# Xorg

Related articles

- Start X at login
- Autostarting
- Display manager
- Window manager
- Font configuration
- Cursor themes
- Desktop environment
- Wayland
- Mir
- Xinitrc

From http://www.x.org/wiki/:

  The X.Org project provides an open source implementation of the X Window System. The development work is being done in conjunction with the freedesktop.org community. The X.Org Foundation is the educational non-profit corporation whose Board serves this effort, and whose Members lead this work.

Xorg is the most popular display server among Linux users. Its ubiquity has led to making it an ever-present requisite for GUI applications, resulting in massive adoption from most distributions. See the Xorg Wikipedia article or visit the Xorg website for more details.

## Installation

Xorg can be installed with the xorg-server package.

Additionally, some packages from the xorg-server-utils meta-package are necessary for certain configuration tasks, they are pointed out in the relevant sections. Other useful packages are in the xorg-apps group.

Tip: You will typically seek to install a window manager or a desktop environment to supplement X.

### Driver installation

The Linux kernel includes open-source video drivers and support for hardware accelerated framebuffers. However, userland support is required for OpenGL and 2D acceleration in X11.

First, identify your card:

    $ lspci | grep -e VGA -e 3D

Then install an appropriate driver. You can search the package database for a complete list of open-source video drivers:

    $ pacman -Ss xf86-video

Xorg searches for installed drivers automatically:

- If it cannot find the specific driver installed for the hardware (listed below), it first searches for fbdev (xf86-video-fbdev).
- If that is not found, it searches for vesa (xf86-video-vesa), the generic driver, which handles a large number of chipsets but does not include any 2D or 3D acceleration.
- If vesa is not found, Xorg will fall back to kernel mode setting, which includes GLAMOR acceleration (see modesetting(4)).

In order for video acceleration to work, and often to expose all the modes that the GPU can set, a proper video driver is required:

Brand | Type | Driver | OpenGL | OpenGL (Multilib) | Documentation
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
AMD/ ATI | Open source | xf86-video-amdgpu | mesa-libgl | lib32-mesa-libgl | AMDGPU
xf86-video-ati | ATI
Proprietary | catalystAUR | catalyst-libglAUR | lib32-catalyst-libglAUR | AMD Catalyst
Intel | Open source | xf86-video-intel | mesa-libgl | lib32-mesa-libgl | Intel graphics
Nvidia | Open source | xf86-video-nouveau | mesa-libgl | lib32-mesa-libgl | Nouveau
Proprietary | nvidia | nvidia-libgl | lib32-nvidia-libgl | NVIDIA
nvidia-340xx | nvidia-340xx-libgl | lib32-nvidia-340xx-libgl
nvidia-304xx | nvidia-304xx-libgl | lib32-nvidia-304xx-libgl

Note: For NVIDIA Optimus enabled laptop which uses an integrated video card combined with a dedicated GPU, see NVIDIA Optimus or Bumblebee.

Other video drivers can be found in the xorg-drivers group.

Xorg should run smoothly without closed source drivers, which are typically needed only for advanced features such as fast 3D-accelerated rendering for games.

### ATI

GPU architecture | Radeon cards | Open-source driver | Proprietary driver
--- | --- | --- | ---
GCN 43 | various | AMDGPU | AMDGPU PRO
GCN 32 | various | AMDGPU | Catalyst / AMDGPU PRO
GCN 22 | various | ATI | Catalyst
GCN 11 | various | ATI | Catalyst
TeraScale 2&3 | HD 5000 - HD 6000 | ATI | Catalyst
TeraScale 1 | HD 2000 - HD 4000 | Catalyst legacy
Older | X1000 and older | not available

  1: Experimental AMDGPU support coming in Linux 4.9 (instructions).
  2: Experimental AMDGPU support (instructions).
  3: linux>=4.7

## Running

### Display manager

A convenient way to start X, but one that requires an additional application and dependencies, is by using a display manager.

### Manually

To start the X server without a display manager, see xinit.

## Configuration

Note: Arch supplies default configuration files in `/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d`, and no extra configuration is necessary for most setups.

