fio(1)

NAME
fio - flexible I/O tester

SYNOPSIS
fio [options] [jobfile]...

DESCRIPTION
fio is a tool that will spawn a number of threads or processes doing a particular type of I/O action as specified by the user. The typical use of fio is to write a job file matching the I/O load one wants to simulate.

OPTIONS

--debug=type
    Enable verbose tracing of various fio actions. May be `all' for all types or individual types separated by a comma (eg --debug=io,file). `help' will list all available tracing options.

--output=filename
    Write output to filename.

--output-format=format
    Set the reporting format to normal, terse, json, or json+. Multiple formats can be selected, separate by a comma. terse is a CSV based format. json+ is like json, except it adds a full dump of the latency buckets.

--runtime=runtime
    Limit run time to runtime seconds.

--bandwidth-log
    Generate aggregate bandwidth logs.

--minimal
    Print statistics in a terse, semicolon-delimited format.

--append-terse
    Print statistics in selected mode AND terse, semicolon-delimited format. Deprecated, use --output-format instead to select multiple formats.

--version
    Display version information and exit.

--terse-version=version
    Set terse version output format (Current version 3, or older version 2).

--help
    Display usage information and exit.

--cpuclock-test
    Perform test and validation of internal CPU clock

--crctest[=test]
    Test the speed of the builtin checksumming functions. If no argument is given, all of them are tested. Or a comma separated list can be passed, in which case the given ones are tested.

--cmdhelp=command
    Print help information for command. May be `all' for all commands.

--enghelp=ioengine[,command]
    List all commands defined by ioengine, or print help for command defined by ioengine.

--showcmd=jobfile
    Convert jobfile to a set of command-line options.

--eta=when
    Specifies when real-time ETA estimate should be printed. when may be one of `always', `never' or `auto'.

--eta-newline=time
    Force an ETA newline for every `time` period passed.

--status-interval=time
    Report full output status every `time` period passed.

--readonly
    Turn on safety read-only checks, preventing any attempted write.

--section=sec
    Only run section sec from job file. This option can be used multiple times to add more sections to run.

--alloc-size=kb
    Set the internal smalloc pool size to kb kilobytes.

--warnings-fatal
    All fio parser warnings are fatal, causing fio to exit with an error.

--max-jobs=nr
    Set the maximum allowed number of jobs (threads/processes) to support.

--server=args
    Start a backend server, with args specifying what to listen to. See client/server section.

--daemonize=pidfile
    Background a fio server, writing the pid to the given pid file.

--client=host
    Instead of running the jobs locally, send and run them on the given host or set of hosts. See client/server section.

--idle-prof=option
    Report cpu idleness on a system or percpu basis (option=system,percpu) or run unit work calibration only (option=calibrate).

JOB FILE FORMAT
Job files are in `ini' format. They consist of one or more job definitions, which begin with a job name in square brackets and extend to the next job name. The job name can be any ASCII string except `global', which has a special meaning. Following the job name is a sequence of zero or more parameters, one per line, that define the behavior of the job. Any line starting with a `;' or `#' character is considered a comment and ignored.

If jobfile is specified as `-', the job file will be read from standard input.

  Global Section
The global section contains default parameters for jobs specified in the job file. A job is only affected by global sections residing above it, and there may be any number of global sections. Specific job definitions may override any parameter set in global sections.

JOB PARAMETERS

  Types
Some parameters may take arguments of a specific type. Anywhere a numeric value is required, an arithmetic expression may be used, provided it is surrounded by parentheses. Supported operators are:

        addition (+)

        subtraction (-)

        multiplication (*)

        division (/)

        modulus (%)

        exponentiation (^)

For time values in expressions, units are microseconds by default. This is different than for time values not in expressions (not enclosed in parentheses). The types used are:

str String: a sequence of alphanumeric characters.

