# Pacman/Rosetta (简体中文)

< Pacman

本页面需要更新翻译，内容可能已经与英文脱节。要贡献翻译，请访问简体中文翻译组。

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翻译状态： 本文是英文页面 Pacman/Rosetta 的翻译，最后翻译时间：2017-03-06，点击这里可以查看翻译后英文页面的改动。

这个页面用表格展示一些流行的 Linux 发行版包管理器命令的对应关系。这是受到 openSUSE's Software Management Command Line Comparison 的启发而成的。

Tip: Arch 用户在临时处理其他发行版时可以用 pacapt，它是对其它包管理器的简单包装。
Note:

- 这里描述的一些工具只针对特定版本的 pacman。其中的 -Qk 选项是在 pacman 4.1 中新实现的。
- 您可以在 pkgfile 中找到 `pkgfile` 命令。

## 基本操作

动作 | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
按名安装包 | pacman -S | dnf install | apt install | zypper install zypper in | emerge [-a]
按名移除包 | pacman -Rs | dnf remove | apt remove | zypper remove zypper rm | emerge -C
通过软件名、描述、简短描述来搜索包。默认搜索域依工具不同而异。Mostly options bring tools on par. | pacman -Ss | dnf search | apt search | zypper search zypper se [-s] | emerge -S
升级包（安装已有包的更新版本） | pacman -Syu | dnf upgrade | apt update; apt upgrade | zypper update zypper up | emerge -u world
升级包（更新命令的另一种形式，可以进行更复杂形式的更新，例如发行版升级。当通常的更新命令会忽略软件更新时——例如依赖改变——本命令可以进行这些更新） | pacman -Syu | dnf distro-sync | apt full-upgrade | zypper dup | emerge -uDN world
清除本地缓存（可能允许通过选项控制要清除拿些东西；autoclean 只清除过时的信息） | pacman -Sc pacman -Scc | dnf clean all | apt-get clean / apt-get autoclean / aptitude clean | zypper clean | eclean distfiles
移除不再需要的依赖（例如当依赖某包的软件被移除） | pacman -Qdtq | pacman -Rs - | dnf autoremove | apt-get autoremove | zypper rm -u | emerge --depclean
移除不再处于任何仓库中的包 | pacman -Qm | pacman -Rs - | package-cleanup --orphans | aptitude purge '~o' |  |
将作为依赖安装的包指定为手动安装 | pacman -D --asexplicit | dnf mark install | apt-mark manual |  | emerge --select
将包作为依赖安装 | pacman -S --asdeps | dnf install => dnf mark remove | aptitude install '$package&M' |  | emerge -1
仅下载而不解包或安装 | pacman -Sw | dnf download | apt-get install --download-only (into the package cache) apt-get download (bypass the package cache) | zypper --download-only | emerge --fetchonly
启动一个 shell 以便在一个会话中输入多个命令 |  |  | apt-config shell | zypper shell |
查看日志 | cat /var/log/pacman.log | dnf history | cat /var/log/dpkg.log | cat /var/log/zypp/history | located in /var/log/portage
获取当前系统所有软件包的状态 | (see /var/lib/pacman/local) | (see /var/lib/rpm/Packages) | apt-cache stats | n/a | emerge --info
包变更时发送邮件 |  |  | apt-get install apt-listchanges |  |
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## 查询某个包的信息

Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
Show all or most information about a package. The tools' verbosity for the default command vary. But with options, the tools are on par with each other. | pacman -[S|Q]i | dnf list, dnf info | apt show / apt-cache policy | zypper info zypper if | emerge -S; emerge -pv; eix
Display local package information: Name, version, description, etc. | pacman -Qi | rpm -qi | dpkg -s / aptitude show | zypper info; rpm -qi | emerge -pv and emerge -S
Display remote package information: Name, version, description, etc. | pacman -Si | dnf info | apt-cache show / aptitude show | zypper info | emerge -pv and emerge -S
Display files provided by local package | pacman -Ql | rpm -ql | dpkg -L | rpm -Ql | equery files
Display files provided by a remote package | pkgfile -l | dnf repoquery -l | apt-file list $pattern |  | pfl
Query the package which provides FILE | pacman -Qo | rpm -qf (installed only) or dnf provides (everything) | dpkg -S / dlocate | zypper search -f | equery belongs
List the files that the package holds. Again, this functionality can be mimicked by other more complex commands. | pacman -Ql pkgfile -l | dnf repoquery -l | dpkg-query -L | rpm -ql | equery files
Displays packages which provide the given exp. aka reverse provides. Mainly a shortcut to search a specific field. Other tools might offer this functionality through the search command. | pkgfile | dnf provides | apt-file search | zypper what-provides zypper wp | equery belongs (only installed packages); pfl
Search all packages to find the one which holds the specified file. auto-apt is using this functionality. | pkgfile -s | dnf provides | apt-file search | zypper search -f | equery belongs
Show the changelog of a package | pacman -Qc | rpm -q --changelog | apt-get changelog | rpm -q --changelog | equery changes -f
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## 查询包列表

Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
Search for package(s) by searching the expression in name, description, short description. What exact fields are being searched by default varies in each tool. Mostly options bring tools on par. | pacman -Ss | dnf search | apt search | zypper search zypper se [-s] | emerge -S
Lists packages which have an update available. Note: Some provide special commands to limit the output to certain installation sources, others use options. | pacman -Qu | dnf list updates, dnf check-update | apt-get upgrade -> n | zypper list-updates zypper patch-check (just for patches) | emerge -uDNp world
Display a list of all packages in all installation sources that are handled by the packages management. Some tools provide options or additional commands to limit the output to a specific installation source. | pacman -Sl | dnf list available | apt-cache dumpavail apt-cache dump (Cache only) apt-cache pkgnames | zypper packages | emerge -ep world
Generates a list of installed packages | pacman -Q | dnf list installed | dpkg --list | grep ^i | zypper search --installed-only | emerge -ep world
List packages that are installed but are not available in any installation source (anymore). | pacman -Qm | dnf list extras | deborphan | zypper se -si | grep 'System Packages' | eix-test-obsolete
List packages that were recently added to one of the installation sources, i.e. which are new to it. | (none) | dnf list recent | aptitude search '~N' / aptitude forget-new | n/a | eix-diff
List installed local packages along with version | pacman -Q | rpm -qa | dpkg -l | zypper search -s; rpm -qa | emerge -e world
Search locally installed package for names or descriptions | pacman -Qs | rpm -qa '*<str>*' | aptitude search '~i(~n $name|~d $description)' |  | eix -S -I
List packages not required by any other package | pacman -Qt | package-cleanup --all --leaves | deborphan -anp1 |  |
List packages installed explicitly (not as dependencies) | pacman -Qe |  | apt-mark showmanual |  |
List packages installed automatically (as dependencies) | pacman -Qd |  | apt-mark showauto |  |
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## 查询包的依赖关系

Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
Display packages which require X to be installed, aka show reverse dependencies. | pacman -Sii | dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequires | apt-cache rdepends / aptitude search ~D$pattern | zypper search --requires | equery depends
Display packages which conflict with given expression (often package). Search can be used as well to mimic this function. |  | dnf repoquery --conflicts | aptitude search '~C$pattern' |  |
List all packages which are required for the given package, aka show dependencies. | pacman -[S|Q]i | dnf repoquery --requires | apt-cache depends / apt-cache show | zypper info --requires | emerge -ep
List what the current package provides |  | dnf provides | dpkg -s / aptitude show | zypper info --provides | equery files
List all packages that require a particular package |  | dnf repoquery --alldeps --whatrequires | aptitude search ~D{depends,recommends,suggests}:$pattern / aptitude why | zypper search --requires | equery depends -a
Display all packages that the specified packages obsoletes. |  | dnf list obsoletes | apt-cache show |  |
Generates an output suitable for processing with dotty for the given package(s). |  |  | apt-cache dotty | n/a |
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## 管理软件源

Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
Installation sources management | ${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf | ${EDITOR} /etc/yum.repos.d/${REPO}.repo | ${EDITOR} /etc/apt/sources.list | ${EDITOR} /etc/zypp/repos.d/${REPO}.repo | layman
Add an installation source to the system. Some tools provide additional commands for certain sources, others allow all types of source URI for the add command. Again others, like apt and dnf force editing a sources list. apt-cdrom is a special command, which offers special options design for CDs/DVDs as source. | /etc/pacman.conf | /etc/yum.repos.d/*.repo | apt-cdrom add | zypper service-add | layman, overlays
Refresh the information about the specified installation source(s) or all installation sources. | pacman -Sy (always upgrade the whole system afterwards) | dnf clean expire-cache && dnf check-update | apt-get update | zypper refresh zypper ref | emerge --sync;layman -S
Prints a list of all installation sources including important information like URI, alias etc. | cat /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist | cat /etc/yum.repos.d/* | apt-cache policy | zypper service-list | layman -l
Disable an installation source for an operation |  | dnf --disablerepo= |  |  | emerge package::repo-to-use
Download packages from a different version of the distribution than the one installed. |  | dnf --releasever= | apt-get install -t release package/ apt-get install package/release (deps not covered) |  | echo "category/package ~amd64" >> /etc/portage/package.keywords && emerge package
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## Overrides

Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
增加包锁定规则来保持其当前状态不被改变 | /etc/pacman.conf modify IgnorePkg array | dnf.conf <--”exclude” option (add/amend) | apt-mark hold pkg | Put package name in /etc/zypp/locks, or zypper al | /etc/portage/package.mask
删除包锁定规则 | remove package from IgnorePkg line in /etc/pacman.conf |  | apt-mark unhold pkg | Remove package name from /etc/zypp/locks or zypper rl | /etc/portage/package.mask (or package.unmask)
列出所有锁定规则 | cat /etc/pacman.conf |  | /etc/apt/preferences | View /etc/zypp/locks or zypper ll | cat /etc/portage/package.mask
Set the priority of the given package to avoid upgrade, force downgrade or to overwrite any default behavior. Can also be used to prefer a package version from a certain installation source. | ${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf Modify HoldPkg and/or IgnorePkg arrays |  | /etc/apt/preferences, apt-cache policy | zypper mr -p | ${EDITOR} /etc/portage/package.keywords Add a line with =category/package-version
Remove a previously set priority |  |  | /etc/apt/preferences | zypper mr -p | ${EDITOR} /etc/portage/package.keywords remove offending line
Show a list of set priorities. |  |  | apt-cache policy /etc/apt/preferences | zypper lr -p | cat /etc/portage/package.keywords
Ignores problems that priorities may trigger. |  |  |  | n/a |
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## 校验和修复

Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
Verify single package | pacman -Qk[k] | rpm -V | debsums | rpm -V | equery check
Verify all packages | pacman -Qk[k] | rpm -Va | debsums | rpm -Va | equery check
Reinstall given Package - Will reinstall the given package without dependency hassle. | pacman -S | dnf reinstall | apt install --reinstall | zypper install --force | emerge [-a]
Verify dependencies of the complete system. Used if installation process was forcefully killed. | pacman -Dk | dnf repoquery --requires | apt-get check | zypper verify | emerge -uDN world
Use some magic to fix broken dependencies in a system | pacman dep level - pacman -Dk, shared lib level - findbrokenpkgs or lddd | dnf repoquery --unsatisfied | apt-get --fix-broken aptitude install | zypper verify | revdep-rebuild
为包系统增加一个检查点以便未来回滚 |  | (unnecessary, done on every transaction) |  | n/a |
删除系统中的一个检查点 | N/A | N/A |  | n/a |
提供所有系统检查点的列表 | N/A | dnf history list |  | n/a |
将所有包滚回特定日期或检查点 | N/A | dnf history rollback |  | n/a |
撤销特定改动 | N/A | dnf history undo |  | n/a |  |
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## 使用软件包文件和构建软件包

Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SLES/openSUSE | Gentoo
Query a package supplied on the command line rather than an entry in the package management database | pacman -Qp | rpm -qp | dpkg -I |  |
List the contents of a package file | pacman -Qpl | rpmls rpm -qpl | dpkg -c | rpm -qpl |
Installs local package file, e.g. app.rpm and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies | pacman -U | dnf install | apt install | zypper in | emerge
Updates package(s) with local packages and uses the installation sources to resolve dependencies | pacman -U | dnf upgrade | debi |  | emerge |
Add a local package to the local package cache mostly for debugging purposes. | cp $filename /var/cache/pacman/pkg/ |  | apt-cache add | n/a | cp $filename /usr/portage/distfiles
解包 | tar -Jxvf | rpm2cpio | cpio -vid | dpkg-deb -x | rpm2cpio | cpio -vid | tar -jxvf
安装/移除包以适合构建依赖（使用源码包中的信息） | automatic | dnf builddep | apt-get build-dep | zypper si -d | emerge -o
Display the source package to the given package name(s) |  | dnf repoquery -s | apt-cache showsrc | n/a |
Downloads the corresponding source package(s) to the given package name(s) | Use ABS && makepkg -o | dnf download --source | apt-get source / debcheckout | zypper source-install | emerge --fetchonly
Build a package | makepkg -s | rpmbuild -ba (normal) mock (in chroot) | debuild | rpmbuild -ba; build; osc build | ebuild; quickpkg
Check for possible packaging issues | namcap | rpmlint | lintian | rpmlint | repoman
Action | Arch | Red Hat/Fedora | Debian/Ubuntu | SUSE/openSUSE | Gentoo

## 参阅

- Changes in DNF CLI compared to Yum

Categories:

- 简体中文
- Package management (简体中文)