Xorg uses a configuration file called `xorg.conf` and files ending in the suffix `.conf` for its initial setup: the complete list of the folders where these files are searched can be found at [1] or by running `man xorg.conf`, together with a detailed explanation of all the available options.

### Using .conf files

The `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/` directory stores host-specific configuration. You are free to add configuration files there, but they must have a `.conf` suffix: the files are read in ASCII order, and by convention their names start with `XX-` (two digits and a hyphen, so that for example 10 is read before 20). These files are parsed by the X server upon startup and are treated like part of the traditional `xorg.conf` configuration file. Note that on conflicting configuration, the file read last will be processed. For that reason the most generic configuration files should be ordered first by name. The configuration entries in the `xorg.conf` file are processed at the end.

For option examples to set, see also the fedora wiki.

### Using xorg.conf

Xorg can also be configured via `/etc/X11/xorg.conf` or `/etc/xorg.conf`. You can also generate a skeleton for `xorg.conf` with:

    # Xorg :0 -configure

This should create a `xorg.conf.new` file in `/root/` that you can copy over to `/etc/X11/xorg.conf`.

Tip: If you are already running an X server, use a different display, for example `Xorg :2 -configure`.

Alternatively, your proprietary video card drivers may come with a tool to automatically configure Xorg: see the article of your video driver, NVIDIA or AMD Catalyst, for more details.

Note: Configuration file keywords are case insensitive, and "_" characters are ignored. Most strings (including Option names) are also case insensitive, and insensitive to white space and "_" characters.

## Input devices

For input devices, the virtual package xf86-input-driver ensures at least one input driver of either xf86-input-evdev or xf86-input-libinput is installed.[2]

Udev, which is provided as a systemd dependency, will detect your hardware and both drivers will act as hotplugging input driver for almost all devices, as defined in the default configuration files `10-evdev.conf` and `60-libinput.conf` in the `/usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/` directory.

After starting X server, the log file will show which driver hotplugged for the individual devices (note the most recent log file name may vary):

    $ grep -e "Using input driver " ~/.local/share/xorg/Xorg.0.log

If both do not support a particular device, install the needed driver from the xorg-drivers group. The same applies, if you want to use another driver.

To influence hotplugging, see #Configuration.

For specific instructions, see also the libinput article, the following pages below, or the Fedora wiki entry for more examples.

### Mouse acceleration

See Mouse acceleration.

### Extra mouse buttons

See All Mouse Buttons Working.

### Touchpad

See Synaptics or libinput.

### Touchscreen

See Touchscreen.

### Keyboard settings

See Keyboard configuration in Xorg.

## Monitor settings

### Getting started

Note: Newer versions of Xorg are auto-configuring, you should not need to use this.

First, create a new config file, such as `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-monitor.conf`.

    /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/10-monitor.conf

    Section "Monitor"
        Identifier             "Monitor0"
    EndSection

    Section "Device"
        Identifier             "Device0"
        Driver                 "vesa" #Choose the driver used for this monitor
    EndSection

    Section "Screen"
        Identifier             "Screen0"  #Collapse Monitor and Device section to Screen section
        Device                 "Device0"
        Monitor                "Monitor0"
        DefaultDepth           16 #Choose the depth (16||24)
        SubSection             "Display"
            Depth              16
            Modes              "1024x768_75.00" #Choose the resolution
        EndSubSection
    EndSection

Note: By default, Xorg needs to be able to detect a monitor and will not start otherwise. A workaround is to create a configuration file such as the example above and thus avoid auto-configuring. A common case where this is necessary is a headless system, which boots without a monitor and starts Xorg automatically, either from a virtual console at login, or from a display manager.

### Multiple monitors

See main article Multihead for general information.

See also GPU-specific instructions:

- NVIDIA#Multiple monitors
- Nouveau#Dual Head
- AMD Catalyst#Double Screen (Dual Head / Dual Screen / Xinerama)
- ATI#Multihead setup

#### More than one graphics card

You must define the correct driver to use and put the bus ID of your graphic cards.

