# Color output in console (简体中文)

相关文章

- Emacs#Custom colors and theme
- nano#Syntax highlighting

翻译状态： 本文是英文页面 Color_output_in_console 的翻译，最后翻译时间：2016-09-01，点击这里可以查看翻译后英文页面的改动。

This article or section needs expansion.

Reason: And maybe create something bigger. Please take active approach if you can add some valuable information. (Discuss in Talk:Color output in console#Why and what this page is about)

This page was created to consolidate colorization of CLI outputs.

## diff

diffutils from version 3.4 includes the `--color` option (GNU mailing list).

    $ alias diff 'diff --color=auto'

Alternatively, the following wrappers can be used:

- colordiff — A Perl script wrapper for 'diff' that produces the same output but with pretty 'syntax' highlighting

  http://www.colordiff.org/ || colordiff

- cwdiff — A (w)diff wrapper to support directories and colorize the output

  https://github.com/junghans/cwdiff || cwdiffAUR, cwdiff-gitAUR

## grep

除了美观用途以外，grep的彩色化输出也对学习regexp和grep功能很有用。

请在您的shell配置文件添加以下内容以启用默认的彩色化输出，适用于Bash：

    ~/.bashrc|2=alias grep='grep --color=auto'

如果要显示行数，添加"-n"参数即可.

您还可以直接设置GREP_OPTIONS 环境变量，不过这有可能会影响到那些用到grep [1]的脚本：

     export GREP_COLOR="1;32"

`GREP_COLORS`环境变量其实可以定义特定的搜索。

## less

### 环境变量

请在您的 shell 配置文件添加：

    ~/.bashrc

    export LESS=-R
    export LESS_TERMCAP_mb=$'\E[1;31m'
    export LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\E[1;36m'
    export LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\E[0m'
    export LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\E[0m'
    export LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\E[01;44;33m'
    export LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\E[0m'
    export LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\E[1;32m'

值随您所愿修改，请参照：ANSI escape code。

Note: The `LESS_TERMCAL_xx` variables is currently undocumented in less(1), for a detailed explanation on these sequences, see this answer.

### Wrappers

您可直接开启less内置的代码高亮。先安装 软件包 source-highlight，再在您的Shell配置文件里添加以下：

    ~/.bashrc

    export LESSOPEN="| /usr/bin/source-highlight-esc.sh %s"
    export LESS='-R '

经常使用命令行界面的用户可以安装lesspipe。

用户可以使用以下 less 命令列出一个压缩包里的文件列表：

    $ less compressed_file.tar.gz

    ==> use tar_file:contained_file to view a file in the archive
    -rw------- username/group  695 2008-01-04 19:24 compressed_file/content1
    -rw------- username/group   43 2007-11-07 11:17 compressed_file/content2
    compressed_file.tar.gz (END)

`lesspipe`还被赋予`less`对文件而不仅是压缩包进行交互的能力，从而成为打开某一种文件的一个新工具（比如用来代替python-html2text查看html文件。

安装完`lesspipe`后需重新登录以激活其功能，或者运行

    source /etc/profile.d/lesspipe.sh

### 读取标准输入时彩色化输出

Note: 建议将这些 环境变量[broken link: invalid section] 添加到 `~/.bashrc` or `~/.zshrc`. 因为本节完全基于: `export LESS=R` 写成

当你运行一个命令和使用管道连接 标准输出 (stdout) 到 less 作为分页视图 (e.g. `yaourt -Qe --date | less`), 你也许会发现输出不再是彩色化的. 这通常是因为该程序试图检测如果其 stdout 是交互式终端, 在这种情况下将输出彩色化文本,否则输出未着色文本. 当你想重定向 stdout 到一个文件中，这是一个很好的行为, e.g. `yaourt -Qe --date > pkglst-backup.txt`. 但是，当你想在 `less` 浏览输出时这将不是很好的行为.

