# NFS/Troubleshooting (简体中文)

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附注:

本篇专述共性问题及其解决方案。

## 服务器端问题

### exportfs: /etc/exports:2: syntax error: bad option list

请将`/etc/exports`文件里选项列表定义中的所有空格都删除

### Group/GID 权限问题

如果挂载NFS共享正常，所有者也可以完全访问，但同组用户无法访问，请检查该所有者用户所属用户组的数量。NFS限制每个用户最多只能归属于16个用户组。如果某用户超出了这个限度，请在NFS服务器上为`rpc.mountd`进程启用`--manage-gids`启动标志。

    /etc/conf.d/nfs-server.conf

    # Options for rpc.mountd.
    # If you have a port-based firewall, you might want to set up
    # a fixed port here using the --port option.
    # See rpc.mountd(8) for more details.

    MOUNTD_OPTS="--manage-gids"

### 尝试以root身份写入文件时报“权限被拒绝("Permission denied")”

- 如果需要以root身份挂载共享并在客户端获得全部读写权限，请在`/etc/exports`文件中添加no_root_squash选项：

    /var/cache/pacman/pkg 192.168.1.0/24(rw,no_subtree_check,no_root_squash)

- 同时也必须在`/etc/exports`文件的第一行添加no_root_squash：

    / 192.168.1.0/24(rw,fsid=root,no_root_squash,no_subtree_check)

### showmount -e 命令报错："RPC: Program not registered"

请确保服务器端`nfs-server.service`和`rpcbind.service`两个服务已运行。参阅systemd。

## 客户端问题

### mount.nfs4: No such device

检查是否加载了`nfs`模块

    lsmod | grep nfs

如果上述命令输出为空或仅有 nfsd-stuff，运行：

    # modprobe nfs

### mount.nfs4: access denied by server while mounting

本条目内容存在争议，有待查证。

原因: From the main NFS page: exports are defined in /etc/exports in order to serve-up the content. This can be any directory on the file system. Therefore, NFS shares apparently do not need to reside in /srv as stated below. (讨论页)

NFS shares have to reside in /srv - check your `/etc/exports` file and if necessary create the proper folder structure as described in the NFS#File system[broken link: invalid section] page.

Check that the permissions on your client's folder are correct. Try using 755.

or try "exportfs -rav" reload `/etc/exports` file.

### 不能连接到 OS X 客户端

When trying to connect from a OS X client, you will see that everything is ok at logs, but MacOS X refuses to mount your NFS share. You have to add `insecure` option to your share and re-run `exportfs -r`.

### Unreliable connection from OS X clients

OS X's NFS client is optimized for OS X Servers and might present some issues with Linux servers. If you are experiencing slow performance, frequent disconnects and problems with international characters edit the default mount options by adding the line `nfs.client.mount.options = intr,locallocks,nfc` to `/etc/nfs.conf` on your Mac client. More information about the mount options can be found here.

### Intermittent client freezes when copying large files

If you copy large files from your client machine to the NFS server, the transfer speed is very fast, but after some seconds the speed drops and your client machine intermittently locks up completely for some time until the transfer is finished.

Try adding `sync` as a mount option on the client (e.g. in `/etc/fstab`) to fix this problem.

### mount.nfs: Operation not permitted

After updating to nfs-utils 1.2.1-2 or higher, mounting NFS shares stopped working. Henceforth, nfs-utils uses NFSv4 per default instead of NFSv3. The problem can be solved by using either mount option `'vers=3'` or `'nfsvers=3'` on the command line:

    # mount.nfs remote target directory -o ...,vers=3,...
    # mount.nfs remote target directory -o ...,nfsvers=3,...

or in `/etc/fstab`:

    remote target directory nfs ...,vers=3,... 0 0
    remote target directory nfs ...,nfsvers=3,... 0 0

### mount.nfs: Protocol not supported

This article or section needs language, wiki syntax or style improvements.

Reason: unintelligible (Discuss in Talk:NFS/Troubleshooting (简体中文)#)

Check you are not mounting including the export root. Use:

    # mount SERVER:/ /mnt

instead of, i.e.:

    # mount SERVER:/srv/nfs4/ /mnt

Sometimes it could be the same problem with "Operation not permitted" : nfs-utils uses NFSv4 per default instead of NFSv3. Go and see the previons section

### Problems with Vagrant and synced_folders

If Vagrant scripts are unable to mount folders over NFS, installing the net-tools package may solve the issue.