    Section "Device"
        Identifier             "Screen0"
        Driver                 "nouveau"
        BusID                  "PCI:0:12:0"
    EndSection

    Section "Device"
        Identifier             "Screen1"
        Driver                 "radeon"
        BusID                  "PCI:1:0:0"
    EndSection

To get your bus ID:

    $ lspci | grep VGA

    01:00.0 VGA compatible controller: nVidia Corporation G96 [GeForce 9600M GT] (rev a1)

The bus ID here is 1:0:0.

### Display size and DPI

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Reason: Xorg always sets dpi to 96. See this, this and finally this. (Discuss in Talk:Xorg#)

The DPI of the X server is determined in the following manner:

1. The -dpi command line option has highest priority.
2. If this is not used, the DisplaySize setting in the X config file is used to derive the DPI, given the screen resolution.
3. If no DisplaySize is given, the monitor size values from DDC are used to derive the DPI, given the screen resolution.
4. If DDC does not specify a size, 75 DPI is used by default.

In order to get correct dots per inch (DPI) set, the display size must be recognized or set. Having the correct DPI is especially necessary where fine detail is required (like font rendering). Previously, manufacturers tried to create a standard for 96 DPI (a 10.3" diagonal monitor would be 800x600, a 13.2" monitor 1024x768). These days, screen DPIs vary and may not be equal horizontally and vertically. For example, a 19" widescreen LCD at 1440x900 may have a DPI of 89x87. To be able to set the DPI, the Xorg server attempts to auto-detect your monitor's physical screen size through the graphic card with DDC. When the Xorg server knows the physical screen size, it will be able to set the correct DPI depending on resolution size.

To see if your display size and DPI are detected/calculated correctly:

    $ xdpyinfo | grep -B2 resolution

Check that the dimensions match your display size. If the Xorg server is not able to correctly calculate the screen size, it will default to 75x75 DPI and you will have to calculate it yourself.

If you have specifications on the physical size of the screen, they can be entered in the Xorg configuration file so that the proper DPI is calculated:

    Section "Monitor"
        Identifier             "Monitor0"
        DisplaySize             286 179    # In millimeters
    EndSection

If you only want to enter the specification of your monitor without creating a full xorg.conf create a new config file. For example (`/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/90-monitor.conf`):

    Section "Monitor"
        Identifier             "<default monitor>"
        DisplaySize            286 179    # In millimeters
    EndSection

If you do not have specifications for physical screen width and height (most specifications these days only list by diagonal size), you can use the monitor's native resolution (or aspect ratio) and diagonal length to calculate the horizontal and vertical physical dimensions. Using the Pythagorean theorem on a 13.3" diagonal length screen with a 1280x800 native resolution (or 16:10 aspect ratio):

    $ echo 'scale=5;sqrt(1280^2+800^2)' | bc  # 1509.43698

This will give the pixel diagonal length and with this value you can discover the physical horizontal and vertical lengths (and convert them to millimeters):

    $ echo 'scale=5;(13.3/1509)*1280*25.4' | bc  # 286.43072
    $ echo 'scale=5;(13.3/1509)*800*25.4'  | bc  # 179.01920

Note: This calculation works for monitors with square pixels; however, there is the seldom monitor that may compress aspect ratio (e.g 16:10 aspect resolution to a 16:9 monitor). If this is the case, you should measure your screen size manually.

#### Setting DPI manually

Note: While you can set any dpi you like and applications using Qt and GTK will scale accordingly, it's recommended to set it to 96, 120 (25% higher), 144 (50% higher), 168 (75% higher), 192 (100% higher) etc., to reduce scaling artifacts to GUI that use bitmaps. Reducing it below 96 dpi may not reduce size of graphical elements of GUI as typically the lowest dpi the icons are made for is 96.

For RandR compliant drivers (for example the open source ATI driver), you can set it by:

    $ xrandr --dpi 144

Note: Applications that comply with the setting will not change immediately. You have to start them anew.

See Execute commands after X start to make it permanent.