一些程序提供禁用交互式 tty 检测的选项:

    # dmesg --color=always | less

如果程序不提供任何类似选项，可以欺骗程序相信stdout 是交互式终端，有几种可行方式:

- stdoutisatty 是一个用c写成的小程序, 它可以调用 "fake interactive tty". 你可以通过 AUR: stdoutisattyAUR安装. 用法示例:

    $ stdoutisatty yaourt -Qe --date | less

- unbuffer 是一个基于 sh 和 Tcl 的很好的 (手册比程序本身还要长), 古老的脚本. unbuffer 附带 expect. 我们只需要这样使用:

    $ unbuffer yaourt -Qe --date | less

zpty 是 zsh 的一个模块, 这里有一个来自 依云[2] 的小函数, 将其放入 `~/.zshrc`:

    ~/.zshrc

    zmodload zsh/zpty

    pty() {
    	zpty pty-${UID} ${1+$@}
    	if [[ ! -t 1 ]];then
    		setopt local_traps
    		trap '' INT
    	fi
    	zpty -r pty-${UID}
    	zpty -d pty-${UID}
    }

    ptyless() {
    	pty $@ | less
    }

用法:

    $ ptyless program

通过管道转接到其它程序 (less in this example):

    $ pty program | less

## ls

可以使用一个简单的命令别名启用彩色输出功能，`~/.bashrc`文件应该已经有一句从`/etc/skel/.bashrc`复制过来的指定别名命令：

    alias ls='ls --color=auto'

以下步骤可以进一步改进`ls`的彩色输出功能，比如损坏的符号链接显示为红色，把以下内容添加到`~/.bashrc`，然后重新登录，或者把脚本source一下：

    eval $(dircolors -b)

## man

Color-enabled man pages allow for a clearer presentation and easier digestion of the content. There are two prevalent methods for achieving colored man pages: using `less`, or opting for `most`.

### Using less

You can set various `LESS_TERMCAP_*` environment variables to change how it highlights text. For example, `LESS_TERMCAP_md` is used for bold text and `LESS_TERMCAP_me` is used to reset to normal text formatting[3].

In Bash, the escape sequences you can use are the same ones from Bash/Prompt customization and these variables can be defined in a function wrapping the `man` command:

    ~/.bashrc

    man() {
        LESS_TERMCAP_md=$'\e[01;31m' \
        LESS_TERMCAP_me=$'\e[0m' \
        LESS_TERMCAP_se=$'\e[0m' \
        LESS_TERMCAP_so=$'\e[01;44;33m' \
        LESS_TERMCAP_ue=$'\e[0m' \
        LESS_TERMCAP_us=$'\e[01;32m' \
        command man "$@"
    }

For Fish you could accomplish this with:

    ~/.config/fish/config.fish

    set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_md (printf "\e[01;31m")
    set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_me (printf "\e[0m")
    set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_se (printf "\e[0m")
    set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_so (printf "\e[01;44;33m")
    set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_ue (printf "\e[0m")
    set -xU LESS_TERMCAP_us (printf "\e[01;32m")

Remember to source your config or restart your shell to make the changes take effect.

For a detailed explanation on these variables, see this answer. Bash/Prompt customization#Examples has some (non-Bash-specific) examples of escape sequences that can be used.

### Using most

The basic function of 'most' is similar to `less` and `more`, but it has a smaller feature set. Configuring most to use colors is easier than using less, but additional configuration is necessary to make most behave like less. Install the most package.

Edit `/etc/man_db.conf`, uncomment the pager definition and change it to:

    DEFINE     pager     most -s

Test the new setup by typing:

    $ man whatever_man_page

Modifying the color values requires editing `~/.mostrc` (creating the file if it is not present) or editing `/etc/most.conf` for system-wide changes. Example `~/.mostrc`:

    % Color settings
    color normal lightgray black
    color status yellow blue
    color underline yellow black
    color overstrike brightblue black

Another example showing keybindings similar to `less` (jump to line is set to 'J'):

    % less-like keybindings
    unsetkey "^K"
    unsetkey "g"
    unsetkey "G"
    unsetkey ":"

    setkey next_file ":n"
    setkey find_file ":e"
    setkey next_file ":p"
    setkey toggle_options ":o"
    setkey toggle_case ":c"
    setkey delete_file ":d"
    setkey exit ":q"

    setkey bob "g"
    setkey eob "G"
    setkey down "e"
    setkey down "E"
    setkey down "j"
    setkey down "^N"
    setkey up "y"
    setkey up "^Y"
    setkey up "k"
    setkey up "^P"
    setkey up "^K"
    setkey page_down "f"
    setkey page_down "^F"
    setkey page_up "b"
    setkey page_up "^B"
    setkey other_window "z"
    setkey other_window "w"
    setkey search_backward "?"
    setkey bob "p"
    setkey goto_mark "'"
    setkey find_file "E"
    setkey edit "v"

### Using X resources

A quick way to add color to manual pages viewed on xterm/`uxterm` or rxvt-unicode is to modify `~/.Xresources`.

