# Desktop environment

Related articles

- Display manager
- Window manager
- Xorg
- Wayland
- Default applications

A desktop environment provides a complete graphical user interface (GUI) for a system by bundling together a variety of components written using a common widget toolkit and set of libraries.

## Overview

A desktop environment bundles together a variety of components to provide common graphical user interface elements such as icons, toolbars, wallpapers, and desktop widgets. Additionally, most desktop environments include a set of integrated applications and utilities. Most importantly, desktop environments provide their own window manager, which can however usually be replaced with another compatible one.

The user is free to configure their GUI environment in any number of ways. Desktop environments simply provide a complete and convenient means of accomplishing this task. Note that users are free to mix-and-match applications from multiple desktop environments. For example, a KDE user may install and run GNOME applications such as the Epiphany web browser, should he/she prefer it over KDE's Konqueror web browser. One drawback of this approach is that many applications provided by desktop environment projects rely heavily upon their DE's respective underlying libraries. As a result, installing applications from a range of desktop environments will require installation of a larger number of dependencies. Users seeking to conserve disk space and avoid software bloat often avoid such mixed environments, or look into lightweight alternatives.

Furthermore, DE-provided applications tend to integrate better with their native environments. Superficially, mixing environments with different widget toolkits will result in visual discrepancies (that is, interfaces will use different icons and widget styles). In terms of user experience, mixed environments may not behave similarly (e.g. single-clicking versus double-clicking icons; drag-and-drop functionality) potentially causing confusion or unexpected behavior.

Prior to installing a desktop environment, a functional X server installation is required. See Xorg for detailed information. Some desktop environments may also support Wayland as an alternative to X, but most of these are still experimental.

## List of desktop environments

### Officially supported

- Budgie — Budgie is a desktop environment designed with the modern user in mind, it focuses on simplicity and elegance.

  https://solus-project.com/budgie/ || budgie-desktop

- Cinnamon — Cinnamon strives to provide a traditional user experience. Cinnamon is a fork of GNOME 3.

  http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/ || cinnamon

- Deepin — Deepin desktop interface and apps feature an intuitive and elegant design. Moving around, sharing and searching etc. has become simply a joyful experience.

  https://www.deepin.org/ || deepin

- Enlightenment — The Enlightenment desktop shell provides an efficient window manager based on the Enlightenment Foundation Libraries along with other essential desktop components like a file manager, desktop icons and widgets. It supports themes, while still being capable of performing on older hardware or embedded devices.

  https://www.enlightenment.org/ || enlightenment

- GNOME — The GNOME desktop environment is an attractive and intuitive desktop with both a modern (GNOME) and a classic (GNOME Classic) session.

  https://www.gnome.org/gnome-3/ || gnome

- GNOME Flashback — GNOME Flashback is a shell for GNOME 3 which was initially called GNOME fallback mode. The desktop layout and the underlying technology is similar to GNOME 2.

  https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GnomeFlashback || gnome-flashback

- KDE Plasma — The KDE Plasma desktop environment is a familiar working environment. Plasma Desktop offers all the tools required for a modern desktop computing experience so you can be productive right from the start.

  https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/ || plasma

- LXDE — The Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment is a fast and energy-saving desktop environment. It comes with a modern interface, multi-language support, standard keyboard short cuts and additional features like tabbed file browsing. Fundamentally designed to be lightweight, LXDE strives to be less CPU and RAM intensive than other environments.

  http://lxde.org/ || GTK+ 2: lxde, GTK+ 3: lxde-gtk3

- LXQt — LXQt is the Qt port and the upcoming version of LXDE, the Lightweight Desktop Environment. It is the product of the merge between the LXDE-Qt and the Razor-qt projects: A lightweight, modular, blazing-fast and user-friendly desktop environment.

  http://lxqt.org/ || lxqt

- MATE — Mate provides an intuitive and attractive desktop to Linux users using traditional metaphors. MATE is a fork of GNOME 2.

  http://www.mate-desktop.org/ || GTK+ 2: mate, GTK+ 3: mate-gtk3

- Xfce — Xfce embodies the traditional UNIX philosophy of modularity and re-usability. It consists of a number of components that provide the full functionality one can expect of a modern desktop environment, while remaining relatively light. They are packaged separately and you can pick among the available packages to create the optimal personal working environment.

