            ThStage(..), SpliceType(..), PendingStuff(..),
            topStage, topAnnStage, topSpliceStage,
            ThLevel, impLevel, outerLevel, thLevel,

            -- Arrows
            ArrowCtxt(..),

            -- TcSigInfo
            TcSigFun, TcSigInfo(..), TcIdSigInfo(..),
            TcPatSynInfo(..), TcIdSigBndr(..),
            findScopedTyVars, isPartialSig, noCompleteSig, tcSigInfoName,
            completeIdSigPolyId, completeSigPolyId_maybe,
            completeIdSigPolyId_maybe,

            -- Canonical constraints
            Xi, Ct(..), Cts, emptyCts, andCts, andManyCts, pprCts,
            singleCt, listToCts, ctsElts, consCts, snocCts, extendCtsList,
            isEmptyCts, isCTyEqCan, isCFunEqCan,
            isPendingScDict, superClassesMightHelp,
            isCDictCan_Maybe, isCFunEqCan_maybe,
            isCIrredEvCan, isCNonCanonical, isWantedCt, isDerivedCt,
            isGivenCt, isHoleCt, isOutOfScopeCt, isExprHoleCt, isTypeHoleCt,
            isUserTypeErrorCt, getUserTypeErrorMsg,
            ctEvidence, ctLoc, setCtLoc, ctPred, ctFlavour, ctEqRel, ctOrigin,
            mkTcEqPredLikeEv,
            mkNonCanonical, mkNonCanonicalCt, mkGivens,
            ctEvPred, ctEvLoc, ctEvOrigin, ctEvEqRel,
            ctEvTerm, ctEvCoercion, ctEvId,
            tyCoVarsOfCt, tyCoVarsOfCts,
            tyCoVarsOfCtList, tyCoVarsOfCtsList,
            toDerivedCt,

            WantedConstraints(..), insolubleWC, emptyWC, isEmptyWC,
            toDerivedWC,
            andWC, unionsWC, mkSimpleWC, mkImplicWC,
            addInsols, getInsolubles, addSimples, addImplics,
            tyCoVarsOfWC, dropDerivedWC, dropDerivedSimples, dropDerivedInsols,
            tyCoVarsOfWCList,
            isDroppableDerivedLoc, insolubleImplic,
            arisesFromGivens,

            Implication(..), ImplicStatus(..), isInsolubleStatus,
            SubGoalDepth, initialSubGoalDepth,
            bumpSubGoalDepth, subGoalDepthExceeded,
            CtLoc(..), ctLocSpan, ctLocEnv, ctLocLevel, ctLocOrigin,
            ctLocTypeOrKind_maybe,
            ctLocDepth, bumpCtLocDepth,
            setCtLocOrigin, setCtLocEnv, setCtLocSpan,
            CtOrigin(..), exprCtOrigin, matchesCtOrigin, grhssCtOrigin,
            ErrorThing(..), mkErrorThing, errorThingNumArgs_maybe,
            TypeOrKind(..), isTypeLevel, isKindLevel,
            pprCtOrigin, pprCtLoc,
            pushErrCtxt, pushErrCtxtSameOrigin,

            SkolemInfo(..), pprSigSkolInfo, pprSkolInfo,

            CtEvidence(..), TcEvDest(..),
            mkGivenLoc, mkKindLoc, toKindLoc,
            isWanted, isGiven, isDerived,
            ctEvRole,

            -- Constraint solver plugins
            TcPlugin(..), TcPluginResult(..), TcPluginSolver,
            TcPluginM, runTcPluginM, unsafeTcPluginTcM,
            getEvBindsTcPluginM_maybe,

            CtFlavour(..), ctEvFlavour,
            CtFlavourRole, ctEvFlavourRole, ctFlavourRole,
            eqCanRewrite, eqCanRewriteFR,  eqCanDischarge,
            funEqCanDischarge, funEqCanDischargeFR,

            -- Pretty printing
            pprEvVarTheta,
            pprEvVars, pprEvVarWithType,

            -- Misc other types
            TcId, TcIdSet,
            Hole(..), holeOcc

      ) where

    #include "HsVersions.h"

    import HsSyn
    import CoreSyn
    import HscTypes
    import TcEvidence
    import Type
    import Class    ( Class )
    import TyCon    ( TyCon )
    import Coercion ( Coercion, mkHoleCo )
    import ConLike  ( ConLike(..) )
    import DataCon  ( DataCon, dataConUserType, dataConOrigArgTys )
    import PatSyn   ( PatSyn, pprPatSynType )
    import Id       ( idName )
    import FieldLabel ( FieldLabel )
    import TcType
    import Annotations
    import InstEnv
    import FamInstEnv
    import PmExpr
    import IOEnv
    import RdrName
    import Name
    import NameEnv
    import NameSet
    import Avail
    import Var
    import FV
    import VarEnv
    import Module
    import SrcLoc
    import VarSet
    import ErrUtils
    import UniqFM
    import UniqSupply
    import BasicTypes
    import Bag
    import DynFlags
    import Outputable
    import ListSetOps
    import FastString
    import GHC.Fingerprint
    import qualified GHC.LanguageExtensions as LangExt

    import Control.Monad (ap, liftM, msum)
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ > 710
    import qualified Control.Monad.Fail as MonadFail
    #endif
    import Data.Set      ( Set )

    #ifdef GHCI
    import Data.Map      ( Map )
    import Data.Dynamic  ( Dynamic )
    import Data.Typeable ( TypeRep )
    import GHCi.Message
    import GHCi.RemoteTypes

    import qualified Language.Haskell.TH as TH
    #endif

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                   Standard monad definition for TcRn
        All the combinators for the monad can be found in TcRnMonad
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    The monad itself has to be defined here, because it is mentioned by ErrCtxt
    -}

    type TcRnIf a b = IOEnv (Env a b)
    type TcRn       = TcRnIf TcGblEnv TcLclEnv    -- Type inference
    type IfM lcl    = TcRnIf IfGblEnv lcl         -- Iface stuff
    type IfG        = IfM ()                      --    Top level
    type IfL        = IfM IfLclEnv                --    Nested
    type DsM        = TcRnIf DsGblEnv DsLclEnv    -- Desugaring

    -- TcRn is the type-checking and renaming monad: the main monad that
    -- most type-checking takes place in.  The global environment is
    -- 'TcGblEnv', which tracks all of the top-level type-checking
    -- information we've accumulated while checking a module, while the
    -- local environment is 'TcLclEnv', which tracks local information as
    -- we move inside expressions.

    -- | Historical "renaming monad" (now it's just 'TcRn').
    type RnM  = TcRn

    -- | Historical "type-checking monad" (now it's just 'TcRn').
    type TcM  = TcRn

    -- We 'stack' these envs through the Reader like monad infrastructure
    -- as we move into an expression (although the change is focused in
    -- the lcl type).
    data Env gbl lcl
      = Env {
            env_top  :: HscEnv,  -- Top-level stuff that never changes
                                 -- Includes all info about imported things

            env_us   :: {-# UNPACK #-} !(IORef UniqSupply),
                                 -- Unique supply for local variables

            env_gbl  :: gbl,     -- Info about things defined at the top level
                                 -- of the module being compiled

            env_lcl  :: lcl      -- Nested stuff; changes as we go into
        }

    instance ContainsDynFlags (Env gbl lcl) where
        extractDynFlags env = hsc_dflags (env_top env)

    instance ContainsModule gbl => ContainsModule (Env gbl lcl) where
        extractModule env = extractModule (env_gbl env)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    The interface environments
                  Used when dealing with IfaceDecls
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    data IfGblEnv
      = IfGblEnv {
            -- Some information about where this environment came from;
            -- useful for debugging.
            if_doc :: SDoc,
            -- The type environment for the module being compiled,
            -- in case the interface refers back to it via a reference that
            -- was originally a hi-boot file.
            -- We need the module name so we can test when it's appropriate
            -- to look in this env.
            if_rec_types :: Maybe (Module, IfG TypeEnv)
                    -- Allows a read effect, so it can be in a mutable
                    -- variable; c.f. handling the external package type env
                    -- Nothing => interactive stuff, no loops possible
        }

    data IfLclEnv
      = IfLclEnv {
            -- The module for the current IfaceDecl
            -- So if we see   f = \x -> x
            -- it means M.f = \x -> x, where M is the if_mod
            if_mod :: Module,

            -- The field is used only for error reporting
            -- if (say) there's a Lint error in it
            if_loc :: SDoc,
                    -- Where the interface came from:
                    --      .hi file, or GHCi state, or ext core
                    -- plus which bit is currently being examined

            if_tv_env  :: FastStringEnv TyVar,     -- Nested tyvar bindings
            if_id_env  :: FastStringEnv Id         -- Nested id binding
        }

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Desugarer monad
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Now the mondo monad magic (yes, @DsM@ is a silly name)---carry around
    a @UniqueSupply@ and some annotations, which
    presumably include source-file location information:
    -}

    -- If '-XParallelArrays' is given, the desugarer populates this table with the corresponding
    -- variables found in 'Data.Array.Parallel'.
    --
    data PArrBuiltin
            = PArrBuiltin
            { lengthPVar         :: Var     -- ^ lengthP
            , replicatePVar      :: Var     -- ^ replicateP
            , singletonPVar      :: Var     -- ^ singletonP
            , mapPVar            :: Var     -- ^ mapP
            , filterPVar         :: Var     -- ^ filterP
            , zipPVar            :: Var     -- ^ zipP
            , crossMapPVar       :: Var     -- ^ crossMapP
            , indexPVar          :: Var     -- ^ (!:)
            , emptyPVar          :: Var     -- ^ emptyP
            , appPVar            :: Var     -- ^ (+:+)
            , enumFromToPVar     :: Var     -- ^ enumFromToP
            , enumFromThenToPVar :: Var     -- ^ enumFromThenToP
            }

    data DsGblEnv
            = DsGblEnv
            { ds_mod          :: Module             -- For SCC profiling
            , ds_fam_inst_env :: FamInstEnv         -- Like tcg_fam_inst_env
            , ds_unqual  :: PrintUnqualified
            , ds_msgs    :: IORef Messages          -- Warning messages
            , ds_if_env  :: (IfGblEnv, IfLclEnv)    -- Used for looking up global,
                                                    -- possibly-imported things
            , ds_dph_env :: GlobalRdrEnv            -- exported entities of 'Data.Array.Parallel.Prim'
                                                    -- iff '-fvectorise' flag was given as well as
                                                    -- exported entities of 'Data.Array.Parallel' iff
                                                    -- '-XParallelArrays' was given; otherwise, empty
            , ds_parr_bi :: PArrBuiltin             -- desugarar names for '-XParallelArrays'
            , ds_static_binds :: IORef [(Fingerprint, (Id,CoreExpr))]
              -- ^ Bindings resulted from floating static forms
            }

    instance ContainsModule DsGblEnv where
        extractModule = ds_mod

    data DsLclEnv = DsLclEnv {
            dsl_meta    :: DsMetaEnv,        -- Template Haskell bindings
            dsl_loc     :: RealSrcSpan,      -- To put in pattern-matching error msgs
            dsl_dicts   :: Bag EvVar,        -- Constraints from GADT pattern-matching
            dsl_tm_cs   :: Bag SimpleEq,
            dsl_pm_iter :: IORef Int         -- no iterations for pmcheck
         }

    -- Inside [| |] brackets, the desugarer looks
    -- up variables in the DsMetaEnv
    type DsMetaEnv = NameEnv DsMetaVal

    data DsMetaVal
       = DsBound Id         -- Bound by a pattern inside the [| |].
                            -- Will be dynamically alpha renamed.
                            -- The Id has type THSyntax.Var

       | DsSplice (HsExpr Id) -- These bindings are introduced by
                              -- the PendingSplices on a HsBracketOut

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Global typechecker environment
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    -- | 'FrontendResult' describes the result of running the
    -- frontend of a Haskell module.  Usually, you'll get
    -- a 'FrontendTypecheck', since running the frontend involves
    -- typechecking a program, but for an hs-boot merge you'll
    -- just get a ModIface, since no actual typechecking occurred.
    --
    -- This data type really should be in HscTypes, but it needs
    -- to have a TcGblEnv which is only defined here.
    data FrontendResult
            = FrontendTypecheck TcGblEnv

    -- | 'TcGblEnv' describes the top-level of the module at the
    -- point at which the typechecker is finished work.
    -- It is this structure that is handed on to the desugarer
    -- For state that needs to be updated during the typechecking
    -- phase and returned at end, use a 'TcRef' (= 'IORef').
    data TcGblEnv
      = TcGblEnv {
            tcg_mod     :: Module,         -- ^ Module being compiled
            tcg_src     :: HscSource,
              -- ^ What kind of module (regular Haskell, hs-boot, hsig)
            tcg_sig_of  :: Maybe Module,
              -- ^ Are we being compiled as a signature of an implementation?
            tcg_impl_rdr_env :: Maybe GlobalRdrEnv,
              -- ^ Environment used only during -sig-of for resolving top level
              -- bindings.  See Note [Signature parameters in TcGblEnv and DynFlags]

            tcg_rdr_env :: GlobalRdrEnv,   -- ^ Top level envt; used during renaming
            tcg_default :: Maybe [Type],
              -- ^ Types used for defaulting. @Nothing@ => no @default@ decl

            tcg_fix_env   :: FixityEnv,     -- ^ Just for things in this module
            tcg_field_env :: RecFieldEnv,   -- ^ Just for things in this module
                                            -- See Note [The interactive package] in HscTypes

            tcg_type_env :: TypeEnv,
              -- ^ Global type env for the module we are compiling now.  All
              -- TyCons and Classes (for this module) end up in here right away,
              -- along with their derived constructors, selectors.
              --
              -- (Ids defined in this module start in the local envt, though they
              --  move to the global envt during zonking)
              --
              -- NB: for what "things in this module" means, see
              -- Note [The interactive package] in HscTypes

            tcg_type_env_var :: TcRef TypeEnv,
                    -- Used only to initialise the interface-file
                    -- typechecker in initIfaceTcRn, so that it can see stuff
                    -- bound in this module when dealing with hi-boot recursions
                    -- Updated at intervals (e.g. after dealing with types and classes)

            tcg_inst_env     :: InstEnv,
              -- ^ Instance envt for all /home-package/ modules;
              -- Includes the dfuns in tcg_insts
            tcg_fam_inst_env :: FamInstEnv, -- ^ Ditto for family instances
            tcg_ann_env      :: AnnEnv,     -- ^ And for annotations

                    -- Now a bunch of things about this module that are simply
                    -- accumulated, but never consulted until the end.
                    -- Nevertheless, it's convenient to accumulate them along
                    -- with the rest of the info from this module.
            tcg_exports :: [AvailInfo],     -- ^ What is exported
            tcg_imports :: ImportAvails,
              -- ^ Information about what was imported from where, including
              -- things bound in this module. Also store Safe Haskell info
              -- here about transative trusted packaage requirements.

            tcg_dus       :: DefUses,   -- ^ What is defined in this module and what is used.
            tcg_used_gres :: TcRef [GlobalRdrElt],  -- ^ Records occurrences of imported entities
              -- See Note [Tracking unused binding and imports]

            tcg_keep :: TcRef NameSet,
              -- ^ Locally-defined top-level names to keep alive.
              --
              -- "Keep alive" means give them an Exported flag, so that the
              -- simplifier does not discard them as dead code, and so that they
              -- are exposed in the interface file (but not to export to the
              -- user).
              --
              -- Some things, like dict-fun Ids and default-method Ids are "born"
              -- with the Exported flag on, for exactly the above reason, but some
              -- we only discover as we go.  Specifically:
              --
              --   * The to/from functions for generic data types
              --
              --   * Top-level variables appearing free in the RHS of an orphan
              --     rule
              --
              --   * Top-level variables appearing free in a TH bracket

            tcg_th_used :: TcRef Bool,
              -- ^ @True@ <=> Template Haskell syntax used.
              --
              -- We need this so that we can generate a dependency on the
              -- Template Haskell package, because the desugarer is going
              -- to emit loads of references to TH symbols.  The reference
              -- is implicit rather than explicit, so we have to zap a
              -- mutable variable.

            tcg_th_splice_used :: TcRef Bool,
              -- ^ @True@ <=> A Template Haskell splice was used.
              --
              -- Splices disable recompilation avoidance (see #481)

            tcg_th_top_level_locs :: TcRef (Set RealSrcSpan),
              -- ^ Locations of the top-level splices; used for providing details on
              -- scope in error messages for out-of-scope variables

            tcg_dfun_n  :: TcRef OccSet,
              -- ^ Allows us to choose unique DFun names.