#### xterm

    *VT100.colorBDMode:     true
    *VT100.colorBD:         red
    *VT100.colorULMode:     true
    *VT100.colorUL:         cyan

which replaces the decorations with the colors. Also add:

    *VT100.veryBoldColors: 6

if you want colors and decorations (bold or underline) at the same time. See `man xterm` for a description of the `veryBoldColors` resource.

#### rxvt-unicode

    URxvt.colorIT:      #87af5f
    URxvt.colorBD:      #d7d7d7
    URxvt.colorUL:      #87afd7

Run:

    $ xrdb -load ~/.Xresources

Launch a new `xterm/uxterm` or `rxvt-unicode` and you should see colorful man pages.

This combination puts colors to bold and underlined words in `xterm/uxterm` or to bold, underlined, and italicized text in `rxvt-unicode`. You can play with different combinations of these attributes (see the sources[dead link 2013-09-10] of this item).

## pacman

Pacman has a color option. Uncomment the `Color` line in `/etc/pacman.conf`.

## Wrappers for other programs

This article or section is a candidate for moving to [[]].

Notes: Some of these could be made into sections of their own, or moved to existing sections such as #diff (Discuss in Talk:Color output in console (简体中文)#)

(most of them outdated but still functioning)

### Universal wrappers with multiple preconfigured presets

- rainbow — Colorize commands output or STDIN using patterns.
  Presets: df, diff, env, host, ifconfig, java-stack-trace, jboss, jonas, md5sum, mvn2, mvn3, ping, tomcat, top, traceroute.

  https://github.com/nicoulaj/rainbow || not packaged? search in AUR

- grc — Yet another colouriser for beautifying your logfiles or output of commands.
  Presets: configure, cvs, df, diff, esperanto, gcc, irclog, ldap, log, mount, netstat, ping, proftpd, traceroute, wdiff.

  https://github.com/pengwynn/grc || grc

- colorlogs — Colorize commands output or STDIN using patterns.
  Presets: logs, git status, ant, maven.

  https://github.com/memorius/colorlogs || not packaged? search in AUR

- cope — A colourful wrapper for terminal programs.
  Presets: acpi, arp, cc, df, dprofpp, fdisk, free, g++, gcc, id, ifconfig, ls, lspci, lsusb, make, md5sum, mpc, netstat, nm, nmap, nocope, ping, pmap, ps, readelf, route, screen, sha1sum, sha224sum, sha256sum, sha384sum, sha512sum, shasum, socklist, stat, strace, tcpdump, tracepath, traceroute, w, wget, who, xrandr.

  https://github.com/yogan/cope || cope-gitAUR

- cw — A non-intrusive real-time ANSI color wrapper for common unix-based commands.
  Presets: arp, arping, auth.log@, blockdev, cal, cksum, clock, configure, cpuinfo@, crontab@, cw-pipe, cw-test.cgi, date, df, diff, dig, dmesg, du, env, figlet, file, find, finger, free, fstab@, fuser, g++, gcc, group@, groups, hdparm, hexdump, host, hosts@, id, ifconfig, inittab@, iptables, last, lastlog, lsattr, lsmod, lsof, ltrace-color, make, md5sum, meminfo@, messages@, mount, mpg123, netstat, nfsstat, nmap, nslookup, objdump, passwd@, ping, pmap, pmap_dump, praliases, profile@, protocols@, ps, pstree, quota, quotastats, resolv.conf@, route, routel, sdiff, services@, showmount, smbstatus, stat, strace-color, sysctl, syslog, tar, tcpdump, tracepath, traceroute, umount, uname, uptime, users, vmstat, w, wc, whereis, who, xferlog.