##### Proprietary NVIDIA driver

DPI can be set manually if you only plan to use one resolution (DPI calculator):

    Section "Monitor"
        Identifier             "Monitor0"
        Option                 "DPI" "96 x 96"
    EndSection

You can manually set the DPI adding the options below on `/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-nvidia.conf` (inside Device section):

    Option              "UseEdidDpi" "False"
    Option              "DPI" "96 x 96"

### DPMS

DPMS (Display Power Management Signaling) is a technology that allows power saving behaviour of monitors when the computer is not in use. This will allow you to have your monitors automatically go into standby after a predefined period of time.

## Composite

The Composite extension for X causes an entire sub-tree of the window hierarchy to be rendered to an off-screen buffer. Applications can then take the contents of that buffer and do whatever they like. The off-screen buffer can be automatically merged into the parent window or merged by external programs, called compositing managers. See the following article for more information: compositing window manager

Some window managers (e.g. Compiz, Enlightenment, KWin, Marco, Metacity, Muffin, Mutter, Xfwm) do compositing on their own. For other window managers, a standalone composite manager can be used.

### List of composite managers

- Cairo Composite Manager — Cairo based composite manager

  http://cairo-compmgr.tuxfamily.org/ || cairo-compmgr-gitAUR

- Compton — Compositor (a fork of xcompmgr-dana)

  https://github.com/chjj/compton || compton

- Xcompmgr — Composite window-effects manager

  http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/app/xcompmgr/ || xcompmgr

- Unagi — Modular compositing manager which aims written in C and based on XCB

  http://projects.mini-dweeb.org/projects/unagi || unagiAUR

## Tips and tricks

### X startup tweaking (startx)

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Reason: `/usr/bin/startx` should not be modified, startx recognises the options as command line arguments (Discuss in Talk:Xorg#)

For X's option reference see:

    $ man Xserver

The following options have to be appended to the variable `"defaultserverargs"` in the `/usr/bin/startx` file:

- Enable deferred glyph loading for 16 bit fonts:

    -deferglyphs 16

Note: If you start X with kdm, the startx script does not seem to be executed. X options must be appended to the variable `ServerArgsLocal` in the `/usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc` file.

### Nested X session

This article or section needs expansion.

Reason: mention xephyr (Discuss in Talk:Xorg#)

To run a nested session of another desktop environment:

    $ /usr/bin/Xnest :1 -geometry 1024x768+0+0 -ac -name Windowmaker & wmaker -display :1

This will launch a Window Maker session in a 1024 by 768 window within your current X session.

This needs the package xorg-server-xnest to be installed.

### Starting GUI programs remotely

See main article: SSH#X11 forwarding.

### On-demand disabling and enabling of input sources

With the help of xinput you can temporarily disable or enable input sources. This might be useful, for example, on systems that have more than one mouse, such as the ThinkPads and you would rather use just one to avoid unwanted mouse clicks.

Install the xorg-xinput package from the official repositories.

Find the name or ID of the device you want to disable:

    $ xinput

For example in a Lenovo ThinkPad T500, the output looks like this:

    $ xinput

    ⎡ Virtual core pointer                          id=2    [master pointer  (3)]
    ⎜   ↳ Virtual core XTEST pointer                id=4    [slave  pointer  (2)]
    ⎜   ↳ TPPS/2 IBM TrackPoint                     id=11   [slave  pointer  (2)]
    ⎜   ↳ SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad                id=10   [slave  pointer  (2)]
    ⎣ Virtual core keyboard                         id=3    [master keyboard (2)]
        ↳ Virtual core XTEST keyboard               id=5    [slave  keyboard (3)]
        ↳ Power Button                              id=6    [slave  keyboard (3)]
        ↳ Video Bus                                 id=7    [slave  keyboard (3)]
        ↳ Sleep Button                              id=8    [slave  keyboard (3)]
        ↳ AT Translated Set 2 keyboard              id=9    [slave  keyboard (3)]
        ↳ ThinkPad Extra Buttons                    id=12   [slave  keyboard (3)]

Disable the device with `xinput --disable device`, where device is the device ID or name of the device you want to disable. In this example we will disable the Synaptics Touchpad, with the ID 10:

