▼ |  | Plot: Graph Plotting

1 | Introduction
2 | 2D and 3D Plotting Procedures
3 | 2D Renderers
4 | 3D Renderers
5 | Nonrenderers
6 | Axis Transforms and Ticks
7 | Plot Utilities
8 | Plot and Renderer Parameters
9 | Plot Contracts
10 | Porting From Plot <= 5.1.3
11 | Legacy Typed Interface
12 | Compatibility Module

► | 4 | 3D Renderers

4.1 | 3D Renderer Function Arguments
4.2 | 3D Point Renderers
4.3 | 3D Line Renderers
4.4 | 3D Surface Renderers
4.5 | 3D Contour (Isoline) Renderers
4.6 | 3D Isosurface Renderers
4.7 | 3D Rectangle Renderers

On this page:

4.1`` 3D Renderer Function Arguments
4.2`` 3D Point Renderers
points3d
vector-field3d
4.3`` 3D Line Renderers
lines3d
parametric3d
4.4`` 3D Surface Renderers
surface3d
polar3d
4.5`` 3D Contour (Isoline) Renderers
isoline3d
contours3d
contour-intervals3d
4.6`` 3D Isosurface Renderers
isosurface3d
isosurfaces3d
4.7`` 3D Rectangle Renderers
rectangles3d
discrete-histogram3d
stacked-histogram3d
point-label3d

6.8
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### 4`` 3D Renderers

(require plot) | package: plot-gui-lib

#### 4.1`` 3D Renderer Function Arguments

As with functions that return 2D renderers, functions that return 3D renderers always have these kinds of arguments:

- Required (and possibly optional) arguments representing the graph to plot.

- Optional keyword arguments for overriding calculated bounds, with the default value #f.

- Optional keyword arguments that determine the appearance of the plot.

- The optional keyword argument #:label, which specifies the name of the renderer in the legend.

See 2D Renderer Function Arguments for a detailed example.

#### 4.2`` 3D Point Renderers

> > procedure
> > (points3d |  | vs |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:x-min x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:x-max x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-min y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-max y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:sym sym |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:fill-color fill-color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:x-jitter x-jitter |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-jitter y-jitter |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-jitter z-jitter |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:size size |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-width line-width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> vs : (sequence/c (sequence/c #:min-count 3 real?))
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> sym : point-sym/c = (point-sym)
> color : plot-color/c = (point-color)
> fill-color : (or/c plot-color/c 'auto) = 'auto
> x-jitter : (>=/c 0) = (point-x-jitter)
> y-jitter : (>=/c 0) = (point-y-jitter)
> z-jitter : (>=/c 0) = (point-z-jitter)
> size : (>=/c 0) = (point-size)
> line-width : (>=/c 0) = (point-line-width)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (point-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that draws points in 3D space.

For example, a scatter plot of points sampled uniformly from the surface of a sphere:

> > (define (runif) (- (* 2 (random)) 1))
> > (define (rnormish) (+ (runif) (runif) (runif) (runif)))
> > (define xs0 (build-list 1000 (λ _ (rnormish))))
> > (define ys0 (build-list 1000 (λ _ (rnormish))))
> > (define zs0 (build-list 1000 (λ _ (rnormish))))
> > (define mags (map (λ (x y z) (sqrt (+ (sqr x) (sqr y) (sqr z))))
> xs0 ys0 zs0))
> > (define xs (map / xs0 mags))
> > (define ys (map / ys0 mags))
> > (define zs (map / zs0 mags))
> > (plot3d (points3d (map vector xs ys zs) #:sym 'dot)
> #:altitude 25)

When x-jitter, y-jitter, or z-jitter is non-zero, each point p is translated along the matching axis by a random distance no greater than the given value. Jitter may be applied in either the positive or negative direction, so total spread along e.g. the x-axis is twice x-jitter.

Note that adding random noise to data, via jittering or otherwise, is usually a bad idea. See the documentation for points for examples where jittering may be appropriate.

> > procedure
> > (vector-field3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > | [ | x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:scale scale |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-width line-width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-style line-style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> | f |  | : |  |
> (or/c (real? real? real? . -> . (sequence/c real?))
> ((vector/c real? real? real?) . -> . (sequence/c real?)))
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : exact-positive-integer? = (vector-field3d-samples)
> | scale |  | : |  | (or/c real? (one-of/c 'auto 'normalized))
> |  |  | = |  | (vector-field-scale)
> color : plot-color/c = (vector-field-color)
> line-width : (>=/c 0) = (vector-field-line-width)
> line-style : plot-pen-style/c = (vector-field-line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (vector-field-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that draws a vector field in 3D space. The arguments are interpreted identically to the corresponding arguments to vector-field.