int SI integer: a whole number, possibly containing a suffix denoting the base unit of the value. Accepted suffixes are `k', 'M', 'G', 'T', and 'P', denoting kilo (1024), mega (1024^2), giga (1024^3), tera (1024^4), and peta (1024^5) respectively. If prefixed with '0x', the value is assumed to be base 16 (hexadecimal). A suffix may include a trailing 'b', for instance 'kb' is identical to 'k'. You can specify a base 10 value by using 'KiB', 'MiB','GiB', etc. This is useful for disk drives where values are often given in base 10 values. Specifying '30GiB' will get you 30*1000^3 bytes. When specifying times the default suffix meaning changes, still denoting the base unit of the value, but accepted suffixes are 'D' (days), 'H' (hours), 'M' (minutes), 'S' Seconds, 'ms' (or msec) milli seconds, 'us' (or 'usec') micro seconds. Time values without a unit specify seconds. The suffixes are not case sensitive.

bool
    Boolean: a true or false value. `0' denotes false, `1' denotes true.

irange
    Integer range: a range of integers specified in the format lower:upper or lower-upper. lower and upper may contain a suffix as described above. If an option allows two sets of ranges, they are separated with a `,' or `/' character. For example: `8-8k/8M-4G'.

float_list
    List of floating numbers: A list of floating numbers, separated by a ':' character.

  Parameter List

name=str
    May be used to override the job name. On the command line, this parameter has the special purpose of signalling the start of a new job.

wait_for=str
    Specifies the name of the already defined job to wait for. Single waitee name only may be specified. If set, the job won't be started until all workers of the waitee job are done. Wait_for operates on the job name basis, so there are a few limitations. First, the waitee must be defined prior to the waiter job (meaning no forward references). Second, if a job is being referenced as a waitee, it must have a unique name (no duplicate waitees).

description=str
    Human-readable description of the job. It is printed when the job is run, but otherwise has no special purpose.

directory=str
    Prefix filenames with this directory. Used to place files in a location other than `./'. You can specify a number of directories by separating the names with a ':' character. These directories will be assigned equally distributed to job clones creates with numjobs as long as they are using generated filenames. If specific filename(s) are set fio will use the first listed directory, and thereby matching the filename semantic which generates a file each clone if not specified, but let all clones use the same if set. See filename for considerations regarding escaping certain characters on some platforms.

filename=str
    fio normally makes up a file name based on the job name, thread number, and file number. If you want to share files between threads in a job or several jobs, specify a filename for each of them to override the default. If the I/O engine is file-based, you can specify a number of files by separating the names with a `:' character. `-' is a reserved name, meaning stdin or stdout, depending on the read/write direction set. On Windows, disk devices are accessed as \.PhysicalDrive0 for the first device, \.PhysicalDrive1 for the second etc. Note: Windows and FreeBSD prevent write access to areas of the disk containing in-use data (e.g. filesystems). If the wanted filename does need to include a colon, then escape that with a '\' character. For instance, if the filename is "/dev/dsk/foo@3,0:c", then you would use filename="/dev/dsk/foo@3,0\:c".

filename_format=str
    If sharing multiple files between jobs, it is usually necessary to have fio generate the exact names that you want. By default, fio will name a file based on the default file format specification of jobname.jobnumber.filenumber. With this option, that can be customized. Fio will recognize and replace the following keywords in this string:

        $jobname
            The name of the worker thread or process.

        $jobnum
            The incremental number of the worker thread or process.

        $filenum
            The incremental number of the file for that worker thread or process.

    To have dependent jobs share a set of files, this option can be set to have fio generate filenames that are shared between the two. For instance, if testfiles.$filenum is specified, file number 4 for any job will be named testfiles.4. The default of $jobname.$jobnum.$filenum will be used if no other format specifier is given.

unique_filename=bool
    To avoid collisions between networked clients, fio defaults to prefixing any generated filenames (with a directory specified) with the source of the client connecting. To disable this behavior, set this option to 0.

lockfile=str
    Fio defaults to not locking any files before it does IO to them. If a file or file descriptor is shared, fio can serialize IO to that file to make the end result consistent. This is usual for emulating real workloads that share files. The lock modes are:

        none
            No locking. This is the default.

        exclusive
            Only one thread or process may do IO at a time, excluding all others.

        readwrite
            Read-write locking on the file. Many readers may access the file at the same time, but writes get exclusive access.

opendir=str Recursively open any files below directory str.

readwrite=str, rw=str
    Type of I/O pattern. Accepted values are:

        read
            Sequential reads.

        write
            Sequential writes.

        trim
            Sequential trim (Linux block devices only).

        randread
            Random reads.

        randwrite
            Random writes.

        randtrim
            Random trim (Linux block devices only).

        rw, readwrite
            Mixed sequential reads and writes.

        randrw
            Mixed random reads and writes.

        trimwrite
            Trim and write mixed workload. Blocks will be trimmed first, then the same blocks will be written to.