## 性能问题

This NFS Howto page has some useful information regarding performance. Here are some further tips:

### 诊断问题原因

- 推荐首选 Htop 作为诊断工具。大部分明显症状会表现为占满CPU。
- 按 F2 键，在“显示选项(Display options)”下启用“详细CPU时间(Detailed CPU time)”。按 F1 键查看 CPU 图示中各种颜色的含义。特别要查看 CPU 的 IRQs 或 Wait-IO(wio) 响应时间。

### Server threads

Symptoms: Nothing seems to be very heavily loaded, but some operations on the client take a long time to complete for no apparent reason.

If your workload involves lots of small reads and writes (or if there are a lot of clients), there may not be enough threads running on the server to handle the quantity of queries. To check if this is the case, run the following command on one or more of the clients:

    # nfsstat -rc

    Client rpc stats:
    calls      retrans    authrefrsh
    113482     0          113484

If the `retrans` column contains a number larger than 0, the server is failing to respond to some NFS requests, and the number of threads should be increased.

To increase the number of threads on the server, edit the file `/etc/conf.d/nfs-server.conf` and set the value in the `NFSD_OPTS` variable. For example, to set the number of threads to 32:

    /etc/conf.d/nfs-server.conf

    NFSD_OPTS="32"

The default number of threads is 8. Try doubling this number until `retrans` remains consistently at zero. Don't be afraid of increasing the number quite substantially. 256 threads may be quite reasonable, depending on the workload. You will need to restart the NFS server daemon each time you modify the configuration file. Bear in mind that the client statistics will only be reset to zero when the client is rebooted.

Use htop (disable the hiding of kernel threads) to keep an eye on how much work each nfsd thread is doing. If you reach a point where the `retrans` values are non-zero, but you can see `nfsd` threads on the server doing no work, something different is now causing your bottleneck, and you'll need to re-diagnose this new problem.

### Close-to-open/flush-on-close

Symptoms: Your clients are writing many small files. The server CPU is not maxed out, but there is very high wait-IO, and the server disk seems to be churning more than you might expect.

In order to ensure data consistency across clients, the NFS protocol requires that the client's cache is flushed (all data is pushed to the server) whenever a file is closed after writing. Because the server is not allowed to buffer disk writes (if it crashes, the client won't realise the data wasn't written properly), the data is written to disk immediately before the client's request is completed. When you're writing lots of small files from the client, this means that the server spends most of its time waiting for small files to be written to its disk, which can cause a significant reduction in throughput.

See this excellent article or the nfs manpage for more details on the close-to-open policy. There are several approaches to solving this problem:

#### The nocto mount option

Note: The linux kernel does not seem to honour this option properly. Files are still flushed when they're closed.

Does your situation match these conditions?

- The export you have mounted on the client is only going to be used by the one client.
- It doesn't matter too much if a file written on one client doesn't immediately appear on other clients.
- It doesn't matter if after a client has written a file, and the client thinks the file has been saved, and then the client crashes, the file may be lost.

If you're happy with the above conditions, you can use the nocto mount option, which will disable the close-to-open behaviour. See the nfs manpage for details.

#### The async export option

Does your situation match these conditions?

- It's important that when a file is closed after writing on one client, it is:
  - Immediately visible on all the other clients.
  - Safely stored on the server, even if the client crashes immediately after closing the file.
- It's not important to you that if the server crashes:
  - You may loose the files that were most recently written by clients.
  - When the server is restarted, the clients will believe their recent files exist, even though they were actually lost.

In this situation, you can use `async` instead of `sync` in the server's `/etc/exports` file for those specific exports. See the exports manual page for details. In this case, it does not make sense to use the `nocto` mount option on the client.

### 缓冲区大小与 MTU

Symptoms: High kernel or IRQ CPU usage, a very high packet count through the network card.

This is a trickier optimisation. Make sure this is definitely the problem before spending too much time on this. The default values are usually fine for most situations.

See this excellent article for information about I/O buffering in NFS. Essentially, data is accumulated into buffers before being sent. The size of the buffer will affect the way data is transmitted over the network. The Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the network equipment will also affect throughput, as the buffers need to be split into MTU-sized chunks before they're sent over the network. If your buffer size is too big, the kernel or hardware may spend too much time splitting it into MTU-sized chunks. If the buffer size is too small, there will be overhead involved in sending a very large number of small packets. You can use the rsize and wsize mount options on the client to alter the buffer cache size. To achieve the best throughput, you need to experiment and discover the best values for your setup.