  http://www.xfce.org/ || xfce4

### Unofficially supported

- CDE — The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix and OpenVMS, based on the Motif widget toolkit. It was part of the UNIX98 Workstation Product Standard, and was long the "classic" Unix desktop associated with commercial Unix workstations. Highly experimental.

  https://sourceforge.net/projects/cdesktopenv/ || cdesktopenvAUR

- EDE — The "Equinox Desktop Environment" is a DE designed to be simple, extremely light-weight and fast.

  http://equinox-project.org/ || edeAUR

- Hawaii — Hawaii is a lightweight, coherent and fast desktop environment that relies on Qt 5, QtQuick and Wayland and is designed to offer the best UX for the device where it is running.

  http://www.maui-project.org/ || hawaii-shellAUR

- Lumina — Lumina is a lightweight desktop environment written in Qt 5 for FreeBSD that uses Fluxbox for window management.

  https://blog.pcbsd.org/2014/04/quick-lumina-desktop-faq/ || lumina-desktop-gitAUR

- Moksha — Fork of Enlightenment currently used as default desktop environment in Ubuntu-based Bodhi Linux.

  http://www.bodhilinux.com/moksha-desktop/ || mokshaAUR

- Pantheon — Pantheon is the default desktop environment originally created for the elementary OS distribution. It is written from scratch using Vala and the GTK3 toolkit. With regards to usability and appearance, the desktop has some similarities with GNOME Shell and macOS.

  https://elementary.io/ || pantheon-session-bzrAUR

- Papyros — Papyros shell is a modern desktop shell which adheres to Google's Material Design guidelines. Highly experimental.

  http://papyros.io/ || papyros-shellAUR

- Sugar — The Sugar Learning Platform is a computer environment composed of Activities designed to help children from 5 to 12 years of age learn together through rich-media expression. Sugar is the core component of a worldwide effort to provide every child with the opportunity for a quality education — it is currently used by nearly one-million children worldwide speaking 25 languages in over 40 countries. Sugar provides the means to help people lead fulfilling lives through access to a quality education that is currently missed by so many.

  https://wiki.sugarlabs.org/ || sugarAUR

- theShell — theShell is a desktop environment that tries to be as transparent as possible. It uses Qt 5 as its widget toolkit and KWin as its window manager. It also incorporates a personal assistant.

  https://vicr123.github.io/theshell || theshellAUR

- Trinity — The Trinity Desktop Environment (TDE) project is a computer desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems with a primary goal of retaining the overall KDE 3.5 computing style.

  http://www.trinitydesktop.org/ || See Trinity

- Unity — Unity is a shell for GNOME designed by Canonical for Ubuntu.

  http://unity.ubuntu.com/ || See Unity

## Comparison of desktop environments

This section attempts to draw a comparison between popular desktop environments. Note that first-hand experience is the only effective way to truly evaluate whether a desktop environment best suits your needs.

See also Wikipedia:Comparison of X Window System desktop environments.