    Fio defaults to read if the option is not specified. For mixed I/O, the default split is 50/50. For certain types of io the result may still be skewed a bit, since the speed may be different. It is possible to specify a number of IO's to do before getting a new offset, this is done by appending a `:<nr> to the end of the string given. For a random read, it would look like rw=randread:8 for passing in an offset modifier with a value of 8. If the postfix is used with a sequential IO pattern, then the value specified will be added to the generated offset for each IO. For instance, using rw=write:4k will skip 4k for every write. It turns sequential IO into sequential IO with holes. See the rw_sequencer option.

rw_sequencer=str
    If an offset modifier is given by appending a number to the rw=<str> line, then this option controls how that number modifies the IO offset being generated. Accepted values are:

        sequential
            Generate sequential offset

        identical
            Generate the same offset

    sequential is only useful for random IO, where fio would normally generate a new random offset for every IO. If you append eg 8 to randread, you would get a new random offset for every 8 IO's. The result would be a seek for only every 8 IO's, instead of for every IO. Use rw=randread:8 to specify that. As sequential IO is already sequential, setting sequential for that would not result in any differences. identical behaves in a similar fashion, except it sends the same offset 8 number of times before generating a new offset.

kb_base=int
    The base unit for a kilobyte. The defacto base is 2^10, 1024. Storage manufacturers like to use 10^3 or 1000 as a base ten unit instead, for obvious reasons. Allowed values are 1024 or 1000, with 1024 being the default.

unified_rw_reporting=bool
    Fio normally reports statistics on a per data direction basis, meaning that read, write, and trim are accounted and reported separately. If this option is set fio sums the results and reports them as "mixed" instead.

randrepeat=bool
    Seed the random number generator used for random I/O patterns in a predictable way so the pattern is repeatable across runs. Default: true.

allrandrepeat=bool
    Seed all random number generators in a predictable way so results are repeatable across runs. Default: false.

randseed=int
    Seed the random number generators based on this seed value, to be able to control what sequence of output is being generated. If not set, the random sequence depends on the randrepeat setting.

fallocate=str
    Whether pre-allocation is performed when laying down files. Accepted values are:

        none
            Do not pre-allocate space.

        posix
            Pre-allocate via posix_fallocate(3).

        keep
            Pre-allocate via fallocate(2) with FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE set.

        0   Backward-compatible alias for 'none'.

        1   Backward-compatible alias for 'posix'.

    May not be available on all supported platforms. 'keep' is only available on Linux. If using ZFS on Solaris this must be set to 'none' because ZFS doesn't support it. Default: 'posix'.

fadvise_hint=bool
    Use posix_fadvise(2) to advise the kernel what I/O patterns are likely to be issued. Default: true.

fadvise_stream=int
    Use posix_fadvise(2) to advise the kernel what stream ID the writes issued belong to. Only supported on Linux. Note, this option may change going forward.

size=int
    Total size of I/O for this job. fio will run until this many bytes have been transferred, unless limited by other options (runtime, for instance, or increased/descreased by io_size). Unless nrfiles and filesize options are given, this amount will be divided between the available files for the job. If not set, fio will use the full size of the given files or devices. If the files do not exist, size must be given. It is also possible to give size as a percentage between 1 and 100. If size=20% is given, fio will use 20% of the full size of the given files or devices.

io_size=int, io_limit =int
    Normally fio operates within the region set by size, which means that the size option sets both the region and size of IO to be performed. Sometimes that is not what you want. With this option, it is possible to define just the amount of IO that fio should do. For instance, if size is set to 20G and io_limit is set to 5G, fio will perform IO within the first 20G but exit when 5G have been done. The opposite is also possible - if size is set to 20G, and io_size is set to 40G, then fio will do 40G of IO within the 0..20G region.