            -- The next fields accumulate the payload of the module
            -- The binds, rules and foreign-decl fields are collected
            -- initially in un-zonked form and are finally zonked in tcRnSrcDecls

            tcg_rn_exports :: Maybe [Located (IE Name)],
                    -- Nothing <=> no explicit export list
                    -- Is always Nothing if we don't want to retain renamed
                    -- exports

            tcg_rn_imports :: [LImportDecl Name],
                    -- Keep the renamed imports regardless.  They are not
                    -- voluminous and are needed if you want to report unused imports

            tcg_rn_decls :: Maybe (HsGroup Name),
              -- ^ Renamed decls, maybe.  @Nothing@ <=> Don't retain renamed
              -- decls.

            tcg_dependent_files :: TcRef [FilePath], -- ^ dependencies from addDependentFile

    #ifdef GHCI
            tcg_th_topdecls :: TcRef [LHsDecl RdrName],
            -- ^ Top-level declarations from addTopDecls

            tcg_th_topnames :: TcRef NameSet,
            -- ^ Exact names bound in top-level declarations in tcg_th_topdecls

            tcg_th_modfinalizers :: TcRef [TcM ()],
            -- ^ Template Haskell module finalizers.
            --
            -- They are computations in the @TcM@ monad rather than @Q@ because we
            -- set them to use particular local environments.

            tcg_th_state :: TcRef (Map TypeRep Dynamic),
            tcg_th_remote_state :: TcRef (Maybe (ForeignRef (IORef QState))),
            -- ^ Template Haskell state
    #endif /* GHCI */

            tcg_ev_binds  :: Bag EvBind,        -- Top-level evidence bindings

            -- Things defined in this module, or (in GHCi)
            -- in the declarations for a single GHCi command.
            -- For the latter, see Note [The interactive package] in HscTypes
            tcg_tr_module :: Maybe Id,           -- Id for $trModule :: GHC.Types.Module
                                                 -- for which every module has a top-level defn
                                                 -- except in GHCi in which case we have Nothing
            tcg_binds     :: LHsBinds Id,        -- Value bindings in this module
            tcg_sigs      :: NameSet,            -- ...Top-level names that *lack* a signature
            tcg_imp_specs :: [LTcSpecPrag],      -- ...SPECIALISE prags for imported Ids
            tcg_warns     :: Warnings,           -- ...Warnings and deprecations
            tcg_anns      :: [Annotation],       -- ...Annotations
            tcg_tcs       :: [TyCon],            -- ...TyCons and Classes
            tcg_insts     :: [ClsInst],          -- ...Instances
            tcg_fam_insts :: [FamInst],          -- ...Family instances
            tcg_rules     :: [LRuleDecl Id],     -- ...Rules
            tcg_fords     :: [LForeignDecl Id],  -- ...Foreign import & exports
            tcg_vects     :: [LVectDecl Id],     -- ...Vectorisation declarations
            tcg_patsyns   :: [PatSyn],           -- ...Pattern synonyms

            tcg_doc_hdr   :: Maybe LHsDocString, -- ^ Maybe Haddock header docs
            tcg_hpc       :: AnyHpcUsage,        -- ^ @True@ if any part of the
                                                 --  prog uses hpc instrumentation.

            tcg_self_boot :: SelfBootInfo,       -- ^ Whether this module has a
                                                 -- corresponding hi-boot file

            tcg_main      :: Maybe Name,         -- ^ The Name of the main
                                                 -- function, if this module is
                                                 -- the main module.

            tcg_safeInfer :: TcRef (Bool, WarningMessages),
            -- ^ Has the typechecker inferred this module as -XSafe (Safe Haskell)
            -- See Note [Safe Haskell Overlapping Instances Implementation],
            -- although this is used for more than just that failure case.

            tcg_tc_plugins :: [TcPluginSolver],
            -- ^ A list of user-defined plugins for the constraint solver.

            tcg_static_wc :: TcRef WantedConstraints
              -- ^ Wanted constraints of static forms.
        }

    tcVisibleOrphanMods :: TcGblEnv -> ModuleSet
    tcVisibleOrphanMods tcg_env
        = mkModuleSet (tcg_mod tcg_env : imp_orphs (tcg_imports tcg_env))

    -- Note [Signature parameters in TcGblEnv and DynFlags]
    -- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    -- When compiling signature files, we need to know which implementation
    -- we've actually linked against the signature.  There are three seemingly
    -- redundant places where this information is stored: in DynFlags, there
    -- is sigOf, and in TcGblEnv, there is tcg_sig_of and tcg_impl_rdr_env.
    -- Here's the difference between each of them:
    --
    -- * DynFlags.sigOf is global per invocation of GHC.  If we are compiling
    --   with --make, there may be multiple signature files being compiled; in
    --   which case this parameter is a map from local module name to implementing
    --   Module.
    --
    -- * HscEnv.tcg_sig_of is global per the compilation of a single file, so
    --   it is simply the result of looking up tcg_mod in the DynFlags.sigOf
    --   parameter.  It's setup in TcRnMonad.initTc.  This prevents us
    --   from having to repeatedly do a lookup in DynFlags.sigOf.
    --
    -- * HscEnv.tcg_impl_rdr_env is a RdrEnv that lets us look up names
    --   according to the sig-of module.  It's setup in TcRnDriver.tcRnSignature.
    --   Here is an example showing why we need this map:
    --
    --  module A where
    --      a = True
    --
    --  module ASig where
    --      import B
    --      a :: Bool
    --
    --  module B where
    --      b = False
    --
    -- When we compile ASig --sig-of main:A, the default
    -- global RdrEnv (tcg_rdr_env) has an entry for b, but not for a
    -- (we never imported A).  So we have to look in a different environment
    -- to actually get the original name.
    --
    -- By the way, why do we need to do the lookup; can't we just use A:a
    -- as the name directly?  Well, if A is reexporting the entity from another
    -- module, then the original name needs to be the real original name:
    --
    --  module C where
    --      a = True
    --
    --  module A(a) where
    --      import C

    instance ContainsModule TcGblEnv where
        extractModule env = tcg_mod env

    type RecFieldEnv = NameEnv [FieldLabel]
            -- Maps a constructor name *in this module*
            -- to the fields for that constructor.
            -- This is used when dealing with ".." notation in record
            -- construction and pattern matching.
            -- The FieldEnv deals *only* with constructors defined in *this*
            -- module.  For imported modules, we get the same info from the
            -- TypeEnv

    data SelfBootInfo
      = NoSelfBoot    -- No corresponding hi-boot file
      | SelfBoot
           { sb_mds :: ModDetails   -- There was a hi-boot file,
           , sb_tcs :: NameSet      -- defining these TyCons,
           , sb_ids :: NameSet }    -- and these Ids
      -- We need this info to compute a safe approximation to
      -- recursive loops, to avoid infinite inlinings

    {- Note [Tracking unused binding and imports]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We gather two sorts of usage information

     * tcg_dus (defs/uses)
          Records *defined* Names (local, top-level)
              and *used*    Names (local or imported)

          Used (a) to report "defined but not used"
                   (see RnNames.reportUnusedNames)
               (b) to generate version-tracking usage info in interface
                   files (see MkIface.mkUsedNames)
       This usage info is mainly gathered by the renamer's
       gathering of free-variables

     * tcg_used_gres
          Used only to report unused import declarations

          Records each *occurrence* an *imported* (not locally-defined) entity.
          The occurrence is recorded by keeping a GlobalRdrElt for it.
          These is not the GRE that is in the GlobalRdrEnv; rather it
          is recorded *after* the filtering done by pickGREs.  So it reflect
          /how that occurrence is in scope/.   See Note [GRE filtering] in
          RdrName.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    The local typechecker environment
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [The Global-Env/Local-Env story]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    During type checking, we keep in the tcg_type_env
            * All types and classes
            * All Ids derived from types and classes (constructors, selectors)

    At the end of type checking, we zonk the local bindings,
    and as we do so we add to the tcg_type_env
            * Locally defined top-level Ids

    Why?  Because they are now Ids not TcIds.  This final GlobalEnv is
            a) fed back (via the knot) to typechecking the
               unfoldings of interface signatures
            b) used in the ModDetails of this module
    -}

    data TcLclEnv           -- Changes as we move inside an expression
                            -- Discarded after typecheck/rename; not passed on to desugarer
      = TcLclEnv {
            tcl_loc        :: RealSrcSpan,     -- Source span
            tcl_ctxt       :: [ErrCtxt],       -- Error context, innermost on top
            tcl_tclvl      :: TcLevel,         -- Birthplace for new unification variables

            tcl_th_ctxt    :: ThStage,         -- Template Haskell context
            tcl_th_bndrs   :: ThBindEnv,       -- Binding level of in-scope Names
                                               -- defined in this module (not imported)

            tcl_arrow_ctxt :: ArrowCtxt,       -- Arrow-notation context

            tcl_rdr :: LocalRdrEnv,         -- Local name envt
                    -- Maintained during renaming, of course, but also during
                    -- type checking, solely so that when renaming a Template-Haskell
                    -- splice we have the right environment for the renamer.
                    --
                    --   Does *not* include global name envt; may shadow it
                    --   Includes both ordinary variables and type variables;
                    --   they are kept distinct because tyvar have a different
                    --   occurrence contructor (Name.TvOcc)
                    -- We still need the unsullied global name env so that
                    --   we can look up record field names

            tcl_env  :: TcTypeEnv,    -- The local type environment:
                                      -- Ids and TyVars defined in this module

            tcl_bndrs :: TcIdBinderStack,   -- Used for reporting relevant bindings

            tcl_tidy :: TidyEnv,      -- Used for tidying types; contains all
                                      -- in-scope type variables (but not term variables)

            tcl_tyvars :: TcRef TcTyVarSet, -- The "global tyvars"
                            -- Namely, the in-scope TyVars bound in tcl_env,
                            -- plus the tyvars mentioned in the types of Ids bound
                            -- in tcl_lenv.
                            -- Why mutable? see notes with tcGetGlobalTyCoVars

            tcl_lie  :: TcRef WantedConstraints,    -- Place to accumulate type constraints
            tcl_errs :: TcRef Messages              -- Place to accumulate errors
        }

    type TcTypeEnv = NameEnv TcTyThing

    type ThBindEnv = NameEnv (TopLevelFlag, ThLevel)
       -- Domain = all Ids bound in this module (ie not imported)
       -- The TopLevelFlag tells if the binding is syntactically top level.
       -- We need to know this, because the cross-stage persistence story allows
       -- cross-stage at arbitrary types if the Id is bound at top level.
       --
       -- Nota bene: a ThLevel of 'outerLevel' is *not* the same as being
       -- bound at top level!  See Note [Template Haskell levels] in TcSplice

    {- Note [Given Insts]
       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Because of GADTs, we have to pass inwards the Insts provided by type signatures
    and existential contexts. Consider
            data T a where { T1 :: b -> b -> T [b] }
            f :: Eq a => T a -> Bool
            f (T1 x y) = [x]==[y]

    The constructor T1 binds an existential variable 'b', and we need Eq [b].
    Well, we have it, because Eq a refines to Eq [b], but we can only spot that if we
    pass it inwards.

    -}

    -- | Type alias for 'IORef'; the convention is we'll use this for mutable
    -- bits of data in 'TcGblEnv' which are updated during typechecking and
    -- returned at the end.
    type TcRef a     = IORef a
    -- ToDo: when should I refer to it as a 'TcId' instead of an 'Id'?
    type TcId        = Id
    type TcIdSet     = IdSet

    ---------------------------
    -- The TcIdBinderStack
    ---------------------------

    type TcIdBinderStack = [TcIdBinder]
       -- This is a stack of locally-bound ids, innermost on top
       -- Used ony in error reporting (relevantBindings in TcError)

    data TcIdBinder
      = TcIdBndr
           TcId
           TopLevelFlag    -- Tells whether the bindind is syntactically top-level
                           -- (The monomorphic Ids for a recursive group count
                           --  as not-top-level for this purpose.)
      | TcIdBndr_ExpType  -- Variant that allows the type to be specified as
                          -- an ExpType
           Name
           ExpType
           TopLevelFlag

    instance Outputable TcIdBinder where
       ppr (TcIdBndr id top_lvl)           = ppr id <> brackets (ppr top_lvl)
       ppr (TcIdBndr_ExpType id _ top_lvl) = ppr id <> brackets (ppr top_lvl)

    instance HasOccName TcIdBinder where
        occName (TcIdBndr id _) = (occName (idName id))
        occName (TcIdBndr_ExpType name _ _) = (occName name)

    ---------------------------
    -- Template Haskell stages and levels
    ---------------------------

    data SpliceType = Typed | Untyped

    data ThStage    -- See Note [Template Haskell state diagram] in TcSplice
      = Splice SpliceType -- Inside a top-level splice
                          -- This code will be run *at compile time*;
                          --   the result replaces the splice
                          -- Binding level = 0

    #ifdef GHCI
      | RunSplice (TcRef [ForeignRef (TH.Q ())])
          -- Set when running a splice, i.e. NOT when renaming or typechecking the
          -- Haskell code for the splice. See Note [RunSplice ThLevel].
          --
          -- Contains a list of mod finalizers collected while executing the splice.
          --
          -- 'addModFinalizer' inserts finalizers here, and from here they are taken
          -- to construct an @HsSpliced@ annotation for untyped splices. See Note
          -- [Delaying modFinalizers in untyped splices] in "RnSplice".
          --
          -- For typed splices, the typechecker takes finalizers from here and
          -- inserts them in the list of finalizers in the global environment.
          --
          -- See Note [Collecting modFinalizers in typed splices] in "TcSplice".
    #else
      | RunSplice ()
    #endif

      | Comp        -- Ordinary Haskell code
                    -- Binding level = 1

      | Brack                       -- Inside brackets
          ThStage                   --   Enclosing stage
          PendingStuff

    data PendingStuff
      = RnPendingUntyped              -- Renaming the inside of an *untyped* bracket
          (TcRef [PendingRnSplice])   -- Pending splices in here

      | RnPendingTyped                -- Renaming the inside of a *typed* bracket

      | TcPending                     -- Typechecking the inside of a typed bracket
          (TcRef [PendingTcSplice])   --   Accumulate pending splices here
          (TcRef WantedConstraints)   --     and type constraints here

    topStage, topAnnStage, topSpliceStage :: ThStage
    topStage       = Comp
    topAnnStage    = Splice Untyped
    topSpliceStage = Splice Untyped

    instance Outputable ThStage where
       ppr (Splice _)    = text "Splice"
       ppr (RunSplice _) = text "RunSplice"
       ppr Comp          = text "Comp"
       ppr (Brack s _)   = text "Brack" <> parens (ppr s)

    type ThLevel = Int
        -- NB: see Note [Template Haskell levels] in TcSplice
        -- Incremented when going inside a bracket,
        -- decremented when going inside a splice
        -- NB: ThLevel is one greater than the 'n' in Fig 2 of the
        --     original "Template meta-programming for Haskell" paper

    impLevel, outerLevel :: ThLevel
    impLevel = 0    -- Imported things; they can be used inside a top level splice
    outerLevel = 1  -- Things defined outside brackets

    thLevel :: ThStage -> ThLevel
    thLevel (Splice _)    = 0
    thLevel (RunSplice _) =
        -- See Note [RunSplice ThLevel].
        panic "thLevel: called when running a splice"
    thLevel Comp          = 1
    thLevel (Brack s _)   = thLevel s + 1

    {- Node [RunSplice ThLevel]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The 'RunSplice' stage is set when executing a splice, and only when running a
    splice. In particular it is not set when the splice is renamed or typechecked.

    'RunSplice' is needed to provide a reference where 'addModFinalizer' can insert
    the finalizer (see Note [Delaying modFinalizers in untyped splices]), and
    'addModFinalizer' runs when doing Q things. Therefore, It doesn't make sense to
    set 'RunSplice' when renaming or typechecking the splice, where 'Splice', 'Brak'
    or 'Comp' are used instead.