Overview of desktop environments
Desktop environment | Widget toolkit | Window manager | Taskbar | Terminal emulator | File manager | Calculator | Text editor | Image viewer | Media player | Web browser | Display manager
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
Budgie | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | budgie-wm budgie-desktop | budgie-panel budgie-desktop | GNOME Terminal gnome-terminal | GNOME Files nautilus | GNOME Calculator gnome-calculator | gedit gedit | Eye of GNOME eog | GNOME Videos totem | Epiphany epiphany | GDM gdm
Cinnamon | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Muffin muffin | Cinnamon cinnamon | GNOME Terminal gnome-terminal | Nemo nemo | GNOME Calculator gnome-calculator | gedit gedit | Eye of GNOME eog | GNOME Videos totem | Firefox firefox | LightDM GTK+ Greeter lightdm-gtk-greeter
Deepin | GTK+ 2/3, Qt 5 gtk2 gtk3 qt5-base | Deepin Window Manager deepin-wm | Deepin Dock deepin-dock | Deepin Terminal deepin-terminal | Deepin File Manager deepin-file-manager | GNOME Calculator gnome-calculator | gedit gedit | Deepin Image Viewer deepin-image-viewer | Deepin Movie deepin-movie | Chromium chromium | LightDM Deepin Greeter deepin-session-ui
EDE | FLTK fltk | PekWM edeAUR | EDE Panel edeAUR | XTerm xterm | Fluff fluffAUR | Calculator edeAUR | Editor fltk-editorAUR | Image Viewer edeAUR | flmusic flmusicAUR | Dillo dillo | XDM xorg-xdm
Enlightenment | EFL efl | Enlightenment enlightenment | Enlightenment enlightenment | Terminology terminology | Enlightenment enlightenment | Equate equate-gitAUR | Ecrire ecrire-gitAUR | Ephoto ephoto-gitAUR | Rage rageAUR | Links links | XDM xorg-xdm
GNOME | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Mutter mutter | GNOME Shell gnome-shell | GNOME Terminal gnome-terminal | GNOME Files nautilus | GNOME Calculator gnome-calculator | gedit gedit | Eye of GNOME eog | GNOME Videos totem | Epiphany epiphany | GDM gdm
GNOME Flashback | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Metacity metacity | GNOME Panel gnome-panel | GNOME Terminal gnome-terminal | GNOME Files nautilus | GNOME Calculator gnome-calculator | gedit gedit | Eye of GNOME eog | GNOME Videos totem | Epiphany epiphany | GDM gdm
Hawaii | Qt 5 qt5-base | Green Island greenislandAUR | Hawaii Shell hawaii-shellAUR | Terminal hawaii-terminalAUR | Swordfish not packaged? search in AUR | SpeedCrunch speedcrunch-gitAUR | JuffEd juffed-qt5-gitAUR | EyeSight eyesightAUR | SMPlayer smplayer | QupZilla qupzilla | SDDM sddm
KDE Plasma | Qt 5 qt5-base | KWin kwin | Plasma Desktop plasma-desktop | Konsole konsole | Dolphin dolphin | KCalc kcalc | KWrite/Kate kwrite kate | Gwenview gwenview | Dragon Player dragon | Konqueror kdebase-konqueror | SDDM sddm
LXDE (GTK+ 2) | GTK+ 2 gtk2 | Openbox openbox | LXPanel lxpanel | LXTerminal lxterminal | PCManFM pcmanfm | Galculator galculator-gtk2 | Leafpad leafpad | GPicView gpicview | LXMusic lxmusic | Firefox firefox | LXDM lxdm
LXDE (GTK+ 3) | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Openbox openbox | LXPanel lxpanel-gtk3 | LXTerminal lxterminal-gtk3 | PCManFM pcmanfm-gtk3 | Galculator galculator | L3afpad l3afpad | GPicView gpicview-gtk3AUR | LXMusic lxmusic-gtk3 | Firefox firefox | LXDM lxdm-gtk3
LXQt | Qt 5 qt5-base | Openbox openbox | LXQt Panel lxqt-panel | QTerminal qterminal | PCManFM-Qt pcmanfm-qt | SpeedCrunch speedcrunch-gitAUR | JuffEd juffed-qt5-gitAUR | LxImage-Qt lximage-qtAUR | SMPlayer smplayer | QupZilla qupzilla | SDDM sddm
MATE (GTK+ 2) | GTK+ 2/3 gtk2 gtk3 | Marco marco | MATE Panel mate-panel | MATE Terminal mate-terminal | Caja caja | Galculator galculator-gtk2 | pluma pluma | Eye of MATE eom | Parole parole | Firefox firefox | LightDM GTK+ Greeter lightdm-gtk-greeter
MATE (GTK+ 3) | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Marco marco-gtk3 | MATE Panel mate-panel-gtk3 | MATE Terminal mate-terminal | Caja caja-gtk3 | Galculator galculator | pluma pluma-gtk3 | Eye of MATE eom-gtk3 | Parole parole | Firefox firefox | LightDM GTK+ Greeter lightdm-gtk-greeter
Pantheon | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Gala gala-bzrAUR | Plank/Wingpanel plank wingpanelAUR | Pantheon Terminal pantheon-terminal | Pantheon Files pantheon-files | Pantheon Calculator pantheon-calculatorAUR | Scratch scratch-text-editor | Pantheon Photos pantheon-photos | Audience audience | Epiphany epiphany | LightDM Pantheon Greeter lightdm-pantheon-greeterAUR
Papyros | Qt 5 qt5-base | Green Island greenislandAUR | Papyros Shell papyros-shellAUR | Papyros Terminal papyros-terminal | Papyros Files papyros-files | Liri Calculator not packaged? search in AUR | Liri Text not packaged? search in AUR | Liri Browser liri-browserAUR | Liri Player liri-player-gitAUR | Liri Browser liri-browserAUR | SDDM sddm
Sugar | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Metacity metacity | Sugar sugarAUR | Terminal sugar-activity-terminalAUR | Sugar Journal sugarAUR | Calculate sugar-activity-calculateAUR | Write sugar-activity-writeAUR | ImageViewer sugar-activity-imageviewerAUR | Jukebox sugar-activity-jukeboxAUR | Browse sugar-activity-browseAUR | LightDM GTK+ Greeter lightdm-gtk-greeter
theShell | Qt 5 qt5-base | KWin kwin | theShell theshellAUR | theTerminal theterminalAUR | theFile thefileAUR | KCalc kcalc | KWrite/Kate kwrite kate | Gwenview gwenview | theMedia themediaAUR | theWeb thewebAUR | LightDM Contemporary Greeter lightdm-webkit-theme-contemporaryAUR
Trinity | TQt | TWin | Kicker | Konsole | Konqueror | KCalc | Kwrite / Kate | Kuickshow | Kaffeine | Konqueror | TDM
Unity | GTK+ 3 gtk3 | Compiz compiz-ubuntuAUR | Unity | GNOME Terminal gnome-terminal | GNOME Files nautilus | GNOME Calculator gnome-calculator | gedit gedit | Eye of GNOME eog | GNOME Videos totem | Firefox firefox | LightDM Unity Greeter lightdm-unity-greeterAUR
Xfce | GTK+ 2/3 gtk2 gtk3 | Xfwm4 xfwm4 | Xfce Panel xfce4-panel | Terminal xfce4-terminal | Thunar thunar | Galculator galculator | Mousepad mousepad | Ristretto ristretto | Parole parole | Firefox firefox | LightDM GTK+ Greeter lightdm-gtk-greeter

