# Kernel parameters

There are three ways to pass options to the kernel and thus control its behaviour:

1. When building the kernel. See Kernel Compilation for details.
2. When starting the kernel (usually, when invoked from a boot loader).
3. At runtime (through the files in `/proc` and `/sys`). See sysctl for details.

This page now explains in more detail the second method and shows a list of most used kernel parameters in Arch Linux.

## Configuration

Note:

- You can check the parameters your system was booted up with by running `$ cat /proc/cmdline` and see if it includes your changes.
- The Arch Linux installation medium uses Syslinux for BIOS systems, and systemd-boot for UEFI systems.

Kernel parameters can be set either temporarily by editing the boot menu when it shows up, or by modifying the boot loader's configuration file.

The following examples add the `quiet` and `splash` parameters to Syslinux, systemd-boot, GRUB, GRUB Legacy, LILO, and rEFInd.

### Syslinux

- Press `Tab` when the menu shows up and add them at the end of the string:

      linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda3 initrd=/boot/initramfs-linux.img quiet splash

  Press `Enter` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/syslinux/syslinux.cfg` and add them to the `APPEND` line:

      APPEND root=/dev/sda3 quiet splash

For more information on configuring Syslinux, see the Syslinux article.

### systemd-boot

- Press `e` when the menu appears and add the parameters to the end of the string:

      initrd=\initramfs-linux.img root=/dev/sda2 quiet splash

  Press `Enter` to boot with these parameters.

Note: If you have not set a value for menu timeout, you will need to hold `Space` while booting for the systemd-boot menu to appear.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/loader/entries/arch.conf` (assuming you set up your EFI System Partition) and add them to the `options` line:

      options root=/dev/sda2 quiet splash

For more information on configuring systemd-boot, see the systemd-boot article.

### GRUB

- Press `e` when the menu shows up and add them on the `linux` line:

      linux /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=UUID=978e3e81-8048-4ae1-8a06-aa727458e8ff quiet splash

  Press `Ctrl+x` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, while you could manually edit `/boot/grub/grub.cfg` with the exact line from above, the best practice is to:

  Edit `/etc/default/grub` and append your kernel options to the `GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT` line:

        GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"

  And then automatically re-generate the `grub.cfg` file with:

        # grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

For more information on configuring GRUB, see the GRUB article.

### GRUB Legacy

- Press `e` when the menu shows up and add them on the `kernel` line:

      kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux root=/dev/sda3 quiet splash

  Press `b` to boot with these parameters.

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/grub/menu.lst` and add them to the `kernel` line, exactly like above.

For more information on configuring GRUB Legacy, see the GRUB Legacy article.

### LILO

- Add them to `/etc/lilo.conf`:

      image=/boot/vmlinuz-linux
              ...
              quiet splash

For more information on configuring LILO, see the LILO article.

### rEFInd

- To make the change persistent after reboot, edit `/boot/refind_linux.conf` and append them to all/required lines, for example

      "Boot using default options"   "root=PARTUUID=978e3e81-8048-4ae1-8a06-aa727458e8ff rw quiet splash"

- If you have disabled auto-detection of OSes in rEFInd and are defining OS stanzas instead in `esp/refind/refind.conf` to load your OSes, you can edit it like:

      menuentry "Arch Linux" {
      	...
      	options  "root=PARTUUID=978e3e81-8048-4ae1-8a06-aa727458e8ff rw quiet splash"
      	...
      }

For more information on configuring kernel parameters in rEFInd, see Configuring the rEFInd Bootmanager

### EFISTUB

See EFISTUB#Using UEFI directly.

### Hijacking cmdline

Even without access to your bootloader it is possible to change your kernel parameters to enable debugging (if you have root access). This can be accomplished by overwriting `/proc/cmdline` which stores the kernel parameters. However `/proc/cmdline` is not writable even as root, so this hack is accomplished by using a bind mount to mask the path.

First create a file containing the desired kernel parameters

    /root/cmdline

    root=/dev/disk/by-label/ROOT ro console=tty1 logo.nologo debug

Then use a bind mount to overwrite the parameters

    # mount -n --bind -o ro /root/cmdline /proc/cmdline

The `-n` option skips adding the mount to `/etc/mtab`, so it will work even if root is mounted read-only. You can `cat /proc/cmdline` to confirm that your change was successful.

## Parameter list

Parameters always come in `parameter` or `parameter=value`. All of these parameters are case-sensitive.

Note: Not all of the listed options are always available. Most are associated with subsystems and work only if the kernel is configured with those subsystems built in. They also depend on the presence of the hardware they are associated with.

parameter | Description
--- | ---
root= | Root filesystem.
rootflags= | Root filesystem mount options.
ro | Mount root device read-only on boot (default1).
rw | Mount root device read-write on boot.
initrd= | Specify the location of the initial ramdisk.
init= | Run specified binary instead of `/sbin/init` (symlinked to systemd in Arch) as init process.
init=/bin/sh | Boot to shell.
systemd.unit= | Boot to a specified target.
nomodeset | Disable Kernel mode setting.
zswap.enabled | Enable Zswap.
video=<videosetting> | Override framebuffer video defaults.

1 mkinitcpio uses `ro` as default value when neither `rw` or `ro` is set by the boot loader. Boot loaders may set the value to use, for example GRUB uses `rw` by default (see FS#36275 as a reference).

For a complete list of all options, please see the kernel documentation.

## See also

- Linux "Kernel Parameters" documentation
- Power saving#Kernel parameters
- List of kernel parameters with further explanation and grouped by similar options

Category:

- Kernel