It is possible to change the MTU of many network cards. If your clients are on a separate subnet (e.g. for a Beowulf cluster), it may be safe to configure all of the network cards to use a high MTU. This should be done in very-high-bandwidth environments.

See also the nfs manual page for more about rsize and wsize.

## 调试

### 使用rpcdebug

Using `rpcdebug` is the easiest way to manipulate the kernel interfaces in place of echoing bitmasks to /proc.

Option | Description
--- | ---
-c | Clear the given debug flags
-s | Set the given debug flags
-m module | Specify which module's flags to set or clear.
-v | Increase the verbosity of rpcdebug's output
-h | Print a help message and exit. When combined with the -v option, also prints the available debug flags.

For the -m option, the available modules are:

Module | Description
--- | ---
nfsd | The NFS server
nfs | The NFS client
nlm | The Network Lock Manager, in either an NFS client or server
rpc | The Remote Procedure Call module, in either an NFS client or server

Examples:

    rpcdebug -m rpc -s all    # sets all debug flags for RPC
    rpcdebug -m rpc -c all    # clears all debug flags for RPC

    rpcdebug -m nfsd -s all   # sets all debug flags for NFS Server
    rpcdebug -m nfsd -c all   # clears all debug flags for NFS Server

Once the flags are set you can tail the journal for the debug output, usually `journalctl -fl` or similar.

### Using mountstats

The nfs-utils package contains the `mountstats` tool, which can retrieve a lot of statistics about NFS mounts, including average timings and packet size.

    $ mountstats
    Stats for example:/tank mounted on /tank:
      NFS mount options: rw,sync,vers=4.2,rsize=524288,wsize=524288,namlen=255,acregmin=3,acregmax=60,acdirmin=30,acdirmax=60,soft,proto=tcp,port=0,timeo=15,retrans=2,sec=sys,clientaddr=xx.yy.zz.tt,local_lock=none
      NFS server capabilities: caps=0xfbffdf,wtmult=512,dtsize=32768,bsize=0,namlen=255
      NFSv4 capability flags: bm0=0xfdffbfff,bm1=0x40f9be3e,bm2=0x803,acl=0x3,sessions,pnfs=notconfigured
      NFS security flavor: 1  pseudoflavor: 0

    NFS byte counts:
      applications read 248542089 bytes via read(2)
      applications wrote 0 bytes via write(2)
      applications read 0 bytes via O_DIRECT read(2)
      applications wrote 0 bytes via O_DIRECT write(2)
      client read 171375125 bytes via NFS READ
      client wrote 0 bytes via NFS WRITE

    RPC statistics:
      699 RPC requests sent, 699 RPC replies received (0 XIDs not found)
      average backlog queue length: 0

    READ:
    	338 ops (48%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 216	avg bytes received per op: 507131
    	backlog wait: 0.005917 	RTT: 548.736686 	total execute time: 548.775148 (milliseconds)
    GETATTR:
    	115 ops (16%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 199	avg bytes received per op: 240
    	backlog wait: 0.008696 	RTT: 15.756522 	total execute time: 15.843478 (milliseconds)
    ACCESS:
    	93 ops (13%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 203	avg bytes received per op: 168
    	backlog wait: 0.010753 	RTT: 2.967742 	total execute time: 3.032258 (milliseconds)
    LOOKUP:
    	32 ops (4%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 220	avg bytes received per op: 274
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 3.906250 	total execute time: 3.968750 (milliseconds)
    OPEN_NOATTR:
    	25 ops (3%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 268	avg bytes received per op: 350
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 2.320000 	total execute time: 2.360000 (milliseconds)
    CLOSE:
    	24 ops (3%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 224	avg bytes received per op: 176
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 30.250000 	total execute time: 30.291667 (milliseconds)
    DELEGRETURN:
    	23 ops (3%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 220	avg bytes received per op: 160
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 6.782609 	total execute time: 6.826087 (milliseconds)
    READDIR:
    	4 ops (0%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 224	avg bytes received per op: 14372
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 198.000000 	total execute time: 198.250000 (milliseconds)
    SERVER_CAPS:
    	2 ops (0%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 172	avg bytes received per op: 164
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 1.500000 	total execute time: 1.500000 (milliseconds)
    FSINFO:
    	1 ops (0%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 172	avg bytes received per op: 164
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 2.000000 	total execute time: 2.000000 (milliseconds)
    PATHCONF:
    	1 ops (0%)
    	avg bytes sent per op: 164	avg bytes received per op: 116
    	backlog wait: 0.000000 	RTT: 1.000000 	total execute time: 1.000000 (milliseconds)