### Resource use

In terms of system resources, GNOME and KDE are expensive desktop environments. Not only do complete installations consume more disk space than lightweight alternatives (Enlightenment, LXDE, LXQt and Xfce) but also more CPU and memory resources while in use. This is because GNOME and KDE are relatively full-featured: they provide the most complete and well-integrated environments.

Enlightenment, LXDE, LXQt and Xfce, on the other hand, are lightweight desktop environments. They are designed to work well on older or lower-power hardware and generally consume fewer system resources while in use. This is achieved by cutting back on extra features (which some would term bloat).

## Custom environments

Desktop environments represent the simplest means of installing a complete graphical environment. However, users are free to build and customize their graphical environment in any number of ways if none of the popular desktop environments meet their requirements. Generally, building a custom environment involves selection of a suitable window manager, a taskbar and a number of applications (a minimalist selection usually includes a terminal emulator, file manager, and text editor).

Other applications that are usually provided by desktop environments are:

- Application launcher: List of applications#Application launchers
- Clipboard manager: Clipboard#List of clipboard managers
- Desktop compositor: Xorg#Composite
- Desktop wallpaper setter and desktop icon: List of applications#Wallpaper setters and Openbox#Icon programs
- Display manager: Display manager#List of display managers
- Display power saving settings: Display Power Management Signaling
- Logout dialogue: List of applications#Logout dialogue
- Mount tool: List of applications#Mount tools
- Notification daemon: Desktop notifications
- Polkit authentication agent: Polkit#Authentication agents
- Screen locker: List of applications#Screen lockers
- Sound volume manager: List of applications#Volume managers

### Custom window manager

In many desktop environments, it is possible to replace the supplied window manager. See below for instructions specific to your environment.

GNOME

Alternative window managers cannot be used with GNOME Shell however GNOME Flashback provides sessions for Metacity and Compiz. Furthermore, it is possible to define your own custom GNOME sessions which use alternative components.

Cinnamon

Alternative window managers cannot be used with Cinnamon.

Other desktop environments

- KDE - See KDE#Using an alternative window manager.

- MATE - See MATE#Use a different window manager with MATE.

- Xfce - See Xfce#Default window manager.

- LXDE - See LXDE#Replace Openbox.

- LXQt - See LXQt#Replace Openbox.

- Budgie - See Budgie Desktop#Replace Budgie WM.

Category:

- Desktop environments