    $ xinput --disable 10

To re-enable the device, just issue the opposite command:

    $ xinput --enable 10

Alternatively using the device name, the command to disable the touchpad would be:

    $ xinput --disable "SynPS/2 Synaptics TouchPad"

### Killing application with hotkey

Run script on hotkey:

    #!/bin/bash
    windowFocus=$(xdotool getwindowfocus);
    pid=$(xprop -id $windowFocus | grep PID);
    kill -9 $pid

Deps: xorg-xprop, xdotool

## Troubleshooting

### General

If a problem occurs, view the log stored in either `/var/log/` or, for the rootless X default since v1.16, in `~/.local/share/xorg/`. GDM users should check the systemd journal. [3]

The logfiles are of the form `Xorg.n.log` with `n` being the display number. For a single user machine with default configuration the applicable log is frequently `Xorg.0.log`, but otherwise it may vary. To make sure to pick the right file it may help to look at the timestamp of the X server session start and from which console it was started. For example:

    $ grep -e Log -e tty Xorg.0.log

    [    40.623] (==) Log file: "/home/archuser/.local/share/xorg/Xorg.0.log", Time: Thu Aug 28 12:36:44 2014
    [    40.704] (--) controlling tty is VT number 1, auto-enabling KeepTty

- In the logfile then be on the lookout for any lines beginning with `(EE)`, which represent errors, and also `(WW)`, which are warnings that could indicate other issues.

- If there is an empty `.xinitrc` file in your `$HOME`, either delete or edit it in order for X to start properly. If you do not do this X will show a blank screen with what appears to be no errors in your `Xorg.0.log`. Simply deleting it will get it running with a default X environment.
- If the screen goes black, you may still attempt to switch to a different virtual console (e.g. `Ctrl+Alt+F2`), and blindly log in as root. You can do this by typing `root` (press `Enter` after typing it) and entering the root password (again, press `Enter` after typing it).

  You may also attempt to kill the X server with:

      # pkill X

  If this does not work, reboot blindly with:

      # reboot

- Check specific pages in Category:Input devices if you have issues with keyboard, mouse, touchpad etc.
- Search for common problems in ATI, Intel and NVIDIA articles.

### Black screen, No protocol specified.., Resource temporarily unavailable for all or some users

X creates configuration and temporary files in current user's home directory. Make sure there is free disk space available on the partition your home directory resides in. Unfortunately, X server does not provide any more obvious information about lack of disk space in this case.

### CTRL right key does not work with oss keymap

The factual accuracy of this article or section is disputed.

Reason: The file will be overwritten on xkeyboard-config update; for such simple task should be used Xmodmap. (Discuss in Talk:Xorg#)

Edit as root `/usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/fr`, and change the line:

    include "level5(rctrl_switch)"

to

    // include "level5(rctrl_switch)"

Then restart X, reboot or run

    setxkbmap fr oss

### DRI with Matrox cards stops working

If you use a Matrox card and DRI stops working after upgrading to Xorg, try adding the line:

    Option "OldDmaInit" "On"

to the Device section that references the video card in `xorg.conf`.

### Frame-buffer mode problems

If X fails to start with the following log messages,

    (WW) Falling back to old probe method for fbdev
    (II) Loading sub module "fbdevhw"
    (II) LoadModule: "fbdevhw"
    (II) Loading /usr/lib/xorg/modules/linux//libfbdevhw.so
    (II) Module fbdevhw: vendor="X.Org Foundation"
           compiled for 1.6.1, module version=0.0.2
           ABI class: X.Org Video Driver, version 5.0
    (II) FBDEV(1): using default device

    Fatal server error:
    Cannot run in framebuffer mode. Please specify busIDs for all framebuffer devices

Uninstall the xf86-video-fbdev package.

### Launching multiple X sessions with proprietary NVIDIA on Xorg 1.16

When attempting to launch X sessions in multiple ttys on Xorg 1.16, you may be rejected with a log indicating that no drivers were found. I found that a workaround for this was to specifically tell X that we'd like to use the 'nvidia' driver.