    -}

    ---------------------------
    -- Arrow-notation context
    ---------------------------

    {- Note [Escaping the arrow scope]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In arrow notation, a variable bound by a proc (or enclosed let/kappa)
    is not in scope to the left of an arrow tail (-<) or the head of (|..|).
    For example

            proc x -> (e1 -< e2)

    Here, x is not in scope in e1, but it is in scope in e2.  This can get
    a bit complicated:

            let x = 3 in
            proc y -> (proc z -> e1) -< e2

    Here, x and z are in scope in e1, but y is not.

    We implement this by
    recording the environment when passing a proc (using newArrowScope),
    and returning to that (using escapeArrowScope) on the left of -< and the
    head of (|..|).

    All this can be dealt with by the *renamer*. But the type checker needs
    to be involved too.  Example (arrowfail001)
      class Foo a where foo :: a -> ()
      data Bar = forall a. Foo a => Bar a
      get :: Bar -> ()
      get = proc x -> case x of Bar a -> foo -< a
    Here the call of 'foo' gives rise to a (Foo a) constraint that should not
    be captured by the pattern match on 'Bar'.  Rather it should join the
    constraints from further out.  So we must capture the constraint bag
    from further out in the ArrowCtxt that we push inwards.
    -}

    data ArrowCtxt   -- Note [Escaping the arrow scope]
      = NoArrowCtxt
      | ArrowCtxt LocalRdrEnv (TcRef WantedConstraints)

    ---------------------------
    -- TcTyThing
    ---------------------------

    -- | A typecheckable thing available in a local context.  Could be
    -- 'AGlobal' 'TyThing', but also lexically scoped variables, etc.
    -- See 'TcEnv' for how to retrieve a 'TyThing' given a 'Name'.
    data TcTyThing
      = AGlobal TyThing             -- Used only in the return type of a lookup

      | ATcId   {           -- Ids defined in this module; may not be fully zonked
            tct_id     :: TcId,
            tct_closed :: TopLevelFlag }   -- See Note [Bindings with closed types]

      | ATyVar  Name TcTyVar        -- The type variable to which the lexically scoped type
                                    -- variable is bound. We only need the Name
                                    -- for error-message purposes; it is the corresponding
                                    -- Name in the domain of the envt

      | ATcTyCon TyCon   -- Used temporarily, during kind checking, for the
                         -- tycons and clases in this recursive group
                         -- The TyCon is always a TcTyCon.  Its kind
                         -- can be a mono-kind or a poly-kind; in TcTyClsDcls see
                         -- Note [Type checking recursive type and class declarations]

      | APromotionErr PromotionErr

    data PromotionErr
      = TyConPE          -- TyCon used in a kind before we are ready
                         --     data T :: T -> * where ...
      | ClassPE          -- Ditto Class

      | FamDataConPE     -- Data constructor for a data family
                         -- See Note [AFamDataCon: not promoting data family constructors] in TcRnDriver
      | PatSynPE         -- Pattern synonyms
                         -- See Note [Don't promote pattern synonyms] in TcEnv

      | RecDataConPE     -- Data constructor in a recursive loop
                         -- See Note [ARecDataCon: recusion and promoting data constructors] in TcTyClsDecls
      | NoDataKindsTC    -- -XDataKinds not enabled (for a tycon)
      | NoDataKindsDC    -- -XDataKinds not enabled (for a datacon)
      | NoTypeInTypeTC   -- -XTypeInType not enabled (for a tycon)
      | NoTypeInTypeDC   -- -XTypeInType not enabled (for a datacon)

    instance Outputable TcTyThing where     -- Debugging only
       ppr (AGlobal g)      = pprTyThing g
       ppr elt@(ATcId {})   = text "Identifier" <>
                              brackets (ppr (tct_id elt) <> dcolon
                                     <> ppr (varType (tct_id elt)) <> comma
                                     <+> ppr (tct_closed elt))
       ppr (ATyVar n tv)    = text "Type variable" <+> quotes (ppr n) <+> equals <+> ppr tv
       ppr (ATcTyCon tc)    = text "ATcTyCon" <+> ppr tc
       ppr (APromotionErr err) = text "APromotionErr" <+> ppr err

    instance Outputable PromotionErr where
      ppr ClassPE        = text "ClassPE"
      ppr TyConPE        = text "TyConPE"
      ppr PatSynPE       = text "PatSynPE"
      ppr FamDataConPE   = text "FamDataConPE"
      ppr RecDataConPE   = text "RecDataConPE"
      ppr NoDataKindsTC  = text "NoDataKindsTC"
      ppr NoDataKindsDC  = text "NoDataKindsDC"
      ppr NoTypeInTypeTC = text "NoTypeInTypeTC"
      ppr NoTypeInTypeDC = text "NoTypeInTypeDC"

    pprTcTyThingCategory :: TcTyThing -> SDoc
    pprTcTyThingCategory (AGlobal thing)    = pprTyThingCategory thing
    pprTcTyThingCategory (ATyVar {})        = text "Type variable"
    pprTcTyThingCategory (ATcId {})         = text "Local identifier"
    pprTcTyThingCategory (ATcTyCon {})     = text "Local tycon"
    pprTcTyThingCategory (APromotionErr pe) = pprPECategory pe

    pprPECategory :: PromotionErr -> SDoc
    pprPECategory ClassPE        = text "Class"
    pprPECategory TyConPE        = text "Type constructor"
    pprPECategory PatSynPE       = text "Pattern synonym"
    pprPECategory FamDataConPE   = text "Data constructor"
    pprPECategory RecDataConPE   = text "Data constructor"
    pprPECategory NoDataKindsTC  = text "Type constructor"
    pprPECategory NoDataKindsDC  = text "Data constructor"
    pprPECategory NoTypeInTypeTC = text "Type constructor"
    pprPECategory NoTypeInTypeDC = text "Data constructor"

    {- Note [Bindings with closed types]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Consider

      f x = let g ys = map not ys
            in ...

    Can we generalise 'g' under the OutsideIn algorithm?  Yes,
    because all g's free variables are top-level; that is they themselves
    have no free type variables, and it is the type variables in the
    environment that makes things tricky for OutsideIn generalisation.

    Definition:
       A variable is "closed", and has tct_closed set to TopLevel,
    iff
       a) all its free variables are imported, or are let-bound with closed types
       b) generalisation is not restricted by the monomorphism restriction

    Invariant: a closed variable has no free type variables in its type.

    Under OutsideIn we are free to generalise a closed let-binding.
    This is an extension compared to the JFP paper on OutsideIn, which
    used "top-level" as a proxy for "closed".  (It's not a good proxy
    anyway -- the MR can make a top-level binding with a free type
    variable.)

    Note that:
      * A top-level binding may not be closed, if it suffers from the MR

      * A nested binding may be closed (eg 'g' in the example we started with)
        Indeed, that's the point; whether a function is defined at top level
        or nested is orthogonal to the question of whether or not it is closed

      * A binding may be non-closed because it mentions a lexically scoped
        *type variable*  Eg
            f :: forall a. blah
            f x = let g y = ...(y::a)...

    -}

    type ErrCtxt = (Bool, TidyEnv -> TcM (TidyEnv, MsgDoc))
            -- Monadic so that we have a chance
            -- to deal with bound type variables just before error
            -- message construction

            -- Bool:  True <=> this is a landmark context; do not
            --                 discard it when trimming for display

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Operations over ImportAvails
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    -- | 'ImportAvails' summarises what was imported from where, irrespective of
    -- whether the imported things are actually used or not.  It is used:
    --
    --  * when processing the export list,
    --
    --  * when constructing usage info for the interface file,
    --
    --  * to identify the list of directly imported modules for initialisation
    --    purposes and for optimised overlap checking of family instances,
    --
    --  * when figuring out what things are really unused
    --
    data ImportAvails
       = ImportAvails {
            imp_mods :: ImportedMods,
              --      = ModuleEnv [ImportedModsVal],
              -- ^ Domain is all directly-imported modules
              --
              -- See the documentaion on ImportedModsVal in HscTypes for the
              -- meaning of the fields.
              --
              -- We need a full ModuleEnv rather than a ModuleNameEnv here,
              -- because we might be importing modules of the same name from
              -- different packages. (currently not the case, but might be in the
              -- future).

            imp_dep_mods :: ModuleNameEnv (ModuleName, IsBootInterface),
              -- ^ Home-package modules needed by the module being compiled
              --
              -- It doesn't matter whether any of these dependencies
              -- are actually /used/ when compiling the module; they
              -- are listed if they are below it at all.  For
              -- example, suppose M imports A which imports X.  Then
              -- compiling M might not need to consult X.hi, but X
              -- is still listed in M's dependencies.

            imp_dep_pkgs :: [UnitId],
              -- ^ Packages needed by the module being compiled, whether directly,
              -- or via other modules in this package, or via modules imported
              -- from other packages.

            imp_trust_pkgs :: [UnitId],
              -- ^ This is strictly a subset of imp_dep_pkgs and records the
              -- packages the current module needs to trust for Safe Haskell
              -- compilation to succeed. A package is required to be trusted if
              -- we are dependent on a trustworthy module in that package.
              -- While perhaps making imp_dep_pkgs a tuple of (UnitId, Bool)
              -- where True for the bool indicates the package is required to be
              -- trusted is the more logical  design, doing so complicates a lot
              -- of code not concerned with Safe Haskell.
              -- See Note [RnNames . Tracking Trust Transitively]

            imp_trust_own_pkg :: Bool,
              -- ^ Do we require that our own package is trusted?
              -- This is to handle efficiently the case where a Safe module imports
              -- a Trustworthy module that resides in the same package as it.
              -- See Note [RnNames . Trust Own Package]

            imp_orphs :: [Module],
              -- ^ Orphan modules below us in the import tree (and maybe including
              -- us for imported modules)

            imp_finsts :: [Module]
              -- ^ Family instance modules below us in the import tree (and maybe
              -- including us for imported modules)
          }

    mkModDeps :: [(ModuleName, IsBootInterface)]
              -> ModuleNameEnv (ModuleName, IsBootInterface)
    mkModDeps deps = foldl add emptyUFM deps
                   where
                     add env elt@(m,_) = addToUFM env m elt

    emptyImportAvails :: ImportAvails
    emptyImportAvails = ImportAvails { imp_mods          = emptyModuleEnv,
                                       imp_dep_mods      = emptyUFM,
                                       imp_dep_pkgs      = [],
                                       imp_trust_pkgs    = [],
                                       imp_trust_own_pkg = False,
                                       imp_orphs         = [],
                                       imp_finsts        = [] }

    -- | Union two ImportAvails
    --
    -- This function is a key part of Import handling, basically
    -- for each import we create a separate ImportAvails structure
    -- and then union them all together with this function.
    plusImportAvails ::  ImportAvails ->  ImportAvails ->  ImportAvails
    plusImportAvails
      (ImportAvails { imp_mods = mods1,
                      imp_dep_mods = dmods1, imp_dep_pkgs = dpkgs1,
                      imp_trust_pkgs = tpkgs1, imp_trust_own_pkg = tself1,
                      imp_orphs = orphs1, imp_finsts = finsts1 })
      (ImportAvails { imp_mods = mods2,
                      imp_dep_mods = dmods2, imp_dep_pkgs = dpkgs2,
                      imp_trust_pkgs = tpkgs2, imp_trust_own_pkg = tself2,
                      imp_orphs = orphs2, imp_finsts = finsts2 })
      = ImportAvails { imp_mods          = plusModuleEnv_C (++) mods1 mods2,
                       imp_dep_mods      = plusUFM_C plus_mod_dep dmods1 dmods2,
                       imp_dep_pkgs      = dpkgs1 `unionLists` dpkgs2,
                       imp_trust_pkgs    = tpkgs1 `unionLists` tpkgs2,
                       imp_trust_own_pkg = tself1 || tself2,
                       imp_orphs         = orphs1 `unionLists` orphs2,
                       imp_finsts        = finsts1 `unionLists` finsts2 }
      where
        plus_mod_dep (m1, boot1) (m2, boot2)
            = WARN( not (m1 == m2), (ppr m1 <+> ppr m2) $$ (ppr boot1 <+> ppr boot2) )
                    -- Check mod-names match
              (m1, boot1 && boot2) -- If either side can "see" a non-hi-boot interface, use that

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    \subsection{Where from}
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    The @WhereFrom@ type controls where the renamer looks for an interface file
    -}

    data WhereFrom
      = ImportByUser IsBootInterface        -- Ordinary user import (perhaps {-# SOURCE #-})
      | ImportBySystem                      -- Non user import.
      | ImportByPlugin                      -- Importing a plugin;
                                            -- See Note [Care with plugin imports] in LoadIface

    instance Outputable WhereFrom where
      ppr (ImportByUser is_boot) | is_boot     = text "{- SOURCE -}"
                                 | otherwise   = empty
      ppr ImportBySystem                       = text "{- SYSTEM -}"
      ppr ImportByPlugin                       = text "{- PLUGIN -}"

    {- *********************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Type signatures
    *                                                                      *
    ********************************************************************* -}

    type TcSigFun  = Name -> Maybe TcSigInfo

    data TcSigInfo = TcIdSig     TcIdSigInfo
                   | TcPatSynSig TcPatSynInfo

    data TcIdSigInfo
      = TISI
          { sig_bndr  :: TcIdSigBndr

          , sig_skols :: [(Name, TcTyVar)]
                -- Instantiated type and kind variables SKOLEMS
                -- The Name is the Name that the renamer chose;
                --   but the TcTyVar may come from instantiating
                --   the type and hence have a different unique.
                -- No need to keep track of whether they are truly lexically
                --   scoped because the renamer has named them uniquely
                --
                -- For Partial signatures, this list /excludes/ any wildcards
                --   the named wildcards scope over the binding, and hence
                --   their Names may appear in renamed type signatures
                --   in the binding; get them from sig_bndr
                -- See Note [Binding scoped type variables]

          , sig_theta  :: TcThetaType   -- Instantiated theta.  In the case of a
                                        -- PartialSig, sig_theta does not include
                                        -- the extra-constraints wildcard

          , sig_tau    :: TcSigmaType   -- Instantiated tau
                                        -- See Note [sig_tau may be polymorphic]

          , sig_ctxt   :: UserTypeCtxt  -- In the case of type-class default methods,
                                        -- the Name in the FunSigCtxt is not the same
                                        -- as the TcId; the former is 'op', while the
                                        -- latter is '$dmop' or some such

          , sig_loc    :: SrcSpan       -- Location of the type signature
        }

    data TcIdSigBndr   -- See Note [Complete and partial type signatures]
      = CompleteSig    -- A complete signature with no wildcards,
                       -- so the complete polymorphic type is known.
            TcId          -- The polymorphic Id with that type

      | PartialSig     -- A partial type signature (i.e. includes one or more
                       -- wildcards). In this case it doesn't make sense to give
                       -- the polymorphic Id, because we are going to /infer/ its
                       -- type, so we can't make the polymorphic Id ab-initio
           { sig_name  :: Name              -- Name of the function; used when report wildcards
           , sig_hs_ty :: LHsType Name      -- The original partial signature
           , sig_wcs   :: [(Name,TcTyVar)]  -- Instantiated wildcard variables (named and anonymous)
                                            -- The Name is what the user wrote, such as '_',
                                            --   including SrcSpan for the error message;
                                            -- The TcTyVar is just an ordinary unification variable
           , sig_cts   :: Maybe SrcSpan     -- Just loc <=> An extra-constraints wildcard was present
           }                                --              at location loc
                                            --   e.g.   f :: (Eq a, _) => a -> a

    data TcPatSynInfo
      = TPSI {
            patsig_name       :: Name,
            patsig_univ_bndrs :: [TcTyBinder],
            patsig_req        :: TcThetaType,
            patsig_ex_bndrs   :: [TcTyBinder],
            patsig_prov       :: TcThetaType,
            patsig_arg_tys    :: [TcSigmaType],
            patsig_body_ty    :: TcSigmaType
        }

    findScopedTyVars  -- See Note [Binding scoped type variables]
      :: TcType             -- The Type: its forall'd variables are a superset
                            --   of the lexically scoped variables
      -> [TcTyVar]          -- The instantiated forall variables of the TcType
      -> [(Name, TcTyVar)]  -- In 1-1 correspondence with the instantiated vars
    findScopedTyVars sig_ty inst_tvs
      = zipWith find sig_tvs inst_tvs
      where
        find sig_tv inst_tv = (tyVarName sig_tv, inst_tv)
        (sig_tvs,_) = tcSplitForAllTys sig_ty

    instance Outputable TcSigInfo where
      ppr (TcIdSig     idsi) = ppr idsi
      ppr (TcPatSynSig tpsi) = text "TcPatSynInfo" <+> ppr tpsi

    instance Outputable TcIdSigInfo where
        ppr (TISI { sig_bndr = bndr, sig_skols = tyvars
                  , sig_theta = theta, sig_tau = tau })
            = ppr (tcIdSigBndrName bndr) <+> dcolon <+>
              vcat [ pprSigmaType (mkSpecSigmaTy (map snd tyvars) theta tau)
                   , ppr (map fst tyvars) ]

    instance Outputable TcIdSigBndr where
        ppr (CompleteSig f)               = text "CompleteSig" <+> ppr f
        ppr (PartialSig { sig_name = n }) = text "PartialSig"  <+> ppr n

    instance Outputable TcPatSynInfo where
        ppr (TPSI{ patsig_name = name}) = ppr name

    isPartialSig :: TcIdSigInfo -> Bool
    isPartialSig (TISI { sig_bndr = PartialSig {} }) = True
    isPartialSig _                                   = False