Example:

> > (plot3d (vector-field3d (λ (x y z) (vector x z y))
> -2 2 -2 2 -2 2))

#### 4.3`` 3D Line Renderers

> > procedure
> > (lines3d |  | vs |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:x-min x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:x-max x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-min y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-max y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:width width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:style style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> vs : (sequence/c (sequence/c #:min-count 3 real?))
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> color : plot-color/c = (line-color)
> width : (>=/c 0) = (line-width)
> style : plot-pen-style/c = (line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (line-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that draws connected lines. The parametric3d function is defined in terms of this one.

> > procedure
> > (parametric3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > |  | t-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | t-max |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:x-min x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:x-max x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-min y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-max y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:width width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:style style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> f : (real? . -> . (sequence/c real?))
> t-min : rational?
> t-max : rational?
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (line-samples)
> color : plot-color/c = (line-color)
> width : (>=/c 0) = (line-width)
> style : plot-pen-style/c = (line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (line-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots a vector-valued function of time. For example,

> > (require (only-in plot/utils 3d-polar->3d-cartesian))
> > (plot3d (parametric3d (λ (t) (3d-polar->3d-cartesian (* t 80) t 1))
> (- pi) pi #:samples 3000 #:alpha 0.5)
> #:altitude 25)

#### 4.4`` 3D Surface Renderers

> > procedure
> > (surface3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > | [ | x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:style style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-color line-color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-width line-width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-style line-style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> f : (real? real? . -> . real?)
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (plot3d-samples)
> color : plot-color/c = (surface-color)
> style : plot-brush-style/c = (surface-style)
> line-color : plot-color/c = (surface-line-color)
> line-width : (>=/c 0) = (surface-line-width)
> line-style : plot-pen-style/c = (surface-line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (surface-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots a two-input, one-output function. For example,

> > (plot3d (list (surface3d (λ (x y) (+ (sqr x) (sqr y))) -1 1 -1 1
> #:label "z = x^2 + y^2")
> (surface3d (λ (x y) (- (+ (sqr x) (sqr y)))) -1 1 -1 1
> #:color 4 #:line-color 4
> #:label "z = -x^2 - y^2")))

> > procedure
> > (polar3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:x-min x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:x-max x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-min y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-max y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:style style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-color line-color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-width line-width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-style line-style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> f : (real? real? . -> . real?)
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (plot3d-samples)
> color : plot-color/c = (surface-color)
> style : plot-brush-style/c = (surface-style)
> line-color : plot-color/c = (surface-line-color)
> line-width : (>=/c 0) = (surface-line-width)
> line-style : plot-pen-style/c = (surface-line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (surface-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots a function from latitude and longitude to radius.

Currently, latitudes range from 0 to (* 2 pi), and longitudes from (* -1/2 pi) to (* 1/2 pi). These intervals may become optional arguments to polar3d in the future.

A sphere is the graph of a polar function of constant radius:

> > (plot3d (polar3d (λ (θ ρ) 1)) #:altitude 25)

Combining polar function renderers allows faking latitudes or longitudes in larger ranges, to get, for example, a seashell plot:

> > (parameterize ([plot-decorations? #f]
> [plot3d-samples 75])
> (define (f1 θ ρ) (+ 1 (/ θ 2 pi) (* 1/8 (sin (* 8 ρ)))))
> (define (f2 θ ρ) (+ 0 (/ θ 2 pi) (* 1/8 (sin (* 8 ρ)))))
> (plot3d (list (polar3d f1 #:color "navajowhite"
> #:line-style 'transparent #:alpha 2/3)
> (polar3d f2 #:color "navajowhite"
> #:line-style 'transparent #:alpha 2/3))))

#### 4.5`` 3D Contour (Isoline) Renderers

> > procedure
> > (isoline3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > |  | z |  |  |  |
> > | [ | x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:width width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:style style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> f : (real? real? . -> . real?)
> z : real?
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (plot3d-samples)
> color : plot-color/c = (line-color)
> width : (>=/c 0) = (line-width)
> style : plot-pen-style/c = (line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (line-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots a single contour line on the surface of a function.

The appearance keyword arguments are interpreted identically to the appearance keyword arguments to isoline.