  http://cwrapper.sourceforge.net/ || cwAUR

### Compilers

- colorgcc — A Perl wrapper to colorize the output of compilers with warning/error messages matching the gcc output format

  https://schlueters.de/colorgcc.html || colorgcc

### Ping

- prettyping — Add some great features to ping monitoring. A wrapper around the standard ping tool with the objective of making the output prettier, more colorful, more compact, and easier to read.

  http://denilson.sa.nom.br/prettyping/ || prettypingAUR

### Make

- colormake — A simple wrapper around make to make it's output more readable.

  http://bre.klaki.net/programs/colormake/ || colormakeAUR, colormake-gitAUR

### Libraries

- ruby-rainbow — Rainbow is extension to ruby's String class adding support for colorizing text on ANSI terminal

  https://rubygems.org/gems/rainbow/ || ruby-rainbow

- python-blessings — A thin, practical wrapper around terminal coloring, styling, and positioning

  https://pypi.python.org/pypi/blessings || python-blessings, python2-blessings

## Shells

### bash

See Bash/Prompt customization#Colors.

### zsh

See Zsh#Colors.

### Fish

See Fish#Web interface.

## Terminal emulators

### Virtual console

This article or section needs language, wiki syntax or style improvements.

Reason: Lacks clarity on what "the colors" are, i.e. in #Virtual console they are about the representations of the 16 base colors (RGB values for yellow, red, blue, etc.), while in #Login screen they are about the base colors themselves. See also console_codes(4) and User:Isacdaavid/Linux_Console (Discuss in Talk:Color output in console (简体中文)#)

The colors in the Linux virtual console—see console(4)—running on the framebuffer can be changed. This is done by writing the escape code `\\e]PXRRGGBB`, where `X` is the hexadecimal index of the color from 0-F, and `RRGGBB` is a traditional hexadecimal RGB code.

For example, to reuse existing colors defined in `~/.Xresources`, add the following to the shell initialization file (such as `~/.bashrc`):

    if [ "$TERM" = "linux" ]; then
        _SEDCMD='s/.*\*color\([0-9]\{1,\}\).*#\([0-9a-fA-F]\{6\}\).*/\1 \2/p'
        for i in $(sed -n "$_SEDCMD" $HOME/.Xresources | awk '$1 < 16 {printf "\\e]P%X%s", $1, $2}'); do
            echo -en "$i"
        done
        clear
    fi

#### Login screen

The below is a colored example of the virtual console login screen in `/etc/issue`. Create a backup of the original file with `mv /etc/issue /etc/issue.bak` as root, and create a new `/etc/issue`:

    echo -e '\e[H\e[2J' > issue
    echo -e '                                                            \e[1;30m| \e[34m\\s \\r' >> issue
    echo -e '       \e[36;1m/\\\\                      \e[37m||     \e[36m| |                   \e[30m|' >> issue
    echo -e '      \e[36m/  \\\\                     \e[37m||     \e[36m|     _               \e[30m| \e[32m\\t' >> issue
    echo -e '     \e[1;36m/ \e[0;36m.. \e[1m\\\\   \e[37m//==\\\\\\\\ ||/= /==\\\\ ||/=\\\\  \e[36m| | |/ \\\\ |  | \\\\ /     \e[30m| \e[32m\\d' >> issue
    echo -e '    \e[0;36m/ .  . \\\\  \e[37m||  || ||   |    ||  || \e[36m| | |  | |  |  X      \e[1;30m|' >> issue
    echo -e '   \e[0;36m/  .  .  \\\\ \e[37m\\\\\\\\==/| ||   \\\\==/ ||  || \e[36m| | |  | \\\\_/| / \\\\     \e[1;30m| \e[31m\\U' >> issue
    echo -e '  \e[0;36m/ ..    .. \\\\   \e[0;37mA simple, lightweight linux distribution.  \e[1;30m|' >> issue
    echo -e ' \e[0;36m/_\x27        `_\\\\                                             \e[1;30m| \e[35m\\l \e[0mon \e[1;33m\\n' >> issue
    echo -e ' \e[0m' >> issue
    echo -e  >> issue

Save the file and make it executable with `chmod +x /etc/issue`.