    -- | No signature or a partial signature
    noCompleteSig :: Maybe TcSigInfo -> Bool
    noCompleteSig (Just (TcIdSig sig)) = isPartialSig sig
    noCompleteSig _                    = True

    tcIdSigBndrName :: TcIdSigBndr -> Name
    tcIdSigBndrName (CompleteSig id)              = idName id
    tcIdSigBndrName (PartialSig { sig_name = n }) = n

    tcSigInfoName :: TcSigInfo -> Name
    tcSigInfoName (TcIdSig     idsi) = tcIdSigBndrName (sig_bndr idsi)
    tcSigInfoName (TcPatSynSig tpsi) = patsig_name tpsi

    -- Helper for cases when we know for sure we have a complete type
    -- signature, e.g. class methods.
    completeIdSigPolyId :: TcIdSigInfo -> TcId
    completeIdSigPolyId (TISI { sig_bndr = CompleteSig id }) = id
    completeIdSigPolyId _ = panic "completeSigPolyId"

    completeIdSigPolyId_maybe :: TcIdSigInfo -> Maybe TcId
    completeIdSigPolyId_maybe (TISI { sig_bndr = CompleteSig id }) = Just id
    completeIdSigPolyId_maybe _                                    = Nothing

    completeSigPolyId_maybe :: TcSigInfo -> Maybe TcId
    completeSigPolyId_maybe (TcIdSig sig)    = completeIdSigPolyId_maybe sig
    completeSigPolyId_maybe (TcPatSynSig {}) = Nothing

    {-
    Note [Binding scoped type variables]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The type variables *brought into lexical scope* by a type signature may
    be a subset of the *quantified type variables* of the signatures, for two reasons:

    * With kind polymorphism a signature like
        f :: forall f a. f a -> f a
      may actually give rise to
        f :: forall k. forall (f::k -> *) (a:k). f a -> f a
      So the sig_tvs will be [k,f,a], but only f,a are scoped.
      NB: the scoped ones are not necessarily the *inital* ones!

    * Even aside from kind polymorphism, there may be more instantiated
      type variables than lexically-scoped ones.  For example:
            type T a = forall b. b -> (a,b)
            f :: forall c. T c
      Here, the signature for f will have one scoped type variable, c,
      but two instantiated type variables, c' and b'.

    The function findScopedTyVars takes
      * hs_ty:    the original HsForAllTy
      * sig_ty:   the corresponding Type (which is guaranteed to use the same Names
                  as the HsForAllTy)
      * inst_tvs: the skolems instantiated from the forall's in sig_ty
    It returns a [(Maybe Name, TcTyVar)], in 1-1 correspondence with inst_tvs
    but with a (Just n) for the lexically scoped name of each in-scope tyvar.

    Note [sig_tau may be polymorphic]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Note that "sig_tau" might actually be a polymorphic type,
    if the original function had a signature like
       forall a. Eq a => forall b. Ord b => ....
    But that's ok: tcMatchesFun (called by tcRhs) can deal with that
    It happens, too!  See Note [Polymorphic methods] in TcClassDcl.

    Note [Existential check]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Lazy patterns can't bind existentials.  They arise in two ways:
      * Let bindings      let { C a b = e } in b
      * Twiddle patterns  f ~(C a b) = e
    The pe_lazy field of PatEnv says whether we are inside a lazy
    pattern (perhaps deeply)

    If we aren't inside a lazy pattern then we can bind existentials,
    but we need to be careful about "extra" tyvars. Consider
        (\C x -> d) : pat_ty -> res_ty
    When looking for existential escape we must check that the existential
    bound by C don't unify with the free variables of pat_ty, OR res_ty
    (or of course the environment).   Hence we need to keep track of the
    res_ty free vars.

    Note [Complete and partial type signatures]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    A type signature is partial when it contains one or more wildcards
    (= type holes).  The wildcard can either be:
    * A (type) wildcard occurring in sig_theta or sig_tau. These are
      stored in sig_wcs.
          f :: Bool -> _
          g :: Eq _a => _a -> _a -> Bool
    * Or an extra-constraints wildcard, stored in sig_cts:
          h :: (Num a, _) => a -> a

    A type signature is a complete type signature when there are no
    wildcards in the type signature, i.e. iff sig_wcs is empty and
    sig_extra_cts is Nothing. -}

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
    *                       Canonical constraints                          *
    *                                                                      *
    *   These are the constraints the low-level simplifier works with      *
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    -- The syntax of xi types:
    -- xi ::= a | T xis | xis -> xis | ... | forall a. tau
    -- Two important notes:
    --      (i) No type families, unless we are under a ForAll
    --      (ii) Note that xi types can contain unexpanded type synonyms;
    --           however, the (transitive) expansions of those type synonyms
    --           will not contain any type functions, unless we are under a ForAll.
    -- We enforce the structure of Xi types when we flatten (TcCanonical)

    type Xi = Type       -- In many comments, "xi" ranges over Xi

    type Cts = Bag Ct

    data Ct
      -- Atomic canonical constraints
      = CDictCan {  -- e.g.  Num xi
          cc_ev     :: CtEvidence, -- See Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
          cc_class  :: Class,
          cc_tyargs :: [Xi],       -- cc_tyargs are function-free, hence Xi
          cc_pend_sc :: Bool       -- True <=> (a) cc_class has superclasses
                                   --          (b) we have not (yet) added those
                                   --              superclasses as Givens
               -- NB: cc_pend_sc is used for G/W/D.  For W/D the reason
               --     we need superclasses is to expose possible improvement
               --     via fundeps
        }

      | CIrredEvCan {  -- These stand for yet-unusable predicates
          cc_ev :: CtEvidence   -- See Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
            -- The ctev_pred of the evidence is
            -- of form   (tv xi1 xi2 ... xin)
            --      or   (tv1 ~ ty2)   where the CTyEqCan  kind invariant fails
            --      or   (F tys ~ ty)  where the CFunEqCan kind invariant fails
            -- See Note [CIrredEvCan constraints]
        }

      | CTyEqCan {  -- tv ~ rhs
           -- Invariants:
           --   * See Note [Applying the inert substitution] in TcFlatten
           --   * tv not in tvs(rhs)   (occurs check)
           --   * If tv is a TauTv, then rhs has no foralls
           --       (this avoids substituting a forall for the tyvar in other types)
           --   * typeKind ty `tcEqKind` typeKind tv
           --   * rhs may have at most one top-level cast
           --   * rhs (perhaps under the one cast) is not necessarily function-free,
           --       but it has no top-level function.
           --     E.g. a ~ [F b]  is fine
           --     but  a ~ F b    is not
           --   * If the equality is representational, rhs has no top-level newtype
           --     See Note [No top-level newtypes on RHS of representational
           --     equalities] in TcCanonical
           --   * If rhs (perhaps under the cast) is also a tv, then it is oriented
           --     to give best chance of
           --     unification happening; eg if rhs is touchable then lhs is too
          cc_ev     :: CtEvidence, -- See Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
          cc_tyvar  :: TcTyVar,
          cc_rhs    :: TcType,     -- Not necessarily function-free (hence not Xi)
                                   -- See invariants above
          cc_eq_rel :: EqRel
        }

      | CFunEqCan {  -- F xis ~ fsk
           -- Invariants:
           --   * isTypeFamilyTyCon cc_fun
           --   * typeKind (F xis) = tyVarKind fsk
           --   * always Nominal role
          cc_ev     :: CtEvidence,  -- See Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
          cc_fun    :: TyCon,       -- A type function

          cc_tyargs :: [Xi],        -- cc_tyargs are function-free (hence Xi)
            -- Either under-saturated or exactly saturated
            --    *never* over-saturated (because if so
            --    we should have decomposed)

          cc_fsk    :: TcTyVar  -- [Given]  always a FlatSkol skolem
                                -- [Wanted] always a FlatMetaTv unification variable
            -- See Note [The flattening story] in TcFlatten
        }

      | CNonCanonical {        -- See Note [NonCanonical Semantics] in TcSMonad
          cc_ev  :: CtEvidence
        }

      | CHoleCan {             -- See Note [Hole constraints]
           -- Treated as an "insoluble" constraint
           -- See Note [Insoluble constraints]
          cc_ev   :: CtEvidence,
          cc_hole :: Hole
        }

    -- | An expression or type hole
    data Hole = ExprHole UnboundVar
                -- ^ Either an out-of-scope variable or a "true" hole in an
                -- expression (TypedHoles)
              | TypeHole OccName
                -- ^ A hole in a type (PartialTypeSignatures)

    holeOcc :: Hole -> OccName
    holeOcc (ExprHole uv)  = unboundVarOcc uv
    holeOcc (TypeHole occ) = occ

    {-
    Note [Hole constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    CHoleCan constraints are used for two kinds of holes,
    distinguished by cc_hole:

      * For holes in expressions (including variables not in scope)
        e.g.   f x = g _ x

      * For holes in type signatures
        e.g.   f :: _ -> _
               f x = [x,True]

    Note [CIrredEvCan constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    CIrredEvCan constraints are used for constraints that are "stuck"
       - we can't solve them (yet)
       - we can't use them to solve other constraints
       - but they may become soluble if we substitute for some
         of the type variables in the constraint

    Example 1:  (c Int), where c :: * -> Constraint.  We can't do anything
                with this yet, but if later c := Num, *then* we can solve it

    Example 2:  a ~ b, where a :: *, b :: k, where k is a kind variable
                We don't want to use this to substitute 'b' for 'a', in case
                'k' is subequently unifed with (say) *->*, because then
                we'd have ill-kinded types floating about.  Rather we want
                to defer using the equality altogether until 'k' get resolved.

    Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    If  ct :: Ct, then extra fields of 'ct' cache precisely the ctev_pred field
    of (cc_ev ct), and is fully rewritten wrt the substitution.   Eg for CDictCan,
       ctev_pred (cc_ev ct) = (cc_class ct) (cc_tyargs ct)
    This holds by construction; look at the unique place where CDictCan is
    built (in TcCanonical).

    In contrast, the type of the evidence *term* (ccev_evtm or ctev_evar/dest) in
    the evidence may *not* be fully zonked; we are careful not to look at it
    during constraint solving.  See Note [Evidence field of CtEvidence]
    -}

    mkNonCanonical :: CtEvidence -> Ct
    mkNonCanonical ev = CNonCanonical { cc_ev = ev }

    mkNonCanonicalCt :: Ct -> Ct
    mkNonCanonicalCt ct = CNonCanonical { cc_ev = cc_ev ct }

    mkGivens :: CtLoc -> [EvId] -> [Ct]
    mkGivens loc ev_ids
      = map mk ev_ids
      where
        mk ev_id = mkNonCanonical (CtGiven { ctev_evar = ev_id
                                           , ctev_pred = evVarPred ev_id
                                           , ctev_loc = loc })

    ctEvidence :: Ct -> CtEvidence
    ctEvidence = cc_ev

    ctLoc :: Ct -> CtLoc
    ctLoc = ctEvLoc . ctEvidence

    setCtLoc :: Ct -> CtLoc -> Ct
    setCtLoc ct loc = ct { cc_ev = (cc_ev ct) { ctev_loc = loc } }

    ctOrigin :: Ct -> CtOrigin
    ctOrigin = ctLocOrigin . ctLoc

    ctPred :: Ct -> PredType
    -- See Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
    ctPred ct = ctEvPred (cc_ev ct)

    -- | Convert a Wanted to a Derived
    toDerivedCt :: Ct -> Ct
    toDerivedCt ct
      = case ctEvidence ct of
          CtWanted { ctev_pred = pred, ctev_loc = loc }
            -> ct {cc_ev = CtDerived {ctev_pred = pred, ctev_loc = loc}}

          CtDerived {} -> ct
          CtGiven   {} -> pprPanic "to_derived" (ppr ct)

    -- | Makes a new equality predicate with the same role as the given
    -- evidence.
    mkTcEqPredLikeEv :: CtEvidence -> TcType -> TcType -> TcType
    mkTcEqPredLikeEv ev
      = case predTypeEqRel pred of
          NomEq  -> mkPrimEqPred
          ReprEq -> mkReprPrimEqPred
      where
        pred = ctEvPred ev

    -- | Get the flavour of the given 'Ct'
    ctFlavour :: Ct -> CtFlavour
    ctFlavour = ctEvFlavour . ctEvidence

    -- | Get the equality relation for the given 'Ct'
    ctEqRel :: Ct -> EqRel
    ctEqRel = ctEvEqRel . ctEvidence

    instance Outputable Ct where
      ppr ct = ppr (cc_ev ct) <+> parens pp_sort
        where
          pp_sort = case ct of
             CTyEqCan {}      -> text "CTyEqCan"
             CFunEqCan {}     -> text "CFunEqCan"
             CNonCanonical {} -> text "CNonCanonical"
             CDictCan { cc_pend_sc = pend_sc }
                | pend_sc   -> text "CDictCan(psc)"
                | otherwise -> text "CDictCan"
             CIrredEvCan {}   -> text "CIrredEvCan"
             CHoleCan { cc_hole = hole } -> text "CHoleCan:" <+> ppr (holeOcc hole)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
            Simple functions over evidence variables
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    ---------------- Getting free tyvars -------------------------

    -- | Returns free variables of constraints as a non-deterministic set
    tyCoVarsOfCt :: Ct -> TcTyCoVarSet
    tyCoVarsOfCt = fvVarSet . tyCoFVsOfCt

    -- | Returns free variables of constraints as a deterministically ordered.
    -- list. See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoVarsOfCtList :: Ct -> [TcTyCoVar]
    tyCoVarsOfCtList = fvVarList . tyCoFVsOfCt

    -- | Returns free variables of constraints as a composable FV computation.
    -- See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoFVsOfCt :: Ct -> FV
    tyCoFVsOfCt (CTyEqCan { cc_tyvar = tv, cc_rhs = xi })
      = tyCoFVsOfType xi `unionFV` FV.unitFV tv
                         `unionFV` tyCoFVsOfType (tyVarKind tv)
    tyCoFVsOfCt (CFunEqCan { cc_tyargs = tys, cc_fsk = fsk })
      = tyCoFVsOfTypes tys `unionFV` FV.unitFV fsk
                           `unionFV` tyCoFVsOfType (tyVarKind fsk)
    tyCoFVsOfCt (CDictCan { cc_tyargs = tys }) = tyCoFVsOfTypes tys
    tyCoFVsOfCt (CIrredEvCan { cc_ev = ev }) = tyCoFVsOfType (ctEvPred ev)
    tyCoFVsOfCt (CHoleCan { cc_ev = ev }) = tyCoFVsOfType (ctEvPred ev)
    tyCoFVsOfCt (CNonCanonical { cc_ev = ev }) = tyCoFVsOfType (ctEvPred ev)

    -- | Returns free variables of a bag of constraints as a non-deterministic
    -- set. See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoVarsOfCts :: Cts -> TcTyCoVarSet
    tyCoVarsOfCts = fvVarSet . tyCoFVsOfCts

    -- | Returns free variables of a bag of constraints as a deterministically
    -- odered list. See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoVarsOfCtsList :: Cts -> [TcTyCoVar]
    tyCoVarsOfCtsList = fvVarList . tyCoFVsOfCts

    -- | Returns free variables of a bag of constraints as a composable FV
    -- computation. See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoFVsOfCts :: Cts -> FV
    tyCoFVsOfCts = foldrBag (unionFV . tyCoFVsOfCt) emptyFV