This function is not terribly useful by itself, but can be when combined with others:

> > (define (saddle x y) (- (sqr x) (sqr y)))
> > (plot3d (list (surface3d saddle -1 1 -1 1)
> (isoline3d saddle 1/4 #:width 2 #:style 'long-dash)))

> > procedure
> > (contours3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > | [ | x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:levels levels |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:colors colors |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:widths widths |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:styles styles |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alphas alphas |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> f : (real? real? . -> . real?)
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (plot3d-samples)
> | levels |  | : |  | (or/c 'auto exact-positive-integer? (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-levels)
> colors : (plot-colors/c (listof real?)) = (contour-colors)
> widths : (pen-widths/c (listof real?)) = (contour-widths)
> styles : (plot-pen-styles/c (listof real?)) = (contour-styles)
> alphas : (alphas/c (listof real?)) = (contour-alphas)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots contour lines on the surface of a function.

The appearance keyword arguments are interpreted identically to the appearance keyword arguments to contours. In particular, when levels is 'auto, contour values correspond precisely to z axis ticks.

For example,

> > (plot3d (contours3d (λ (x y) (+ (sqr x) (sqr y))) -1.1 1.1 -1.1 1.1
> #:label "z = x^2 + y^2"))

> > procedure
> > (contour-intervals3d |  | f |
> > | [ | x-min |
> > |  | x-max |
> > |  | y-min |
> > |  | y-max |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |
> > |  | #:samples samples |
> > |  | #:levels levels |
> > |  | #:colors colors |
> > |  | #:styles styles |
> > |  | #:line-colors line-colors |
> > |  | #:line-widths line-widths |
> > |  | #:line-styles line-styles |
> > |  | #:contour-colors contour-colors |
> > |  | #:contour-widths contour-widths |
> > |  | #:contour-styles contour-styles |
> > |  | #:alphas alphas |
> > |  | #:label label]) |
> → renderer3d?
> f : (real? real? . -> . real?)
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (plot3d-samples)
> | levels |  | : |  | (or/c 'auto exact-positive-integer? (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-levels)
> | colors |  | : |  | (plot-colors/c (listof ivl?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-interval-colors)
> | styles |  | : |  | (plot-brush-styles/c (listof ivl?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-interval-styles)
> | line-colors |  | : |  | (plot-colors/c (listof ivl?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-interval-line-colors)
> | line-widths |  | : |  | (pen-widths/c (listof ivl?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-interval-line-widths)
> | line-styles |  | : |  | (plot-pen-styles/c (listof ivl?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-interval-line-styles)
> | contour-colors |  | : |  | (plot-colors/c (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-colors)
> | contour-widths |  | : |  | (pen-widths/c (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-widths)
> | contour-styles |  | : |  | (plot-pen-styles/c (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (contour-styles)
> alphas : (alphas/c (listof ivl?)) = (contour-interval-alphas)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots contour intervals and contour lines on the surface of a function. The appearance keyword arguments are interpreted identically to the appearance keyword arguments to contour-intervals.

For example,

> > (plot3d (contour-intervals3d (λ (x y) (+ (sqr x) (sqr y)))
> -1.1 1.1 -1.1 1.1
> #:label "z = x^2 + y^2"))

#### 4.6`` 3D Isosurface Renderers

> > procedure
> > (isosurface3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > |  | d |  |  |  |
> > | [ | x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:style style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-color line-color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-width line-width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-style line-style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> f : (real? real? real? . -> . real?)
> d : rational?
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (plot3d-samples)
> color : plot-color/c = (surface-color)
> style : plot-brush-style/c = (surface-style)
> line-color : plot-color/c = (surface-line-color)
> line-width : (>=/c 0) = (surface-line-width)
> line-style : plot-pen-style/c = (surface-line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (surface-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots the surface of constant output value of the function f. The argument d is the constant value.