See also:

- https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?pid=386429#p386429
- http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/postlfs/logon.html

### X window system

Most Xorg terminals, including xterm and urxvt, support at least 16 basic colors. The colors 0-7 are the 'normal' colors. Colors 8-15 are their 'bright' counterparts, used for highlighting. These colors can be modified through X resources, or through specific terminal settings. For example:

    ~/.Xresources

    ! Black + DarkGrey
    *color0:  #000000
    *color8:  #555753
    ! DarkRed + Red
    *color1:  #ff6565
    *color9:  #ff8d8d
    ! DarkGreen + Green
    *color2:  #93d44f
    *color10: #c8e7a8
    ! DarkYellow + Yellow
    *color3:  #eab93d
    *color11: #ffc123
    ! DarkBlue + Blue
    *color4:  #204a87
    *color12: #3465a4
    ! DarkMagenta + Magenta
    *color5:  #ce5c00
    *color13: #f57900
    !DarkCyan + Cyan (both not tango)
    *color6:  #89b6e2
    *color14: #46a4ff
    ! LightGrey + White
    *color7:  #cccccc
    *color15: #ffffff

Warning: Color resources such as `foreground` and `background` can be read by other applications (such as emacs). This can be avoided by specifiying the class name, for example `XTerm.foreground`.

See also:

- #Using X resources for how to color bold and underlined text automatically.
- Color Themes - Extensive list of terminal color themes by Phraktured.
- Xcolors.net List of user-contributed terminal color themes.
- Xcolors by dkeg

- base16 color schemes

### Display all 256 colors

Prints all 256 colors across the screen.

    $ (x=`tput op` y=`printf %76s`;for i in {0..256};do o=00$i;echo -e ${o:${#o}-3:3} `tput setaf $i;tput setab $i`${y// /=}$x;done)

### Display tput escape codes

This article or section is a candidate for merging with Bash/Prompt_customization.

Notes: More context on tput is provided in that article (Discuss in Talk:Color output in console (简体中文)#)

Replace `tput op` with whatever tput you want to trace. `op` is the default foreground and background color.

    $ ( strace -s5000 -e write tput op 2>&2 2>&1 ) | tee -a /dev/stderr | grep -o '"[^"]*"'

    033[\033[1;34m"\33[39;49m"\033[00m

### Enumerate supported colors

The following command will let you discover all the terminals you have terminfo support for, and the number of colors each terminal supports. The possible values are: 8, 15, 16, 52, 64, 88 and 256.

    $ for T in `find /usr/share/terminfo -type f -printf '%f '`;do echo "$T `tput -T $T colors`";done|sort -nk2

    Eterm-88color 88
    rxvt-88color 88
    xterm+88color 88
    xterm-88color 88
    Eterm-256color 256
    gnome-256color 256
    konsole-256color 256
    putty-256color 256
    rxvt-256color 256
    screen-256color 256
    screen-256color-bce 256
    screen-256color-bce-s 256
    screen-256color-s 256
    xterm+256color 256
    xterm-256color 256

### Enumerate terminal capabilities

This article or section is a candidate for merging with Bash/Prompt_customization.

Notes: More context on tput is provided in that article (Discuss in Talk:Color output in console (简体中文)#)

This command is useful to see what features that are supported by your terminal.

    $ infocmp -1 | sed -nu 's/^[ \000\t]*//;s/[ \000\t]*$//;/[^ \t\000]\{1,\}/!d;/acsc/d;s/=.*,//p'|column -c80

    bel	cuu	ich	kb2	kf15	kf3	kf44	kf59	mc0	rmso	smul
    blink	cuu1	il	kbs	kf16	kf30	kf45	kf6	mc4	rmul	tbc
    bold	cvvis	il1	kcbt	kf17	kf31	kf46	kf60	mc5	rs1	u6
    cbt	dch	ind	kcub1	kf18	kf32	kf47	kf61	meml	rs2	u7
    civis	dch1	indn	kcud1	kf19	kf33	kf48	kf62	memu	sc	u8
    clear	dl	initc	kcuf1	kf2	kf34	kf49	kf63	op	setab	u9
    cnorm	dl1	invis	kcuu1	kf20	kf35	kf5	kf7	rc	setaf	vpa

### Color scheme scripts

See [4] for scripts which display a chart of your current terminal scheme.

## See also

- lolcat clone in x64 assembly

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- Eye candy (简体中文)
- Command shells (简体中文)

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