# Add new partitions to an existing system

Related articles

- Partitioning
- GParted

This article is being considered for redirection to Partitioning.

Notes: The only information here is `cp -a`, the rest is filler or duplicated from other articles such as File systems. (Discuss in Talk:Add new partitions to an existing system#)

You may find yourself in the situation where you either want to create a new partition to give yourself more flexibility (for example, for backup operations), or you are forced to use new partition(s) because your original is full and to free up space you need to move data from the full partition to a new one.

As an easy alternative, you can always download a copy of another operating system such as Ubuntu and boot into a live media version (Arch USB Installation Media guide). Newer versions of Ubuntu include GParted.

Warning: Be sure to at least read through all the steps in this guide before making any real changes. There is always a risk for losing your data when adjusting partitions.

## Preamble

Here are the steps involved with adding new partitions:

1. Create new partitions.
2. Mount the new partitions in a temporary location.
3. Copy the existing files from old partition to the newly created partitions in their temporary locations.
4. Delete the files under the original directories
5. Move new partition from their temporary mount points to their permanent homes
6. Update fstab accordingly.

## Creating the New Partitions

Warning: Changing, Resizing and/or Creating partitions has the VERY REAL potential to cause DATA LOSS Use common sense. BACKUP ANYTHING YOU DO NOT WANT TO LOSE!

New partitions can be created either on previously unpartitioned sections of an existing disk (or raid array in my case) or simply on an additional newly installed drive.

You will need your filesystems to be UNMOUNTED when you make changes such as adding new partitions to the free space on your disk or shrinking partitions. Therefore you will need to boot into an environment such as provided by the install CD in Rescue mode.

Command line utilities such as fdisk, cfdisk or sfdisk can be used, but if you are unfamiliar with creating partitions and filesystems Gparted-Live iso is recommended. It provides a nice gui and additional checks to make sure what you are doing is okay. See also GParted for how to use GParted.

### Extended Growth & Logical Partitioning

Partitions come in three main flavors: Primary, Extended and Logical. An Extended partition is for the most part just a "wrapper" to contain logical partitions.

If you have a typical Linux partition scheme, then you probably have a single "extended" partition with "logical" partitions of '/', '`/home`' and possibly a '`/boot`' partition. Your logical partitions will probably completely fill the extended partition they reside in. Before you can add additional partitions, you must grow the current extended partition to make room for your new logical partitions, or you can create a new extended partition. I prefer to grow the extended partition then add the new logical partitions. I find no need for primary partitions unless dual booting windows.

You will need to create a filesystem on the new partitions with 'mkfs -t <fstype>' or you may select the desired filesystem when defining your partition with Gparted. If you do not know which filesystem you are using, then from the command line type "df -hT" and check the type column.

## Moving Existing Data to the New Partition

To benefit from the extra space provided by the new partitions, the new partitions need to be integrated into the filesystem.

Files should not be written to the parts of the filesystem you are moving during this process. The safest way to accomplish the copy and delete is to either boot from your install cd into rescue mode and create mount points to hold your `/` filesystem and the new partitions, or alternatively shutdown anything that could write to or read from the existing directories. For example, for `/var`, syslog-ng needed to be shutdown. If using dmraid, issue "dmraid -ay" to activate your raid sets when booting from the install CD into rescue mode.

The basic process (as root) is:

Stop any processes that might write to the old directories.

    # /etc/rc.d/syslog-ng stop

Create temporary mount points for your new partitions.

    # mkdir /mnt/newtemp

Mount the new partitions on the temporary mount points.

    # mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/newtemp

Warning: Before doing this ensure that the system does not still need read or write access to these folders

Copy the information from the old directories to the new partitions.

    # cp -a /olddir /mnt/newtemp

Confirm the information was written to the new partitions with ls, diff, etc. When you are certain the information was written correctly to the new partitions delete the information from the old directories.

    # rm -r /olddir

## Remounting the New Partitions on the Filesystem

Next the new partition(s) should be unmounted from their temporary location(s) and assigned their proper place in the filesystem.

### Manually remounting and checking

Unmount the new partitions from the temporary mount point

    umount /mnt/newtemp

Mount the new partitions as /newdir

    mount /dev/sda5 /newdir

Now the new partitions are in the proper location in the filesystem and you can confirm the new room with `df -h`

### Permanent remounting

Finally make the new changes permanent by adding the new mount configuration to `/etc/fstab`. As root edit `/etc/fstab` adding something similar to the following corresponding to your own new partitions:

    /dev/sda5 /newdir ext3 defaults 0 2

(See the fstab article for more details.)

If you have disabled any running processes, restart or enable them, check the files on your new partitions to insure all is well and check the logs for any permission errors. Then reboot and make sure it all works as expected.

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