For example, a sphere is all the points in which the Euclidean distance function returns the sphere’s radius:

> > (plot3d (isosurface3d
> (λ (x y z) (sqrt (+ (sqr x) (sqr y) (sqr z)))) 1
> -1 1 -1 1 -1 1)
> #:altitude 25)

> > procedure
> > (isosurfaces3d |  | f |  |  |  |
> > | [ | x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:d-min d-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:d-max d-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:samples samples |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:levels levels |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:colors colors |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:styles styles |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-colors line-colors |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-widths line-widths |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-styles line-styles |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alphas alphas |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> f : (real? real? real? . -> . real?)
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> d-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> d-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> samples : (and/c exact-integer? (>=/c 2)) = (plot3d-samples)
> | levels |  | : |  | (or/c 'auto exact-positive-integer? (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (isosurface-levels)
> colors : (plot-colors/c (listof real?)) = (isosurface-colors)
> | styles |  | : |  | (plot-brush-styles/c (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (isosurface-styles)
> | line-colors |  | : |  | (plot-colors/c (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (isosurface-line-colors)
> | line-widths |  | : |  | (pen-widths/c (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (isosurface-line-widths)
> | line-styles |  | : |  | (plot-pen-styles/c (listof real?))
> |  |  | = |  | (isosurface-line-styles)
> alphas : (alphas/c (listof real?)) = (isosurface-alphas)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that plots multiple isosurfaces. The appearance keyword arguments are interpreted similarly to those of contours.

Use this to visualize functions from three inputs to one output; for example:

> > (define (saddle x y z) (- (sqr x) (* 1/2 (+ (sqr y) (sqr z)))))
> > (plot3d (isosurfaces3d saddle #:d-min -1 #:d-max 1 #:label "")
> #:x-min -2 #:x-max 2
> #:y-min -2 #:y-max 2
> #:z-min -2 #:z-max 2)

If it helps, think of the output of f as a density or charge.

#### 4.7`` 3D Rectangle Renderers

> > procedure
> > (rectangles3d |  | rects |  |  |  |
> > | [ | #:x-min x-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:x-max x-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-min y-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:y-max y-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:color color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:style style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-color line-color |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-width line-width |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:line-style line-style |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |  |  |  |
> > |  | #:label label]) |  | → |  | renderer3d?
> rects : (sequence/c (sequence/c #:min-count 3 ivl?))
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> color : plot-color/c = (rectangle-color)
> style : plot-brush-style/c = (rectangle-style)
> line-color : plot-color/c = (rectangle-line-color)
> line-width : (>=/c 0) = (rectangle3d-line-width)
> line-style : plot-pen-style/c = (rectangle-line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (rectangle-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f

Returns a renderer that draws rectangles.

This can be used to draw histograms; for example,

> > (require (only-in plot/utils bounds->intervals linear-seq))
> > (define (norm2 x y) (exp (* -1/2 (+ (sqr (- x 5)) (sqr y)))))
> > (define x-ivls (bounds->intervals (linear-seq 2 8 16)))
> > (define y-ivls (bounds->intervals (linear-seq -5 5 16)))
> > (define x-mids (linear-seq 2 8 15 #:start? #f #:end? #f))
> > (define y-mids (linear-seq -5 5 15 #:start? #f #:end? #f))
> > (plot3d (rectangles3d (append*
> (for/list ([y-ivl (in-list y-ivls)]
> [y (in-list y-mids)])
> (for/list ([x-ivl (in-list x-ivls)]
> [x (in-list x-mids)])
> (define z (norm2 x y))
> (vector x-ivl y-ivl (ivl 0 z)))))
> #:alpha 3/4
> #:label "Appx. 2D Normal"))

> > procedure
> > (discrete-histogram3d |  | cat-vals |
> > | [ | #:x-min x-min |
> > |  | #:x-max x-max |
> > |  | #:y-min y-min |
> > |  | #:y-max y-max |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |
> > |  | #:gap gap |
> > |  | #:color color |
> > |  | #:style style |
> > |  | #:line-color line-color |
> > |  | #:line-width line-width |
> > |  | #:line-style line-style |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha |
> > |  | #:label label |
> > |  | #:add-x-ticks? add-x-ticks? |
> > |  | #:add-y-ticks? add-y-ticks? |
> > |  | #:x-far-ticks? x-far-ticks? |
> > |  | #:y-far-ticks? y-far-ticks?]) |
> → renderer3d?
> | cat-vals |  | : |  |
> (sequence/c (or/c (vector/c any/c any/c (or/c real? ivl? #f))
> (list/c any/c any/c (or/c real? ivl? #f))))
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = 0
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = 0
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = 0
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> gap : (real-in 0 1) = (discrete-histogram-gap)
> color : plot-color/c = (rectangle-color)
> style : plot-brush-style/c = (rectangle-style)
> line-color : plot-color/c = (rectangle-line-color)
> line-width : (>=/c 0) = (rectangle3d-line-width)
> line-style : plot-pen-style/c = (rectangle-line-style)
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (rectangle-alpha)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f
> add-x-ticks? : boolean? = #t
> add-y-ticks? : boolean? = #t
> x-far-ticks? : boolean? = #f
> y-far-ticks? : boolean? = #f

Returns a renderer that draws discrete histograms on a two-valued domain.