### 内核接口

A bitmask of the debug flags can be echoed into the interface to enable output to syslog; 0 is the default:

    /proc/sys/sunrpc/nfsd_debug
    /proc/sys/sunrpc/nfs_debug
    /proc/sys/sunrpc/nlm_debug
    /proc/sys/sunrpc/rpc_debug

Sysctl controls are registered for these interfaces, so they can be used instead of echo:

    sysctl -w sunrpc.rpc_debug=1023
    sysctl -w sunrpc.rpc_debug=0

    sysctl -w sunrpc.nfsd_debug=1023
    sysctl -w sunrpc.nfsd_debug=0

At runtime the server holds information that can be examined:

    grep . /proc/net/rpc/*/content
    cat /proc/fs/nfs/exports
    cat /proc/net/rpc/nfsd
    ls -l /proc/fs/nfsd

A rundown of `/proc/net/rpc/nfsd` (the userspace tool `nfsstat` pretty-prints this info):

    * rc (reply cache): <hits> <misses> <nocache>
    - hits: client it's retransmitting
    - misses: a operation that requires caching
    - nocache: a operation that no requires caching

    * fh (filehandle): <stale> <total-lookups> <anonlookups> <dir-not-in-cache> <nodir-not-in-cache>
    - stale: file handle errors
    - total-lookups, anonlookups, dir-not-in-cache, nodir-not-in-cache
      . always seem to be zeros

    * io (input/output): <bytes-read> <bytes-written>
    - bytes-read: bytes read directly from disk
    - bytes-written: bytes written to disk

    * th (threads): <threads> <fullcnt> <10%-20%> <20%-30%> ... <90%-100%> <100%>
    - threads: number of nfsd threads
    - fullcnt: number of times that the last 10% of threads are busy
    - 10%-20%, 20%-30% ... 90%-100%: 10 numbers representing 10-20%, 20-30% to 100%
      . Counts the number of times a given interval are busy

    * ra (read-ahead): <cache-size> <10%> <20%> ... <100%> <not-found>
    - cache-size: always the double of number threads
    - 10%, 20% ... 100%: how deep it found what was looking for
    - not-found: not found in the read-ahead cache

    * net: <netcnt> <netudpcnt> <nettcpcnt> <nettcpconn>
    - netcnt: counts every read
    - netudpcnt: counts every UDP packet it receives
    - nettcpcnt: counts every time it receives data from a TCP connection
    - nettcpconn: count every TCP connection it receives

    * rpc: <rpccnt> <rpcbadfmt+rpcbadauth+rpcbadclnt> <rpcbadfmt> <rpcbadauth> <rpcbadclnt>
    - rpccnt: counts all rpc operations
    - rpcbadfmt: counts if while processing a RPC it encounters the following errors:
      . err_bad_dir, err_bad_rpc, err_bad_prog, err_bad_vers, err_bad_proc, err_bad
    - rpcbadauth: bad authentication
      . does not count if you try to mount from a machine that it's not in your exports file
    - rpcbadclnt: unused

    * procN (N = vers): <vs_nproc> <null> <getattr> <setattr> <lookup> <access> <readlink> <read> <write> <create> <mkdir> <symlink> <mknod> <remove> <rmdir> <rename> <link> <readdir> <readdirplus> <fsstat> <fsinfo> <pathconf> <commit>
    - vs_nproc: number of procedures for NFS version
      . v2: nfsproc.c, 18
      . v3: nfs3proc.c, 22
      - v4, nfs4proc.c, 2
    - statistics: generated from NFS operations at runtime

    * proc4ops: <ops> <x..y>
    - ops: the definition of LAST_NFS4_OP, OP_RELEASE_LOCKOWNER = 39, plus 1 (so 40); defined in nfs4.h
    - x..y: the array of nfs_opcount up to LAST_NFS4_OP (nfsdstats.nfs4_opcount[i])

### NFSD debug flags

    /usr/include/linux/nfsd/debug.h

    /*
     * knfsd debug flags
     */
    #define NFSDDBG_SOCK            0x0001
    #define NFSDDBG_FH              0x0002
    #define NFSDDBG_EXPORT          0x0004
    #define NFSDDBG_SVC             0x0008
    #define NFSDDBG_PROC            0x0010
    #define NFSDDBG_FILEOP          0x0020
    #define NFSDDBG_AUTH            0x0040
    #define NFSDDBG_REPCACHE        0x0080
    #define NFSDDBG_XDR             0x0100
    #define NFSDDBG_LOCKD           0x0200
    #define NFSDDBG_ALL             0x7FFF
    #define NFSDDBG_NOCHANGE        0xFFFF