    -- | Returns free variables of WantedConstraints as a non-deterministic
    -- set. See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoVarsOfWC :: WantedConstraints -> TyCoVarSet
    -- Only called on *zonked* things, hence no need to worry about flatten-skolems
    tyCoVarsOfWC = fvVarSet . tyCoFVsOfWC

    -- | Returns free variables of WantedConstraints as a deterministically
    -- ordered list. See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoVarsOfWCList :: WantedConstraints -> [TyCoVar]
    -- Only called on *zonked* things, hence no need to worry about flatten-skolems
    tyCoVarsOfWCList = fvVarList . tyCoFVsOfWC

    -- | Returns free variables of WantedConstraints as a composable FV
    -- computation. See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoFVsOfWC :: WantedConstraints -> FV
    -- Only called on *zonked* things, hence no need to worry about flatten-skolems
    tyCoFVsOfWC (WC { wc_simple = simple, wc_impl = implic, wc_insol = insol })
      = tyCoFVsOfCts simple `unionFV`
        tyCoFVsOfBag tyCoFVsOfImplic implic `unionFV`
        tyCoFVsOfCts insol

    -- | Returns free variables of Implication as a composable FV computation.
    -- See Note [Deterministic FV] in FV.
    tyCoFVsOfImplic :: Implication -> FV
    -- Only called on *zonked* things, hence no need to worry about flatten-skolems
    tyCoFVsOfImplic (Implic { ic_skols = skols
                             , ic_given = givens, ic_wanted = wanted })
      = FV.delFVs (mkVarSet skols)
          (tyCoFVsOfWC wanted `unionFV` tyCoFVsOfTypes (map evVarPred givens))

    tyCoFVsOfBag :: (a -> FV) -> Bag a -> FV
    tyCoFVsOfBag tvs_of = foldrBag (unionFV . tvs_of) emptyFV

    --------------------------
    dropDerivedSimples :: Cts -> Cts
    dropDerivedSimples simples = filterBag isWantedCt simples
                                 -- simples are all Wanted or Derived

    dropDerivedInsols :: Cts -> Cts
    -- See Note [Dropping derived constraints]
    dropDerivedInsols insols = filterBag keep insols
      where                    -- insols can include Given
        keep ct
          | isDerivedCt ct = not (isDroppableDerivedLoc (ctLoc ct))
          | otherwise      = True

    isDroppableDerivedLoc :: CtLoc -> Bool
    -- Note [Dropping derived constraints]
    isDroppableDerivedLoc loc
      = case ctLocOrigin loc of
          HoleOrigin {}    -> False
          KindEqOrigin {}  -> False
          GivenOrigin {}   -> False
          FunDepOrigin1 {} -> False
          FunDepOrigin2 {} -> False
          _                -> True

    arisesFromGivens :: Ct -> Bool
    arisesFromGivens ct
      = case ctEvidence ct of
          CtGiven {} -> True
          CtWanted {} -> False
          CtDerived { ctev_loc = loc } -> from_given loc
      where
       from_given :: CtLoc -> Bool
       from_given loc = from_given_origin (ctLocOrigin loc)

       from_given_origin :: CtOrigin -> Bool
       from_given_origin (GivenOrigin {})          = True
       from_given_origin (FunDepOrigin1 _ l1 _ l2) = from_given l1 && from_given l2
       from_given_origin (FunDepOrigin2 _ o1 _ _)  = from_given_origin o1
       from_given_origin _                         = False

    {- Note [Dropping derived constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    In general we discard derived constraints at the end of constraint solving;
    see dropDerivedWC.  For example

     * If we have an unsolved [W] (Ord a), we don't want to complain about
       an unsolved [D] (Eq a) as well.

     * If we have [W] a ~ Int, [W] a ~ Bool, improvement will generate
       [D] Int ~ Bool, and we don't want to report that because it's incomprehensible.
       That is why we don't rewrite wanteds with wanteds!

    But (tiresomely) we do keep *some* Derived insolubles:

     * Insoluble kind equalities (e.g. [D] * ~ (* -> *)) may arise from
       a type equality a ~ Int#, say.  In future they'll be Wanted, not Derived,
       but at the moment they are Derived.

     * Insoluble derived equalities (e.g. [D] Int ~ Bool) may arise from
       functional dependency interactions, either between Givens or
       Wanteds.  It seems sensible to retain these:
       - For Givens they reflect unreachable code
       - For Wanteds it is arguably better to get a fundep error than
         a no-instance error (Trac #9612)

     * Type holes are derived constraints because they have no evidence
       and we want to keep them so we get the error report

    Moreover, we keep *all* derived insolubles under some circumstances:

      * They are looked at by simplifyInfer, to decide whether to
        generalise.  Example: [W] a ~ Int, [W] a ~ Bool
        We get [D] Int ~ Bool, and indeed the constraints are insoluble,
        and we want simplifyInfer to see that, even though we don't
        ultimately want to generate an (inexplicable) error message from

    To distinguish these cases we use the CtOrigin.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                        CtEvidence
             The "flavor" of a canonical constraint
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    isWantedCt :: Ct -> Bool
    isWantedCt = isWanted . cc_ev

    isGivenCt :: Ct -> Bool
    isGivenCt = isGiven . cc_ev

    isDerivedCt :: Ct -> Bool
    isDerivedCt = isDerived . cc_ev

    isCTyEqCan :: Ct -> Bool
    isCTyEqCan (CTyEqCan {})  = True
    isCTyEqCan (CFunEqCan {}) = False
    isCTyEqCan _              = False

    isCDictCan_Maybe :: Ct -> Maybe Class
    isCDictCan_Maybe (CDictCan {cc_class = cls })  = Just cls
    isCDictCan_Maybe _              = Nothing

    isCIrredEvCan :: Ct -> Bool
    isCIrredEvCan (CIrredEvCan {}) = True
    isCIrredEvCan _                = False

    isCFunEqCan_maybe :: Ct -> Maybe (TyCon, [Type])
    isCFunEqCan_maybe (CFunEqCan { cc_fun = tc, cc_tyargs = xis }) = Just (tc, xis)
    isCFunEqCan_maybe _ = Nothing

    isCFunEqCan :: Ct -> Bool
    isCFunEqCan (CFunEqCan {}) = True
    isCFunEqCan _ = False

    isCNonCanonical :: Ct -> Bool
    isCNonCanonical (CNonCanonical {}) = True
    isCNonCanonical _ = False

    isHoleCt:: Ct -> Bool
    isHoleCt (CHoleCan {}) = True
    isHoleCt _ = False

    isOutOfScopeCt :: Ct -> Bool
    -- We treat expression holes representing out-of-scope variables a bit
    -- differently when it comes to error reporting
    isOutOfScopeCt (CHoleCan { cc_hole = ExprHole (OutOfScope {}) }) = True
    isOutOfScopeCt _ = False

    isExprHoleCt :: Ct -> Bool
    isExprHoleCt (CHoleCan { cc_hole = ExprHole {} }) = True
    isExprHoleCt _ = False

    isTypeHoleCt :: Ct -> Bool
    isTypeHoleCt (CHoleCan { cc_hole = TypeHole {} }) = True
    isTypeHoleCt _ = False

    {- Note [Custom type errors in constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

    When GHC reports a type-error about an unsolved-constraint, we check
    to see if the constraint contains any custom-type errors, and if so
    we report them.  Here are some examples of constraints containing type
    errors:

    TypeError msg           -- The actual constraint is a type error

    TypError msg ~ Int      -- Some type was supposed to be Int, but ended up
                            -- being a type error instead

    Eq (TypeError msg)      -- A class constraint is stuck due to a type error

    F (TypeError msg) ~ a   -- A type function failed to evaluate due to a type err

    It is also possible to have constraints where the type error is nested deeper,
    for example see #11990, and also:

    Eq (F (TypeError msg))  -- Here the type error is nested under a type-function
                            -- call, which failed to evaluate because of it,
                            -- and so the `Eq` constraint was unsolved.
                            -- This may happen when one function calls another
                            -- and the called function produced a custom type error.
    -}

    -- | A constraint is considered to be a custom type error, if it contains
    -- custom type errors anywhere in it.
    -- See Note [Custom type errors in constraints]
    getUserTypeErrorMsg :: Ct -> Maybe Type
    getUserTypeErrorMsg ct = findUserTypeError (ctPred ct)
      where
      findUserTypeError t = msum ( userTypeError_maybe t
                                 : map findUserTypeError (subTys t)
                                 )

      subTys t            = case splitAppTys t of
                              (t,[]) ->
                                case splitTyConApp_maybe t of
                                  Nothing     -> []
                                  Just (_,ts) -> ts
                              (t,ts) -> t : ts

    isUserTypeErrorCt :: Ct -> Bool
    isUserTypeErrorCt ct = case getUserTypeErrorMsg ct of
                             Just _ -> True
                             _      -> False

    isPendingScDict :: Ct -> Maybe Ct
    -- Says whether cc_pend_sc is True, AND if so flips the flag
    isPendingScDict ct@(CDictCan { cc_pend_sc = True })
                      = Just (ct { cc_pend_sc = False })
    isPendingScDict _ = Nothing

    superClassesMightHelp :: Ct -> Bool
    -- ^ True if taking superclasses of givens, or of wanteds (to perhaps
    -- expose more equalities or functional dependencies) might help to
    -- solve this constraint.  See Note [When superclases help]
    superClassesMightHelp ct
      = isWantedCt ct && not (is_ip ct)
      where
        is_ip (CDictCan { cc_class = cls }) = isIPClass cls
        is_ip _                             = False

    {- Note [When superclasses help]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    First read Note [The superclass story] in TcCanonical.

    We expand superclasses and iterate only if there is at unsolved wanted
    for which expansion of superclasses (e.g. from given constraints)
    might actually help. The function superClassesMightHelp tells if
    doing this superclass expansion might help solve this constraint.
    Note that

      * Superclasses help only for Wanted constraints.  Derived constraints
        are not really "unsolved" and we certainly don't want them to
        trigger superclass expansion. This was a good part of the loop
        in  Trac #11523

      * Even for Wanted constraints, we say "no" for implicit paramters.
        we have [W] ?x::ty, expanding superclasses won't help:
          - Superclasses can't be implicit parameters
          - If we have a [G] ?x:ty2, then we'll have another unsolved
            [D] ty ~ ty2 (from the functional dependency)
            which will trigger superclass expansion.

        It's a bit of a special case, but it's easy to do.  The runtime cost
        is low because the unsolved set is usually empty anyway (errors
        aside), and the first non-imlicit-parameter will terminate the search.

        The special case is worth it (Trac #11480, comment:2) because it
        applies to CallStack constraints, which aren't type errors. If we have
           f :: (C a) => blah
           f x = ...undefined...
        we'll get a CallStack constraint.  If that's the only unsolved
        constraint it'll eventually be solved by defaulting.  So we don't
        want to emit warnings about hitting the simplifier's iteration
        limit.  A CallStack constraint really isn't an unsolved
        constraint; it can always be solved by defaulting.
    -}

    singleCt :: Ct -> Cts
    singleCt = unitBag

    andCts :: Cts -> Cts -> Cts
    andCts = unionBags

    listToCts :: [Ct] -> Cts
    listToCts = listToBag

    ctsElts :: Cts -> [Ct]
    ctsElts = bagToList

    consCts :: Ct -> Cts -> Cts
    consCts = consBag

    snocCts :: Cts -> Ct -> Cts
    snocCts = snocBag

    extendCtsList :: Cts -> [Ct] -> Cts
    extendCtsList cts xs | null xs   = cts
                         | otherwise = cts `unionBags` listToBag xs

    andManyCts :: [Cts] -> Cts
    andManyCts = unionManyBags

    emptyCts :: Cts
    emptyCts = emptyBag

    isEmptyCts :: Cts -> Bool
    isEmptyCts = isEmptyBag

    pprCts :: Cts -> SDoc
    pprCts cts = vcat (map ppr (bagToList cts))

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Wanted constraints
         These are forced to be in TcRnTypes because
               TcLclEnv mentions WantedConstraints
               WantedConstraint mentions CtLoc
               CtLoc mentions ErrCtxt
               ErrCtxt mentions TcM
    *                                                                      *
    v%************************************************************************
    -}

    data WantedConstraints
      = WC { wc_simple :: Cts              -- Unsolved constraints, all wanted
           , wc_impl   :: Bag Implication
           , wc_insol  :: Cts              -- Insoluble constraints, can be
                                           -- wanted, given, or derived
                                           -- See Note [Insoluble constraints]
        }

    emptyWC :: WantedConstraints
    emptyWC = WC { wc_simple = emptyBag, wc_impl = emptyBag, wc_insol = emptyBag }

    mkSimpleWC :: [CtEvidence] -> WantedConstraints
    mkSimpleWC cts
      = WC { wc_simple = listToBag (map mkNonCanonical cts)
           , wc_impl = emptyBag
           , wc_insol = emptyBag }

    mkImplicWC :: Bag Implication -> WantedConstraints
    mkImplicWC implic
      = WC { wc_simple = emptyBag, wc_impl = implic, wc_insol = emptyBag }

    isEmptyWC :: WantedConstraints -> Bool
    isEmptyWC (WC { wc_simple = f, wc_impl = i, wc_insol = n })
      = isEmptyBag f && isEmptyBag i && isEmptyBag n

    andWC :: WantedConstraints -> WantedConstraints -> WantedConstraints
    andWC (WC { wc_simple = f1, wc_impl = i1, wc_insol = n1 })
          (WC { wc_simple = f2, wc_impl = i2, wc_insol = n2 })
      = WC { wc_simple = f1 `unionBags` f2
           , wc_impl   = i1 `unionBags` i2
           , wc_insol  = n1 `unionBags` n2 }

    unionsWC :: [WantedConstraints] -> WantedConstraints
    unionsWC = foldr andWC emptyWC

    -- | Convert all Wanteds into Deriveds (ignoring insolubles)
    toDerivedWC :: WantedConstraints -> WantedConstraints
    toDerivedWC wc@(WC { wc_simple = simples, wc_impl = implics })
      = wc { wc_simple = mapBag toDerivedCt simples
           , wc_impl   = mapBag to_derived_implic implics }
      where
        to_derived_implic implic@(Implic { ic_wanted = inner_wanted })
          = implic { ic_wanted = toDerivedWC inner_wanted }

    addSimples :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Ct -> WantedConstraints
    addSimples wc cts
      = wc { wc_simple = wc_simple wc `unionBags` cts }
        -- Consider: Put the new constraints at the front, so they get solved first

    addImplics :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Implication -> WantedConstraints
    addImplics wc implic = wc { wc_impl = wc_impl wc `unionBags` implic }

    addInsols :: WantedConstraints -> Bag Ct -> WantedConstraints
    addInsols wc cts
      = wc { wc_insol = wc_insol wc `unionBags` cts }

    getInsolubles :: WantedConstraints -> Cts
    getInsolubles = wc_insol

    dropDerivedWC :: WantedConstraints -> WantedConstraints
    -- See Note [Dropping derived constraints]
    dropDerivedWC wc@(WC { wc_simple = simples, wc_insol = insols })
      = wc { wc_simple = dropDerivedSimples simples
           , wc_insol  = dropDerivedInsols insols }
        -- The wc_impl implications are already (recursively) filtered

    isInsolubleStatus :: ImplicStatus -> Bool
    isInsolubleStatus IC_Insoluble = True
    isInsolubleStatus _            = False

    insolubleImplic :: Implication -> Bool
    insolubleImplic ic = isInsolubleStatus (ic_status ic)

    insolubleWC :: TcLevel -> WantedConstraints -> Bool
    insolubleWC tc_lvl (WC { wc_impl = implics, wc_insol = insols })
      =  anyBag (trulyInsoluble tc_lvl) insols
      || anyBag insolubleImplic implics

    trulyInsoluble :: TcLevel -> Ct -> Bool
    -- Constraints in the wc_insol set which ARE NOT
    -- treated as truly insoluble:
    --   a) type holes, arising from PartialTypeSignatures,
    --   b) "true" expression holes arising from TypedHoles
    --
    -- Out-of-scope variables masquerading as expression holes
    -- ARE treated as truly insoluble.
    -- Yuk!
    trulyInsoluble _tc_lvl insol
      | isHoleCt insol = isOutOfScopeCt insol
      | otherwise      = True