Missing pairs are not drawn; for example,

> > (plot3d (discrete-histogram3d '(#(a a 1) #(a b 2) #(b b 3))
> #:label "Missing (b,a)"
> #:color 4 #:line-color 4))

> > procedure
> > (stacked-histogram3d |  | cat-vals |
> > | [ | #:x-min x-min |
> > |  | #:x-max x-max |
> > |  | #:y-min y-min |
> > |  | #:y-max y-max |
> > |  | #:z-min z-min |
> > |  | #:z-max z-max |
> > |  | #:gap gap |
> > |  | #:colors colors |
> > |  | #:styles styles |
> > |  | #:line-colors line-colors |
> > |  | #:line-widths line-widths |
> > |  | #:line-styles line-styles |
> > |  | #:alphas alphas |
> > |  | #:labels labels |
> > |  | #:add-x-ticks? add-x-ticks? |
> > |  | #:add-y-ticks? add-y-ticks? |
> > |  | #:x-far-ticks? x-far-ticks? |
> > |  | #:y-far-ticks? y-far-ticks?]) |
> → (listof renderer3d?)
> | cat-vals |  | : |  |
> (sequence/c (or/c (vector/c any/c any/c (sequence/c real?))
> (list/c any/c any/c (sequence/c real?))))
> x-min : (or/c rational? #f) = 0
> x-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> y-min : (or/c rational? #f) = 0
> y-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> z-min : (or/c rational? #f) = 0
> z-max : (or/c rational? #f) = #f
> gap : (real-in 0 1) = (discrete-histogram-gap)
> colors : (plot-colors/c nat/c) = (stacked-histogram-colors)
> | styles |  | : |  | (plot-brush-styles/c nat/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (stacked-histogram-styles)
> | line-colors |  | : |  | (plot-colors/c nat/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (stacked-histogram-line-colors)
> | line-widths |  | : |  | (pen-widths/c nat/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (stacked-histogram-line-widths)
> | line-styles |  | : |  | (plot-pen-styles/c nat/c)
> |  |  | = |  | (stacked-histogram-line-styles)
> alphas : (alphas/c nat/c) = (stacked-histogram-alphas)
> labels : (labels/c nat/c) = '(#f)
> add-x-ticks? : boolean? = #t
> add-y-ticks? : boolean? = #t
> x-far-ticks? : boolean? = #f
> y-far-ticks? : boolean? = #f

Returns a renderer that draws a stacked histogram. Think of it as a version of discrete-histogram that allows multiple values to be specified for each pair of categories.

Examples:

> > (define data '(#(a a (1 1 1)) #(a b (1.5 3)) #(b b ()) #(b a (1/2))))
> > (plot3d (stacked-histogram3d data #:labels '("Red" #f "Blue")
> #:alphas '(2/3 1 2/3)))

> > procedure
> > (point-label3d |  | v |
> > | [ | label |
> > |  | #:color color |
> > |  | #:size size |
> > |  | #:face face |
> > |  | #:family family |
> > |  | #:anchor anchor |
> > |  | #:angle angle |
> > |  | #:point-color point-color |
> > |  | #:point-fill-color point-fill-color |
> > |  | #:point-size point-size |
> > |  | #:point-line-width point-line-width |
> > |  | #:point-sym point-sym |
> > |  | #:alpha alpha]) |
> → renderer3d?
> v : (sequence/c real?)
> label : (or/c string? #f) = #f
> color : plot-color/c = (plot-foreground)
> size : (>=/c 0) = (plot-font-size)
> face : (or/c string? #f) = (plot-font-face)
> family : font-family/c = (plot-font-family)
> anchor : anchor/c = (label-anchor)
> angle : real? = (label-angle)
> point-color : plot-color/c = (point-color)
> point-fill-color : (or/c plot-color/c 'auto) = 'auto
> point-size : (>=/c 0) = (label-point-size)
> point-line-width : (>=/c 0) = (point-line-width)
> point-sym : point-sym/c = 'fullcircle
> alpha : (real-in 0 1) = (label-alpha)

Returns a renderer that draws a labeled point. If label is #f, the point is labeled with its position. Analogous to point-label.
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