`/etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-nvidia.conf`

    Section "Device"
        Identifier "Device0"
        Driver     "nvidia"
        VendorName "NVIDIA Corporation"
        Option     "NoLogo" "True"
    EndSection

### Program requests "font '(null)'"

- Error message: "unable to load font `(null)'."

Some programs only work with bitmap fonts. Two major packages with bitmap fonts are available, xorg-fonts-75dpi and xorg-fonts-100dpi. You do not need both; one should be enough. To find out which one would be better in your case, try this:

    $ xdpyinfo | grep resolution

and use what is closer to the shown value.

### Recovery: disabling Xorg before GUI login

If Xorg is set to boot up automatically and for some reason you need to prevent it from starting up before the login/display manager appears (if the system is wrongly configured and Xorg does not recognize your mouse or keyboard input, for instance), you can accomplish this task with two methods.

- Change default target to rescue.target. See systemd#Change default target to boot into.
- If you have not only a faulty system that makes Xorg unusable, but you have also set the GRUB menu wait time to zero, or cannot otherwise use GRUB to prevent Xorg from booting, you can use the Arch Linux live CD. Follow the installation guide about how to mount and chroot into the installed Arch Linux. Alternatively try to switch into another tty with `Ctrl+Alt` + function key (usually from `F1` to `F7` depending on which is not used by X), login as root and follow steps below.

Depending on setup, you will need to do one or more of these steps:

- Disable the display manager.
- Disable the automatic start of the X.
- Rename the `~/.xinitrc` or comment out the `exec` line in it.

### X clients started with "su" fail

If you are getting "Client is not authorized to connect to server", try adding the line:

    session        optional        pam_xauth.so

to `/etc/pam.d/su`. `pam_xauth` will then properly set environment variables and handle `xauth` keys.

### X failed to start: Keyboard initialization failed

If your hard disk is full, startx will fail. `/var/log/Xorg.0.log` will end with:

    (EE) Error compiling keymap (server-0)
    (EE) XKB: Could not compile keymap
    (EE) XKB: Failed to load keymap. Loading default keymap instead.
    (EE) Error compiling keymap (server-0)
    (EE) XKB: Could not compile keymap
    XKB: Failed to compile keymap
    Keyboard initialization failed. This could be a missing or incorrect setup of xkeyboard-config.
    Fatal server error:
    Failed to activate core devices.
    Please consult the The X.Org Foundation support at http://wiki.x.org
    for help.
    Please also check the log file at "/var/log/Xorg.0.log" for additional information.
    (II) AIGLX: Suspending AIGLX clients for VT switch

Make some free space on your root partition and X will start.

### Rootless Xorg (v1.16)

As of version 1.16 [4], Xorg may run with standard user privileges with the help of `logind`. The requirements for this are:

- systemd; version >=216 for multiple instances
- Starting X via xinit; display managers are not supported
- Kernel mode setting; implementations in proprietary display drivers fail auto-detection and require manually setting `needs_root_rights = no` in `/etc/X11/Xwrapper.config`.

If you do not fit these requirements, re-enable root rights in `/etc/X11/Xwrapper.config`:

    needs_root_rights = yes

See also Xorg.wrap(1) and Systemd/User#Xorg as a systemd user service.

#### Broken redirection

While user Xorg logs are stored in `~/.local/share/xorg/Xorg.log`, they do not include the output from the X session. To re-enable redirection, start X with the `-keeptty` flag:

    exec startx -- -keeptty -nolisten tcp > ~/.xorg.log 2>&1

Or copy `/etc/X11/xinit/xserverrc` to `~/.xserverrc`, and append `-keeptty`. See [5].

### Why do I get a green screen whenever I try to watch a video?

Your color depth is set wrong. It may need to be 24 instead of 16, for example.

### SocketCreateListener error

If X terminates with error message "SocketCreateListener() failed", you may need to delete socket files in `/tmp/.X11-unix`. This may happen if you have previously run Xorg as root (e.g. to generate an `xorg.conf`).

Categories:

- X server
- Graphics

Hidden categories:

- Pages or sections flagged with Template:Accuracy
- Pages or sections flagged with Template:Expansion