    instance Outputable WantedConstraints where
      ppr (WC {wc_simple = s, wc_impl = i, wc_insol = n})
       = text "WC" <+> braces (vcat
            [ ppr_bag (text "wc_simple") s
            , ppr_bag (text "wc_insol") n
            , ppr_bag (text "wc_impl") i ])

    ppr_bag :: Outputable a => SDoc -> Bag a -> SDoc
    ppr_bag doc bag
     | isEmptyBag bag = empty
     | otherwise      = hang (doc <+> equals)
                           2 (foldrBag (($$) . ppr) empty bag)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    Implication constraints
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    data Implication
      = Implic {
          ic_tclvl :: TcLevel, -- TcLevel: unification variables
                                    -- free in the environment

          ic_skols  :: [TcTyVar],    -- Introduced skolems
          ic_info  :: SkolemInfo,    -- See Note [Skolems in an implication]
                                     -- See Note [Shadowing in a constraint]

          ic_given  :: [EvVar],      -- Given evidence variables
                                     --   (order does not matter)
                                     -- See Invariant (GivenInv) in TcType

          ic_no_eqs :: Bool,         -- True  <=> ic_givens have no equalities, for sure
                                     -- False <=> ic_givens might have equalities

          ic_env   :: TcLclEnv,      -- Gives the source location and error context
                                     -- for the implication, and hence for all the
                                     -- given evidence variables

          ic_wanted :: WantedConstraints,  -- The wanted

          ic_binds  :: Maybe EvBindsVar,
                                      -- Points to the place to fill in the
                                      -- abstraction and bindings.
                                      -- is Nothing if we can't deal with
                                      -- non-equality constraints here
                                      -- (this happens in TcS.deferTcSForAllEq)

          ic_status   :: ImplicStatus
        }

    data ImplicStatus
      = IC_Solved     -- All wanteds in the tree are solved, all the way down
           { ics_need :: VarSet     -- Evidence variables needed by this implication
           , ics_dead :: [EvVar] }  -- Subset of ic_given that are not needed
             -- See Note [Tracking redundant constraints] in TcSimplify

      | IC_Insoluble  -- At least one insoluble constraint in the tree

      | IC_Unsolved   -- Neither of the above; might go either way

    instance Outputable Implication where
      ppr (Implic { ic_tclvl = tclvl, ic_skols = skols
                  , ic_given = given, ic_no_eqs = no_eqs
                  , ic_wanted = wanted, ic_status = status
                  , ic_binds = binds, ic_info = info })
       = hang (text "Implic" <+> lbrace)
            2 (sep [ text "TcLevel =" <+> ppr tclvl
                   , text "Skolems =" <+> pprTvBndrs skols
                   , text "No-eqs =" <+> ppr no_eqs
                   , text "Status =" <+> ppr status
                   , hang (text "Given =")  2 (pprEvVars given)
                   , hang (text "Wanted =") 2 (ppr wanted)
                   , text "Binds =" <+> ppr binds
                   , pprSkolInfo info ] <+> rbrace)

    instance Outputable ImplicStatus where
      ppr IC_Insoluble   = text "Insoluble"
      ppr IC_Unsolved    = text "Unsolved"
      ppr (IC_Solved { ics_need = vs, ics_dead = dead })
        = text "Solved"
          <+> (braces $ vcat [ text "Dead givens =" <+> ppr dead
                             , text "Needed =" <+> ppr vs ])

    {-
    Note [Needed evidence variables]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Th ic_need_evs field holds the free vars of ic_binds, and all the
    ic_binds in nested implications.

      * Main purpose: if one of the ic_givens is not mentioned in here, it
        is redundant.

      * solveImplication may drop an implication altogether if it has no
        remaining 'wanteds'. But we still track the free vars of its
        evidence binds, even though it has now disappeared.

    Note [Shadowing in a constraint]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We assume NO SHADOWING in a constraint.  Specifically
     * The unification variables are all implicitly quantified at top
       level, and are all unique
     * The skolem variables bound in ic_skols are all freah when the
       implication is created.
    So we can safely substitute. For example, if we have
       forall a.  a~Int => ...(forall b. ...a...)...
    we can push the (a~Int) constraint inwards in the "givens" without
    worrying that 'b' might clash.

    Note [Skolems in an implication]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The skolems in an implication are not there to perform a skolem escape
    check.  That happens because all the environment variables are in the
    untouchables, and therefore cannot be unified with anything at all,
    let alone the skolems.

    Instead, ic_skols is used only when considering floating a constraint
    outside the implication in TcSimplify.floatEqualities or
    TcSimplify.approximateImplications

    Note [Insoluble constraints]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Some of the errors that we get during canonicalization are best
    reported when all constraints have been simplified as much as
    possible. For instance, assume that during simplification the
    following constraints arise:

     [Wanted]   F alpha ~  uf1
     [Wanted]   beta ~ uf1 beta

    When canonicalizing the wanted (beta ~ uf1 beta), if we eagerly fail
    we will simply see a message:
        'Can't construct the infinite type  beta ~ uf1 beta'
    and the user has no idea what the uf1 variable is.

    Instead our plan is that we will NOT fail immediately, but:
        (1) Record the "frozen" error in the ic_insols field
        (2) Isolate the offending constraint from the rest of the inerts
        (3) Keep on simplifying/canonicalizing

    At the end, we will hopefully have substituted uf1 := F alpha, and we
    will be able to report a more informative error:
        'Can't construct the infinite type beta ~ F alpha beta'

    Insoluble constraints *do* include Derived constraints. For example,
    a functional dependency might give rise to [D] Int ~ Bool, and we must
    report that.  If insolubles did not contain Deriveds, reportErrors would
    never see it.

    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                Pretty printing
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    pprEvVars :: [EvVar] -> SDoc    -- Print with their types
    pprEvVars ev_vars = vcat (map pprEvVarWithType ev_vars)

    pprEvVarTheta :: [EvVar] -> SDoc
    pprEvVarTheta ev_vars = pprTheta (map evVarPred ev_vars)

    pprEvVarWithType :: EvVar -> SDoc
    pprEvVarWithType v = ppr v <+> dcolon <+> pprType (evVarPred v)

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                CtEvidence
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [Evidence field of CtEvidence]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    During constraint solving we never look at the type of ctev_evar/ctev_dest;
    instead we look at the ctev_pred field.  The evtm/evar field
    may be un-zonked.

    Note [Bind new Givens immediately]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    For Givens we make new EvVars and bind them immediately. Two main reasons:
      * Gain sharing.  E.g. suppose we start with g :: C a b, where
           class D a => C a b
           class (E a, F a) => D a
        If we generate all g's superclasses as separate EvTerms we might
        get    selD1 (selC1 g) :: E a
               selD2 (selC1 g) :: F a
               selC1 g :: D a
        which we could do more economically as:
               g1 :: D a = selC1 g
               g2 :: E a = selD1 g1
               g3 :: F a = selD2 g1

      * For *coercion* evidence we *must* bind each given:
          class (a~b) => C a b where ....
          f :: C a b => ....
        Then in f's Givens we have g:(C a b) and the superclass sc(g,0):a~b.
        But that superclass selector can't (yet) appear in a coercion
        (see evTermCoercion), so the easy thing is to bind it to an Id.

    So a Given has EvVar inside it rather than (as previously) an EvTerm.
    -}

    -- | A place for type-checking evidence to go after it is generated.
    -- Wanted equalities are always HoleDest; other wanteds are always
    -- EvVarDest.
    data TcEvDest
      = EvVarDest EvVar         -- ^ bind this var to the evidence
      | HoleDest  CoercionHole  -- ^ fill in this hole with the evidence
                  -- See Note [Coercion holes] in TyCoRep

    data CtEvidence
      = CtGiven { ctev_pred :: TcPredType      -- See Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
                , ctev_evar :: EvVar           -- See Note [Evidence field of CtEvidence]
                , ctev_loc  :: CtLoc }
        -- Truly given, not depending on subgoals
        -- NB: Spontaneous unifications belong here

      | CtWanted { ctev_pred :: TcPredType     -- See Note [Ct/evidence invariant]
                 , ctev_dest :: TcEvDest
                 , ctev_loc  :: CtLoc }
        -- Wanted goal

      | CtDerived { ctev_pred :: TcPredType
                  , ctev_loc  :: CtLoc }
        -- A goal that we don't really have to solve and can't immediately
        -- rewrite anything other than a derived (there's no evidence!)
        -- but if we do manage to solve it may help in solving other goals.

    ctEvPred :: CtEvidence -> TcPredType
    -- The predicate of a flavor
    ctEvPred = ctev_pred

    ctEvLoc :: CtEvidence -> CtLoc
    ctEvLoc = ctev_loc

    ctEvOrigin :: CtEvidence -> CtOrigin
    ctEvOrigin = ctLocOrigin . ctEvLoc

    -- | Get the equality relation relevant for a 'CtEvidence'
    ctEvEqRel :: CtEvidence -> EqRel
    ctEvEqRel = predTypeEqRel . ctEvPred

    -- | Get the role relevant for a 'CtEvidence'
    ctEvRole :: CtEvidence -> Role
    ctEvRole = eqRelRole . ctEvEqRel

    ctEvTerm :: CtEvidence -> EvTerm
    ctEvTerm ev@(CtWanted { ctev_dest = HoleDest _ }) = EvCoercion $ ctEvCoercion ev
    ctEvTerm ev = EvId (ctEvId ev)

    ctEvCoercion :: CtEvidence -> Coercion
    ctEvCoercion ev@(CtWanted { ctev_dest = HoleDest hole, ctev_pred = pred })
      = case getEqPredTys_maybe pred of
          Just (role, ty1, ty2) -> mkHoleCo hole role ty1 ty2
          _                     -> pprPanic "ctEvTerm" (ppr ev)
    ctEvCoercion (CtGiven { ctev_evar = ev_id }) = mkTcCoVarCo ev_id
    ctEvCoercion ev = pprPanic "ctEvCoercion" (ppr ev)

    ctEvId :: CtEvidence -> TcId
    ctEvId (CtWanted { ctev_dest = EvVarDest ev }) = ev
    ctEvId (CtGiven  { ctev_evar = ev }) = ev
    ctEvId ctev = pprPanic "ctEvId:" (ppr ctev)

    instance Outputable TcEvDest where
      ppr (HoleDest h)   = text "hole" <> ppr h
      ppr (EvVarDest ev) = ppr ev

    instance Outputable CtEvidence where
      ppr fl = case fl of
                 CtGiven {}   -> text "[G]" <+> ppr (ctev_evar fl) <+> ppr_pty
                 CtWanted {}  -> text "[W]" <+> ppr (ctev_dest fl) <+> ppr_pty
                 CtDerived {} -> text "[D]" <+> text "_" <+> ppr_pty
             where ppr_pty = dcolon <+> ppr (ctEvPred fl)

    isWanted :: CtEvidence -> Bool
    isWanted (CtWanted {}) = True
    isWanted _ = False

    isGiven :: CtEvidence -> Bool
    isGiven (CtGiven {})  = True
    isGiven _ = False

    isDerived :: CtEvidence -> Bool
    isDerived (CtDerived {}) = True
    isDerived _              = False

    {-
    %************************************************************************
    %*                                                                      *
                CtFlavour
    %*                                                                      *
    %************************************************************************

    Just an enum type that tracks whether a constraint is wanted, derived,
    or given, when we need to separate that info from the constraint itself.

    -}

    data CtFlavour = Given | Wanted | Derived
      deriving Eq

    instance Outputable CtFlavour where
      ppr Given   = text "[G]"
      ppr Wanted  = text "[W]"
      ppr Derived = text "[D]"

    ctEvFlavour :: CtEvidence -> CtFlavour
    ctEvFlavour (CtWanted {})  = Wanted
    ctEvFlavour (CtGiven {})   = Given
    ctEvFlavour (CtDerived {}) = Derived

    -- | Whether or not one 'Ct' can rewrite another is determined by its
    -- flavour and its equality relation. See also
    -- Note [Flavours with roles] in TcSMonad
    type CtFlavourRole = (CtFlavour, EqRel)

    -- | Extract the flavour, role, and boxity from a 'CtEvidence'
    ctEvFlavourRole :: CtEvidence -> CtFlavourRole
    ctEvFlavourRole ev = (ctEvFlavour ev, ctEvEqRel ev)

    -- | Extract the flavour, role, and boxity from a 'Ct'
    ctFlavourRole :: Ct -> CtFlavourRole
    ctFlavourRole = ctEvFlavourRole . cc_ev

    {- Note [eqCanRewrite]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    (eqCanRewrite ct1 ct2) holds if the constraint ct1 (a CTyEqCan of form
    tv ~ ty) can be used to rewrite ct2.  It must satisfy the properties of
    a can-rewrite relation, see Definition [Can-rewrite relation] in
    TcSMonad.

    With the solver handling Coercible constraints like equality constraints,
    the rewrite conditions must take role into account, never allowing
    a representational equality to rewrite a nominal one.

    Note [Wanteds do not rewrite Wanteds]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    We don't allow Wanteds to rewrite Wanteds, because that can give rise
    to very confusing type error messages.  A good example is Trac #8450.
    Here's another
       f :: a -> Bool
       f x = ( [x,'c'], [x,True] ) `seq` True
    Here we get
      [W] a ~ Char
      [W] a ~ Bool
    but we do not want to complain about Bool ~ Char!

    Note [Deriveds do rewrite Deriveds]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    However we DO allow Deriveds to rewrite Deriveds, because that's how
    improvement works; see Note [The improvement story] in TcInteract.

    However, for now at least I'm only letting (Derived,NomEq) rewrite
    (Derived,NomEq) and not doing anything for ReprEq.  If we have
        eqCanRewriteFR (Derived, NomEq) (Derived, _)  = True
    then we lose property R2 of Definition [Can-rewrite relation]
    in TcSMonad
      R2.  If f1 >= f, and f2 >= f,
           then either f1 >= f2 or f2 >= f1
    Consider f1 = (Given, ReprEq)
             f2 = (Derived, NomEq)
              f = (Derived, ReprEq)

    I thought maybe we could never get Derived ReprEq constraints, but
    we can; straight from the Wanteds during improvment. And from a Derived
    ReprEq we could conceivably get a Derived NomEq improvment (by decomposing
    a type constructor with Nomninal role), and hence unify.

    Note [funEqCanDischarge]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Suppose we have two CFunEqCans with the same LHS:
        (x1:F ts ~ f1) `funEqCanDischarge` (x2:F ts ~ f2)
    Can we drop x2 in favour of x1, either unifying
    f2 (if it's a flatten meta-var) or adding a new Given
    (f1 ~ f2), if x2 is a Given?

    Answer: yes if funEqCanDischarge is true.

    Note [eqCanDischarge]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Suppose we have two identicla equality constraints
    (i.e. both LHS and RHS are the same)
          (x1:s~t) `eqCanDischarge` (xs:s~t)
    Can we just drop x2 in favour of x1?

    Answer: yes if eqCanDischarge is true.

    Note that we do /not/ allow Wanted to discharge Derived.
    We must keep both.  Why?  Because the Derived may rewrite
    other Deriveds in the model whereas the Wanted cannot.

    However a Wanted can certainly discharge an identical Wanted.  So
    eqCanDischarge does /not/ define a can-rewrite relation in the
    sense of Definition [Can-rewrite relation] in TcSMonad.
    -}

    -----------------
    eqCanRewrite :: CtEvidence -> CtEvidence -> Bool
    -- Very important function!
    -- See Note [eqCanRewrite]
    -- See Note [Wanteds do not rewrite Wanteds]
    -- See Note [Deriveds do rewrite Deriveds]
    eqCanRewrite ev1 ev2 = eqCanRewriteFR (ctEvFlavourRole ev1)
                                          (ctEvFlavourRole ev2)

    eqCanRewriteFR :: CtFlavourRole -> CtFlavourRole -> Bool
    eqCanRewriteFR (Given, NomEq)   (_, _)           = True
    eqCanRewriteFR (Given, ReprEq)  (_, ReprEq)      = True
    eqCanRewriteFR (Derived, NomEq) (Derived, NomEq) = True
    eqCanRewriteFR _                _                = False

    -----------------
    funEqCanDischarge :: CtEvidence -> CtEvidence -> Bool
    -- See Note [funEqCanDischarge]
    funEqCanDischarge ev1 ev2 = funEqCanDischargeFR (ctEvFlavourRole ev1)
                                          (ctEvFlavourRole ev2)

    funEqCanDischargeFR :: CtFlavourRole -> CtFlavourRole -> Bool
    funEqCanDischargeFR (_, ReprEq)  (_, NomEq)   = False
    funEqCanDischargeFR (Given,   _) _            = True
    funEqCanDischargeFR (Wanted,  _) (Wanted,  _) = True
    funEqCanDischargeFR (Wanted,  _) (Derived, _) = True
    funEqCanDischargeFR (Derived, _) (Derived, _) = True
    funEqCanDischargeFR _            _            = False

    -----------------
    eqCanDischarge :: CtEvidence -> CtEvidence -> Bool
    -- See Note [eqCanDischarge]
    eqCanDischarge ev1 ev2 = eqCanDischargeFR (ctEvFlavourRole ev1)
                                              (ctEvFlavourRole ev2)
    eqCanDischargeFR :: CtFlavourRole -> CtFlavourRole -> Bool
    eqCanDischargeFR (_, ReprEq)  (_, NomEq)   = False
    eqCanDischargeFR (Given,   _) (Given,_)    = True
    eqCanDischargeFR (Wanted,  _) (Wanted,  _) = True
    eqCanDischargeFR (Derived, _) (Derived, _) = True
    eqCanDischargeFR _            _            = False

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                SubGoalDepth
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    Note [SubGoalDepth]
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    The 'SubGoalDepth' takes care of stopping the constraint solver from looping.