### NFS debug flags

    /usr/include/linux/nfs_fs.h

    /*
     * NFS debug flags
     */
    #define NFSDBG_VFS              0x0001
    #define NFSDBG_DIRCACHE         0x0002
    #define NFSDBG_LOOKUPCACHE      0x0004
    #define NFSDBG_PAGECACHE        0x0008
    #define NFSDBG_PROC             0x0010
    #define NFSDBG_XDR              0x0020
    #define NFSDBG_FILE             0x0040
    #define NFSDBG_ROOT             0x0080
    #define NFSDBG_CALLBACK         0x0100
    #define NFSDBG_CLIENT           0x0200
    #define NFSDBG_MOUNT            0x0400
    #define NFSDBG_FSCACHE          0x0800
    #define NFSDBG_PNFS             0x1000
    #define NFSDBG_PNFS_LD          0x2000
    #define NFSDBG_STATE            0x4000
    #define NFSDBG_ALL              0xFFFF

### NLM debug flags

    /usr/include/linux/lockd/debug.h

    /*
     * Debug flags
     */
    #define NLMDBG_SVC		0x0001
    #define NLMDBG_CLIENT		0x0002
    #define NLMDBG_CLNTLOCK		0x0004
    #define NLMDBG_SVCLOCK		0x0008
    #define NLMDBG_MONITOR		0x0010
    #define NLMDBG_CLNTSUBS		0x0020
    #define NLMDBG_SVCSUBS		0x0040
    #define NLMDBG_HOSTCACHE	0x0080
    #define NLMDBG_XDR		0x0100
    #define NLMDBG_ALL		0x7fff

### RPC debug flags

    /usr/include/linux/sunrpc/debug.h

    /*
     * RPC debug facilities
     */
    #define RPCDBG_XPRT             0x0001
    #define RPCDBG_CALL             0x0002
    #define RPCDBG_DEBUG            0x0004
    #define RPCDBG_NFS              0x0008
    #define RPCDBG_AUTH             0x0010
    #define RPCDBG_BIND             0x0020
    #define RPCDBG_SCHED            0x0040
    #define RPCDBG_TRANS            0x0080
    #define RPCDBG_SVCXPRT          0x0100
    #define RPCDBG_SVCDSP           0x0200
    #define RPCDBG_MISC             0x0400
    #define RPCDBG_CACHE            0x0800
    #define RPCDBG_ALL              0x7fff

### General Notes

- While the number of threads can be increased at runtime via an echo to `/proc/fs/nfsd/threads`, the cache size (double the threads, see the ra line of /proc/net/rpc/nfsd) is not dynamic. The NFS daemon must be restarted with the new thread size during initialization in order for the thread cache to properly adjust.

### References

- https://github.com/torvalds/linux/tree/master/include/linux
- http://linux.die.net/man/8/rpcdebug
- http://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/linux/NFSClientDebuggingBits
- http://www.novell.com/support/kb/doc.php?id=7011571
- http://stromberg.dnsalias.org/~strombrg/NFS-troubleshooting-2.html
- http://www.opensubscriber.com/message/nfs@lists.sourceforge.net/7833588.html

## 其它问题

### 权限问题

If you find that you cannot set the permissions on files properly, make sure the user/group you are chowning are on both the client and server.

If all your files are owned by `nobody`, and you are using NFSv4, on both the client and server, you should:

- For systemd, ensure that the `nfs-idmapd` service has been started.
- For initscripts, ensure that `NEED_IDMAPD` is set to `YES` in `/etc/conf.d/nfs-common.conf`.

On some systems detecting the domain from FQDN minus hostname does not seem to work reliably. If files are still showing as `nobody` after the above changes, edit /etc/idmapd.conf, ensure that `Domain` is set to `FQDN minus hostname`. For example:

    /etc/idmapd.conf

    [General]

    Verbosity = 7
    Pipefs-Directory = /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs
    Domain = yourdomain.local

    [Mapping]

    Nobody-User = nobody
    Nobody-Group = nobody

    [Translation]

    Method = nsswitch

If nfs-idmapd.service refuses to start because it cannot open the Pipefs-directory (defined in /etc/idmapd.conf and appended with '/nfs'), issue a mkdir-command and restart the daemon.

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