    The counter starts at zero and increases. It includes dictionary constraints,
    equality simplification, and type family reduction. (Why combine these? Because
    it's actually quite easy to mistake one for another, in sufficiently involved
    scenarios, like ConstraintKinds.)

    The flag -fcontext-stack=n (not very well named!) fixes the maximium
    level.

    * The counter includes the depth of type class instance declarations.  Example:
         [W] d{7} : Eq [Int]
      That is d's dictionary-constraint depth is 7.  If we use the instance
         $dfEqList :: Eq a => Eq [a]
      to simplify it, we get
         d{7} = $dfEqList d'{8}
      where d'{8} : Eq Int, and d' has depth 8.

      For civilised (decidable) instance declarations, each increase of
      depth removes a type constructor from the type, so the depth never
      gets big; i.e. is bounded by the structural depth of the type.

    * The counter also increments when resolving
    equalities involving type functions. Example:
      Assume we have a wanted at depth 7:
        [W] d{7} : F () ~ a
      If there is an type function equation "F () = Int", this would be rewritten to
        [W] d{8} : Int ~ a
      and remembered as having depth 8.

      Again, without UndecidableInstances, this counter is bounded, but without it
      can resolve things ad infinitum. Hence there is a maximum level.

    * Lastly, every time an equality is rewritten, the counter increases. Again,
      rewriting an equality constraint normally makes progress, but it's possible
      the "progress" is just the reduction of an infinitely-reducing type family.
      Hence we need to track the rewrites.

    When compiling a program requires a greater depth, then GHC recommends turning
    off this check entirely by setting -freduction-depth=0. This is because the
    exact number that works is highly variable, and is likely to change even between
    minor releases. Because this check is solely to prevent infinite compilation
    times, it seems safe to disable it when a user has ascertained that their program
    doesn't loop at the type level.

    -}

    -- | See Note [SubGoalDepth]
    newtype SubGoalDepth = SubGoalDepth Int
      deriving (Eq, Ord, Outputable)

    initialSubGoalDepth :: SubGoalDepth
    initialSubGoalDepth = SubGoalDepth 0

    bumpSubGoalDepth :: SubGoalDepth -> SubGoalDepth
    bumpSubGoalDepth (SubGoalDepth n) = SubGoalDepth (n + 1)

    subGoalDepthExceeded :: DynFlags -> SubGoalDepth -> Bool
    subGoalDepthExceeded dflags (SubGoalDepth d)
      = mkIntWithInf d > reductionDepth dflags

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                CtLoc
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************

    The 'CtLoc' gives information about where a constraint came from.
    This is important for decent error message reporting because
    dictionaries don't appear in the original source code.
    type will evolve...
    -}

    data CtLoc = CtLoc { ctl_origin :: CtOrigin
                       , ctl_env    :: TcLclEnv
                       , ctl_t_or_k :: Maybe TypeOrKind  -- OK if we're not sure
                       , ctl_depth  :: !SubGoalDepth }
      -- The TcLclEnv includes particularly
      --    source location:  tcl_loc   :: RealSrcSpan
      --    context:          tcl_ctxt  :: [ErrCtxt]
      --    binder stack:     tcl_bndrs :: TcIdBinderStack
      --    level:            tcl_tclvl :: TcLevel

    mkGivenLoc :: TcLevel -> SkolemInfo -> TcLclEnv -> CtLoc
    mkGivenLoc tclvl skol_info env
      = CtLoc { ctl_origin = GivenOrigin skol_info
              , ctl_env    = env { tcl_tclvl = tclvl }
              , ctl_t_or_k = Nothing    -- this only matters for error msgs
              , ctl_depth  = initialSubGoalDepth }

    mkKindLoc :: TcType -> TcType   -- original *types* being compared
              -> CtLoc -> CtLoc
    mkKindLoc s1 s2 loc = setCtLocOrigin (toKindLoc loc)
                            (KindEqOrigin s1 (Just s2) (ctLocOrigin loc)
                                          (ctLocTypeOrKind_maybe loc))

    -- | Take a CtLoc and moves it to the kind level
    toKindLoc :: CtLoc -> CtLoc
    toKindLoc loc = loc { ctl_t_or_k = Just KindLevel }

    ctLocEnv :: CtLoc -> TcLclEnv
    ctLocEnv = ctl_env

    ctLocLevel :: CtLoc -> TcLevel
    ctLocLevel loc = tcl_tclvl (ctLocEnv loc)

    ctLocDepth :: CtLoc -> SubGoalDepth
    ctLocDepth = ctl_depth

    ctLocOrigin :: CtLoc -> CtOrigin
    ctLocOrigin = ctl_origin

    ctLocSpan :: CtLoc -> RealSrcSpan
    ctLocSpan (CtLoc { ctl_env = lcl}) = tcl_loc lcl

    ctLocTypeOrKind_maybe :: CtLoc -> Maybe TypeOrKind
    ctLocTypeOrKind_maybe = ctl_t_or_k

    setCtLocSpan :: CtLoc -> RealSrcSpan -> CtLoc
    setCtLocSpan ctl@(CtLoc { ctl_env = lcl }) loc = setCtLocEnv ctl (lcl { tcl_loc = loc })

    bumpCtLocDepth :: CtLoc -> CtLoc
    bumpCtLocDepth loc@(CtLoc { ctl_depth = d }) = loc { ctl_depth = bumpSubGoalDepth d }

    setCtLocOrigin :: CtLoc -> CtOrigin -> CtLoc
    setCtLocOrigin ctl orig = ctl { ctl_origin = orig }

    setCtLocEnv :: CtLoc -> TcLclEnv -> CtLoc
    setCtLocEnv ctl env = ctl { ctl_env = env }

    pushErrCtxt :: CtOrigin -> ErrCtxt -> CtLoc -> CtLoc
    pushErrCtxt o err loc@(CtLoc { ctl_env = lcl })
      = loc { ctl_origin = o, ctl_env = lcl { tcl_ctxt = err : tcl_ctxt lcl } }

    pushErrCtxtSameOrigin :: ErrCtxt -> CtLoc -> CtLoc
    -- Just add information w/o updating the origin!
    pushErrCtxtSameOrigin err loc@(CtLoc { ctl_env = lcl })
      = loc { ctl_env = lcl { tcl_ctxt = err : tcl_ctxt lcl } }

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                    SkolemInfo
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    -- SkolemInfo gives the origin of *given* constraints
    --   a) type variables are skolemised
    --   b) an implication constraint is generated
    data SkolemInfo
      = SigSkol UserTypeCtxt        -- A skolem that is created by instantiating
                ExpType             -- a programmer-supplied type signature
                                    -- Location of the binding site is on the TyVar

      | PatSynSigSkol Name  -- Bound by a programmer-supplied type signature of a pattern
                            -- synonym. Here we cannot use a SigSkol, see
                            -- Note [Patterns synonyms and the data type Type] in
                            -- basicTypes\PatSyn.hs

      | ClsSkol Class       -- Bound at a class decl

      | DerivSkol Type      -- Bound by a 'deriving' clause;
                            -- the type is the instance we are trying to derive

      | InstSkol            -- Bound at an instance decl
      | InstSC TypeSize     -- A "given" constraint obtained by superclass selection.
                            -- If (C ty1 .. tyn) is the largest class from
                            --    which we made a superclass selection in the chain,
                            --    then TypeSize = sizeTypes [ty1, .., tyn]
                            -- See Note [Solving superclass constraints] in TcInstDcls

      | DataSkol            -- Bound at a data type declaration
      | FamInstSkol         -- Bound at a family instance decl
      | PatSkol             -- An existential type variable bound by a pattern for
          ConLike           -- a data constructor with an existential type.
          (HsMatchContext Name)
                 -- e.g.   data T = forall a. Eq a => MkT a
                 --        f (MkT x) = ...
                 -- The pattern MkT x will allocate an existential type
                 -- variable for 'a'.

      | ArrowSkol           -- An arrow form (see TcArrows)

      | IPSkol [HsIPName]   -- Binding site of an implicit parameter

      | RuleSkol RuleName   -- The LHS of a RULE

      | InferSkol [(Name,TcType)]
                            -- We have inferred a type for these (mutually-recursivive)
                            -- polymorphic Ids, and are now checking that their RHS
                            -- constraints are satisfied.

      | BracketSkol         -- Template Haskell bracket

      | UnifyForAllSkol     -- We are unifying two for-all types
           TcType           -- The instantiated type *inside* the forall

      | UnkSkol             -- Unhelpful info (until I improve it)

    instance Outputable SkolemInfo where
      ppr = pprSkolInfo

    pprSkolInfo :: SkolemInfo -> SDoc
    -- Complete the sentence "is a rigid type variable bound by..."
    pprSkolInfo (SigSkol ctxt ty) = pprSigSkolInfo ctxt ty
    pprSkolInfo (IPSkol ips)      = text "the implicit-parameter binding" <> plural ips <+> text "for"
                                    <+> pprWithCommas ppr ips
    pprSkolInfo (ClsSkol cls)     = text "the class declaration for" <+> quotes (ppr cls)
    pprSkolInfo (DerivSkol pred)  = text "the deriving clause for" <+> quotes (ppr pred)
    pprSkolInfo InstSkol          = text "the instance declaration"
    pprSkolInfo (InstSC n)        = text "the instance declaration" <> ifPprDebug (parens (ppr n))
    pprSkolInfo DataSkol          = text "a data type declaration"
    pprSkolInfo FamInstSkol       = text "a family instance declaration"
    pprSkolInfo BracketSkol       = text "a Template Haskell bracket"
    pprSkolInfo (RuleSkol name)   = text "the RULE" <+> pprRuleName name
    pprSkolInfo ArrowSkol         = text "an arrow form"
    pprSkolInfo (PatSkol cl mc)   = sep [ pprPatSkolInfo cl
                                        , text "in" <+> pprMatchContext mc ]
    pprSkolInfo (InferSkol ids)   = sep [ text "the inferred type of"
                                        , vcat [ ppr name <+> dcolon <+> ppr ty
                                               | (name,ty) <- ids ]]
    pprSkolInfo (UnifyForAllSkol ty) = text "the type" <+> ppr ty
    pprSkolInfo (PatSynSigSkol name) = text "the type signature of pattern synonym"
                                       <+> quotes (ppr name)

    -- UnkSkol
    -- For type variables the others are dealt with by pprSkolTvBinding.
    -- For Insts, these cases should not happen
    pprSkolInfo UnkSkol = WARN( True, text "pprSkolInfo: UnkSkol" ) text "UnkSkol"

    pprSigSkolInfo :: UserTypeCtxt -> ExpType -> SDoc
    pprSigSkolInfo ctxt ty
      = case ctxt of
           FunSigCtxt f _ -> pp_sig f
           _              -> vcat [ pprUserTypeCtxt ctxt <> colon
                                  , nest 2 (ppr ty) ]
      where
        pp_sig f = vcat [ text "the type signature for:"
                        , nest 2 (pprPrefixOcc f <+> dcolon <+> ppr ty) ]

    pprPatSkolInfo :: ConLike -> SDoc
    pprPatSkolInfo (RealDataCon dc)
      = sep [ text "a pattern with constructor:"
            , nest 2 $ ppr dc <+> dcolon
              <+> pprType (dataConUserType dc) <> comma ]
              -- pprType prints forall's regardless of -fprint-explict-foralls
              -- which is what we want here, since we might be saying
              -- type variable 't' is bound by ...

    pprPatSkolInfo (PatSynCon ps)
      = sep [ text "a pattern with pattern synonym:"
            , nest 2 $ ppr ps <+> dcolon
                       <+> pprPatSynType ps <> comma ]

    {-
    ************************************************************************
    *                                                                      *
                CtOrigin
    *                                                                      *
    ************************************************************************
    -}

    data CtOrigin
      = GivenOrigin SkolemInfo

      -- All the others are for *wanted* constraints
      | OccurrenceOf Name              -- Occurrence of an overloaded identifier
      | OccurrenceOfRecSel RdrName     -- Occurrence of a record selector
      | AppOrigin                      -- An application of some kind

      | SpecPragOrigin UserTypeCtxt    -- Specialisation pragma for
                                       -- function or instance

      | TypeEqOrigin { uo_actual   :: TcType
                     , uo_expected :: ExpType
                     , uo_thing    :: Maybe ErrorThing
                                      -- ^ The thing that has type "actual"
                     }

      | KindEqOrigin
          TcType (Maybe TcType)     -- A kind equality arising from unifying these two types
          CtOrigin                  -- originally arising from this
          (Maybe TypeOrKind)        -- the level of the eq this arises from

      | IPOccOrigin  HsIPName       -- Occurrence of an implicit parameter
      | OverLabelOrigin FastString  -- Occurrence of an overloaded label

      | LiteralOrigin (HsOverLit Name)      -- Occurrence of a literal
      | NegateOrigin                        -- Occurrence of syntactic negation

      | ArithSeqOrigin (ArithSeqInfo Name) -- [x..], [x..y] etc
      | PArrSeqOrigin  (ArithSeqInfo Name) -- [:x..y:] and [:x,y..z:]
      | SectionOrigin
      | TupleOrigin                        -- (..,..)
      | ExprSigOrigin       -- e :: ty
      | PatSigOrigin        -- p :: ty
      | PatOrigin           -- Instantiating a polytyped pattern at a constructor
      | ProvCtxtOrigin      -- The "provided" context of a pattern synonym signature
            (PatSynBind Name Name) -- Information about the pattern synonym, in particular
                                   -- the name and the right-hand side
      | RecordUpdOrigin
      | ViewPatOrigin

      | ScOrigin TypeSize   -- Typechecking superclasses of an instance declaration
                            -- If the instance head is C ty1 .. tyn
                            --    then TypeSize = sizeTypes [ty1, .., tyn]
                            -- See Note [Solving superclass constraints] in TcInstDcls

      | DerivOrigin         -- Typechecking deriving
      | DerivOriginDC DataCon Int
                            -- Checking constraints arising from this data con and field index
      | DerivOriginCoerce Id Type Type
                            -- DerivOriginCoerce id ty1 ty2: Trying to coerce class method `id` from
                            -- `ty1` to `ty2`.
      | StandAloneDerivOrigin -- Typechecking stand-alone deriving
      | DefaultOrigin       -- Typechecking a default decl
      | DoOrigin            -- Arising from a do expression
      | DoPatOrigin (LPat Name) -- Arising from a failable pattern in
                                -- a do expression
      | MCompOrigin         -- Arising from a monad comprehension
      | MCompPatOrigin (LPat Name) -- Arising from a failable pattern in a
                                   -- monad comprehension
      | IfOrigin            -- Arising from an if statement
      | ProcOrigin          -- Arising from a proc expression
      | AnnOrigin           -- An annotation

      | FunDepOrigin1       -- A functional dependency from combining
            PredType CtLoc      -- This constraint arising from ...
            PredType CtLoc      -- and this constraint arising from ...

      | FunDepOrigin2       -- A functional dependency from combining
            PredType CtOrigin   -- This constraint arising from ...
            PredType SrcSpan    -- and this instance
            -- We only need a CtOrigin on the first, because the location
            -- is pinned on the entire error message

      | HoleOrigin
      | UnboundOccurrenceOf OccName
      | ListOrigin          -- An overloaded list
      | StaticOrigin        -- A static form
      | FailablePattern (LPat TcId) -- A failable pattern in do-notation for the
                                    -- MonadFail Proposal (MFP). Obsolete when
                                    -- actual desugaring to MonadFail.fail is live.
      | Shouldn'tHappenOrigin String
                                -- the user should never see this one,
                                -- unlesss ImpredicativeTypes is on, where all
                                -- bets are off

    -- | A thing that can be stored for error message generation only.
    -- It is stored with a function to zonk and tidy the thing.
    data ErrorThing
      = forall a. Outputable a => ErrorThing a
                                             (Maybe Arity)  -- # of args, if known
                                             (TidyEnv -> a -> TcM (TidyEnv, a))

    -- | Flag to see whether we're type-checking terms or kind-checking types
    data TypeOrKind = TypeLevel | KindLevel
      deriving Eq

    instance Outputable TypeOrKind where
      ppr TypeLevel = text "TypeLevel"
      ppr KindLevel = text "KindLevel"

    isTypeLevel :: TypeOrKind -> Bool
    isTypeLevel TypeLevel = True
    isTypeLevel KindLevel = False

    isKindLevel :: TypeOrKind -> Bool
    isKindLevel TypeLevel = False
    isKindLevel KindLevel = True

    -- | Make an 'ErrorThing' that doesn't need tidying or zonking
    mkErrorThing :: Outputable a => a -> ErrorThing
    mkErrorThing thing = ErrorThing thing Nothing (\env x -> return (env, x))

    -- | Retrieve the # of arguments in the error thing, if known
    errorThingNumArgs_maybe :: ErrorThing -> Maybe Arity
    errorThingNumArgs_maybe (ErrorThing _ args _) = args

    instance Outputable CtOrigin where
      ppr = pprCtOrigin

    instance Outputable ErrorThing where
      ppr (ErrorThing thing _ _) = ppr thing

    ctoHerald :: SDoc
    ctoHerald = ptext (sLit "arising from")

    -- | Extract a suitable CtOrigin from a HsExpr
    exprCtOrigin :: HsExpr Name -> CtOrigin
    exprCtOrigin (HsVar (L _ name)) = OccurrenceOf name
    exprCtOrigin (HsUnboundVar uv)  = UnboundOccurrenceOf (unboundVarOcc uv)
    exprCtOrigin (HsRecFld f)       = OccurrenceOfRecSel (rdrNameAmbiguousFieldOcc f)
    exprCtOrigin (HsOverLabel l)    = OverLabelOrigin l
    exprCtOrigin (HsIPVar ip)       = IPOccOrigin ip
    exprCtOrigin (HsOverLit lit)    = LiteralOrigin lit
    exprCtOrigin (HsLit {})         = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "concrete literal"
    exprCtOrigin (HsLam matches)    = matchesCtOrigin matches
    exprCtOrigin (HsLamCase _ ms)   = matchesCtOrigin ms
    exprCtOrigin (HsApp (L _ e1) _) = exprCtOrigin e1
    exprCtOrigin (HsAppType (L _ e1) _) = exprCtOrigin e1
    exprCtOrigin (HsAppTypeOut {})      = panic "exprCtOrigin HsAppTypeOut"
    exprCtOrigin (OpApp _ (L _ op) _ _) = exprCtOrigin op
    exprCtOrigin (NegApp (L _ e) _) = exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin (HsPar (L _ e))    = exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin (SectionL _ _)     = SectionOrigin
    exprCtOrigin (SectionR _ _)     = SectionOrigin
    exprCtOrigin (ExplicitTuple {}) = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "explicit tuple"
    exprCtOrigin (HsCase _ matches) = matchesCtOrigin matches
    exprCtOrigin (HsIf (Just syn) _ _ _) = exprCtOrigin (syn_expr syn)
    exprCtOrigin (HsIf {})          = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "if expression"
    exprCtOrigin (HsMultiIf _ rhs)  = lGRHSCtOrigin rhs
    exprCtOrigin (HsLet _ (L _ e))  = exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin (HsDo _ _ _)       = DoOrigin
    exprCtOrigin (ExplicitList {})  = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "list"
    exprCtOrigin (ExplicitPArr {})  = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "parallel array"
    exprCtOrigin (RecordCon {})     = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "record construction"
    exprCtOrigin (RecordUpd {})     = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "record update"
    exprCtOrigin (ExprWithTySig {}) = ExprSigOrigin
    exprCtOrigin (ExprWithTySigOut {}) = panic "exprCtOrigin ExprWithTySigOut"
    exprCtOrigin (ArithSeq {})      = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "arithmetic sequence"
    exprCtOrigin (PArrSeq {})       = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "parallel array sequence"
    exprCtOrigin (HsSCC _ _ (L _ e))= exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin (HsCoreAnn _ _ (L _ e)) = exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin (HsBracket {})     = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "TH bracket"
    exprCtOrigin (HsRnBracketOut {})= Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "HsRnBracketOut"
    exprCtOrigin (HsTcBracketOut {})= panic "exprCtOrigin HsTcBracketOut"
    exprCtOrigin (HsSpliceE {})     = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "TH splice"
    exprCtOrigin (HsProc {})        = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "proc"
    exprCtOrigin (HsStatic {})      = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "static expression"
    exprCtOrigin (HsArrApp {})      = panic "exprCtOrigin HsArrApp"
    exprCtOrigin (HsArrForm {})     = panic "exprCtOrigin HsArrForm"
    exprCtOrigin (HsTick _ (L _ e)) = exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin (HsBinTick _ _ (L _ e)) = exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin (HsTickPragma _ _ _ (L _ e)) = exprCtOrigin e
    exprCtOrigin EWildPat           = panic "exprCtOrigin EWildPat"
    exprCtOrigin (EAsPat {})        = panic "exprCtOrigin EAsPat"
    exprCtOrigin (EViewPat {})      = panic "exprCtOrigin EViewPat"
    exprCtOrigin (ELazyPat {})      = panic "exprCtOrigin ELazyPat"
    exprCtOrigin (HsWrap {})        = panic "exprCtOrigin HsWrap"

    -- | Extract a suitable CtOrigin from a MatchGroup
    matchesCtOrigin :: MatchGroup Name (LHsExpr Name) -> CtOrigin
    matchesCtOrigin (MG { mg_alts = alts })
      | L _ [L _ match] <- alts
      , Match { m_grhss = grhss } <- match
      = grhssCtOrigin grhss

      | otherwise
      = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "multi-way match"

    -- | Extract a suitable CtOrigin from guarded RHSs
    grhssCtOrigin :: GRHSs Name (LHsExpr Name) -> CtOrigin
    grhssCtOrigin (GRHSs { grhssGRHSs = lgrhss }) = lGRHSCtOrigin lgrhss

    -- | Extract a suitable CtOrigin from a list of guarded RHSs
    lGRHSCtOrigin :: [LGRHS Name (LHsExpr Name)] -> CtOrigin
    lGRHSCtOrigin [L _ (GRHS _ (L _ e))] = exprCtOrigin e
    lGRHSCtOrigin _ = Shouldn'tHappenOrigin "multi-way GRHS"

    pprCtLoc :: CtLoc -> SDoc
    -- "arising from ... at ..."
    -- Not an instance of Outputable because of the "arising from" prefix
    pprCtLoc (CtLoc { ctl_origin = o, ctl_env = lcl})
      = sep [ pprCtOrigin o
            , text "at" <+> ppr (tcl_loc lcl)]

    pprCtOrigin :: CtOrigin -> SDoc
    -- "arising from ..."
    -- Not an instance of Outputable because of the "arising from" prefix
    pprCtOrigin (GivenOrigin sk) = ctoHerald <+> ppr sk

    pprCtOrigin (SpecPragOrigin ctxt)
      = case ctxt of
           FunSigCtxt n _ -> text "a SPECIALISE pragma for" <+> quotes (ppr n)
           SpecInstCtxt   -> text "a SPECIALISE INSTANCE pragma"
           _              -> text "a SPECIALISE pragma"  -- Never happens I think

    pprCtOrigin (FunDepOrigin1 pred1 loc1 pred2 loc2)
      = hang (ctoHerald <+> text "a functional dependency between constraints:")
           2 (vcat [ hang (quotes (ppr pred1)) 2 (pprCtLoc loc1)
                   , hang (quotes (ppr pred2)) 2 (pprCtLoc loc2) ])

    pprCtOrigin (FunDepOrigin2 pred1 orig1 pred2 loc2)
      = hang (ctoHerald <+> text "a functional dependency between:")
           2 (vcat [ hang (text "constraint" <+> quotes (ppr pred1))
                        2 (pprCtOrigin orig1 )
                   , hang (text "instance" <+> quotes (ppr pred2))
                        2 (text "at" <+> ppr loc2) ])

    pprCtOrigin (KindEqOrigin t1 (Just t2) _ _)
      = hang (ctoHerald <+> text "a kind equality arising from")
           2 (sep [ppr t1, char '~', ppr t2])

    pprCtOrigin (KindEqOrigin t1 Nothing _ _)
      = hang (ctoHerald <+> text "a kind equality when matching")
           2 (ppr t1)

    pprCtOrigin (UnboundOccurrenceOf name)
      = ctoHerald <+> text "an undeclared identifier" <+> quotes (ppr name)

    pprCtOrigin (DerivOriginDC dc n)
      = hang (ctoHerald <+> text "the" <+> speakNth n
              <+> text "field of" <+> quotes (ppr dc))
           2 (parens (text "type" <+> quotes (ppr ty)))
      where
        ty = dataConOrigArgTys dc !! (n-1)

    pprCtOrigin (DerivOriginCoerce meth ty1 ty2)
      = hang (ctoHerald <+> text "the coercion of the method" <+> quotes (ppr meth))
           2 (sep [ text "from type" <+> quotes (ppr ty1)
                  , nest 2 $ text "to type" <+> quotes (ppr ty2) ])

    pprCtOrigin (DoPatOrigin pat)
        = ctoHerald <+> text "a do statement"
          $$
          text "with the failable pattern" <+> quotes (ppr pat)

    pprCtOrigin (MCompPatOrigin pat)
        = ctoHerald <+> hsep [ text "the failable pattern"
               , quotes (ppr pat)
               , text "in a statement in a monad comprehension" ]
    pprCtOrigin (FailablePattern pat)
        = ctoHerald <+> text "the failable pattern" <+> quotes (ppr pat)
          $$
          text "(this will become an error in a future GHC release)"

    pprCtOrigin (Shouldn'tHappenOrigin note)
      = sdocWithDynFlags $ \dflags ->
        if xopt LangExt.ImpredicativeTypes dflags
        then text "a situation created by impredicative types"
        else
        vcat [ text "<< This should not appear in error messages. If you see this"
             , text "in an error message, please report a bug mentioning" <+> quotes (text note) <+> text "at"
             , text "https://ghc.haskell.org/trac/ghc/wiki/ReportABug >>" ]

    pprCtOrigin (ProvCtxtOrigin PSB{ psb_id = (L _ name) })
      = hang (ctoHerald <+> text "the \"provided\" constraints claimed by")
           2 (text "the signature of" <+> quotes (ppr name))

    pprCtOrigin simple_origin
      = ctoHerald <+> pprCtO simple_origin

    -- | Short one-liners
    pprCtO :: CtOrigin -> SDoc
    pprCtO (OccurrenceOf name)   = hsep [text "a use of", quotes (ppr name)]
    pprCtO (OccurrenceOfRecSel name) = hsep [text "a use of", quotes (ppr name)]
    pprCtO AppOrigin             = text "an application"
    pprCtO (IPOccOrigin name)    = hsep [text "a use of implicit parameter", quotes (ppr name)]
    pprCtO (OverLabelOrigin l)   = hsep [text "the overloaded label"
                                        ,quotes (char '#' <> ppr l)]
    pprCtO RecordUpdOrigin       = text "a record update"
    pprCtO ExprSigOrigin         = text "an expression type signature"
    pprCtO PatSigOrigin          = text "a pattern type signature"
    pprCtO PatOrigin             = text "a pattern"
    pprCtO ViewPatOrigin         = text "a view pattern"
    pprCtO IfOrigin              = text "an if expression"
    pprCtO (LiteralOrigin lit)   = hsep [text "the literal", quotes (ppr lit)]
    pprCtO (ArithSeqOrigin seq)  = hsep [text "the arithmetic sequence", quotes (ppr seq)]
    pprCtO (PArrSeqOrigin seq)   = hsep [text "the parallel array sequence", quotes (ppr seq)]
    pprCtO SectionOrigin         = text "an operator section"
    pprCtO TupleOrigin           = text "a tuple"
    pprCtO NegateOrigin          = text "a use of syntactic negation"
    pprCtO (ScOrigin n)          = text "the superclasses of an instance declaration"
                                   <> ifPprDebug (parens (ppr n))
    pprCtO DerivOrigin           = text "the 'deriving' clause of a data type declaration"
    pprCtO StandAloneDerivOrigin = text "a 'deriving' declaration"
    pprCtO DefaultOrigin         = text "a 'default' declaration"
    pprCtO DoOrigin              = text "a do statement"
    pprCtO MCompOrigin           = text "a statement in a monad comprehension"
    pprCtO ProcOrigin            = text "a proc expression"
    pprCtO (TypeEqOrigin t1 t2 _)= text "a type equality" <+> sep [ppr t1, char '~', ppr t2]
    pprCtO AnnOrigin             = text "an annotation"
    pprCtO HoleOrigin            = text "a use of" <+> quotes (text "_")
    pprCtO ListOrigin            = text "an overloaded list"
    pprCtO StaticOrigin          = text "a static form"
    pprCtO _                     = panic "pprCtOrigin"

    {-
    Constraint Solver Plugins
    -------------------------
    -}

    type TcPluginSolver = [Ct]    -- given
                       -> [Ct]    -- derived
                       -> [Ct]    -- wanted
                       -> TcPluginM TcPluginResult

    newtype TcPluginM a = TcPluginM (Maybe EvBindsVar -> TcM a)

    instance Functor     TcPluginM where
      fmap = liftM

    instance Applicative TcPluginM where
      pure x = TcPluginM (const $ pure x)
      (<*>) = ap

    instance Monad TcPluginM where
      return = pure
      fail x   = TcPluginM (const $ fail x)
      TcPluginM m >>= k =
        TcPluginM (\ ev -> do a <- m ev
                              runTcPluginM (k a) ev)

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ > 710
    instance MonadFail.MonadFail TcPluginM where
      fail x   = TcPluginM (const $ fail x)
    #endif

    runTcPluginM :: TcPluginM a -> Maybe EvBindsVar -> TcM a
    runTcPluginM (TcPluginM m) = m

    -- | This function provides an escape for direct access to
    -- the 'TcM` monad.  It should not be used lightly, and
    -- the provided 'TcPluginM' API should be favoured instead.
    unsafeTcPluginTcM :: TcM a -> TcPluginM a
    unsafeTcPluginTcM = TcPluginM . const

    -- | Access the 'EvBindsVar' carried by the 'TcPluginM' during
    -- constraint solving.  Returns 'Nothing' if invoked during
    -- 'tcPluginInit' or 'tcPluginStop'.
    getEvBindsTcPluginM_maybe :: TcPluginM (Maybe EvBindsVar)
    getEvBindsTcPluginM_maybe = TcPluginM return

    data TcPlugin = forall s. TcPlugin
      { tcPluginInit  :: TcPluginM s
        -- ^ Initialize plugin, when entering type-checker.

      , tcPluginSolve :: s -> TcPluginSolver
        -- ^ Solve some constraints.
        -- TODO: WRITE MORE DETAILS ON HOW THIS WORKS.

      , tcPluginStop  :: s -> TcPluginM ()
       -- ^ Clean up after the plugin, when exiting the type-checker.
      }

    data TcPluginResult
      = TcPluginContradiction [Ct]
        -- ^ The plugin found a contradiction.
        -- The returned constraints are removed from the inert set,
        -- and recorded as insoluable.

      | TcPluginOk [(EvTerm,Ct)] [Ct]
        -- ^ The first field is for constraints that were solved.
        -- These are removed from the inert set,
        -- and the evidence for them is recorded.
        -- The second field contains new work, that should be processed by
        -- the constraint solver.