fill_device=bool, fill_fs=bool
    Sets size to something really large and waits for ENOSPC (no space left on device) as the terminating condition. Only makes sense with sequential write. For a read workload, the mount point will be filled first then IO started on the result. This option doesn't make sense if operating on a raw device node, since the size of that is already known by the file system. Additionally, writing beyond end-of-device will not return ENOSPC there.

filesize=irange
    Individual file sizes. May be a range, in which case fio will select sizes for files at random within the given range, limited to size in total (if that is given). If filesize is not specified, each created file is the same size.

file_append=bool
    Perform IO after the end of the file. Normally fio will operate within the size of a file. If this option is set, then fio will append to the file instead. This has identical behavior to setting offset to the size of a file. This option is ignored on non-regular files.

blocksize=int[,int], bs=int[,int]
    Block size for I/O units. Default: 4k. Values for reads, writes, and trims can be specified separately in the format read,write,trim either of which may be empty to leave that value at its default. If a trailing comma isn't given, the remainder will inherit the last value set.

blocksize_range=irange[,irange], bsrange=irange[,irange]
    Specify a range of I/O block sizes. The issued I/O unit will always be a multiple of the minimum size, unless blocksize_unaligned is set. Applies to both reads and writes if only one range is given, but can be specified separately with a comma separating the values. Example: bsrange=1k-4k,2k-8k. Also (see blocksize).

bssplit=str
    This option allows even finer grained control of the block sizes issued, not just even splits between them. With this option, you can weight various block sizes for exact control of the issued IO for a job that has mixed block sizes. The format of the option is bssplit=blocksize/percentage, optionally adding as many definitions as needed separated by a colon. Example: bssplit=4k/10:64k/50:32k/40 would issue 50% 64k blocks, 10% 4k blocks and 40% 32k blocks. bssplit also supports giving separate splits to reads and writes. The format is identical to what the bs option accepts, the read and write parts are separated with a comma.

blocksize_unaligned, bs_unaligned
    If set, any size in blocksize_range may be used. This typically won't work with direct I/O, as that normally requires sector alignment.

blockalign=int[,int], ba=int[,int]
    At what boundary to align random IO offsets. Defaults to the same as 'blocksize' the minimum blocksize given. Minimum alignment is typically 512b for using direct IO, though it usually depends on the hardware block size. This option is mutually exclusive with using a random map for files, so it will turn off that option.

bs_is_seq_rand=bool
    If this option is set, fio will use the normal read,write blocksize settings as sequential,random instead. Any random read or write will use the WRITE blocksize settings, and any sequential read or write will use the READ blocksize setting.

zero_buffers
    Initialize buffers with all zeros. Default: fill buffers with random data.

refill_buffers
    If this option is given, fio will refill the IO buffers on every submit. The default is to only fill it at init time and reuse that data. Only makes sense if zero_buffers isn't specified, naturally. If data verification is enabled, refill_buffers is also automatically enabled.

scramble_buffers=bool
    If refill_buffers is too costly and the target is using data deduplication, then setting this option will slightly modify the IO buffer contents to defeat normal de-dupe attempts. This is not enough to defeat more clever block compression attempts, but it will stop naive dedupe of blocks. Default: true.

buffer_compress_percentage=int
    If this is set, then fio will attempt to provide IO buffer content (on WRITEs) that compress to the specified level. Fio does this by providing a mix of random data and a fixed pattern. The fixed pattern is either zeroes, or the pattern specified by buffer_pattern. If the pattern option is used, it might skew the compression ratio slightly. Note that this is per block size unit, for file/disk wide compression level that matches this setting. Note that this is per block size unit, for file/disk wide compression level that matches this setting, you'll also want to set refill_buffers.

buffer_compress_chunk=int
    See buffer_compress_percentage. This setting allows fio to manage how big the ranges of random data and zeroed data is. Without this set, fio will provide buffer_compress_percentage of blocksize random data, followed by the remaining zeroed. With this set to some chunk size smaller than the block size, fio can alternate random and zeroed data throughout the IO buffer.

buffer_pattern=str
    If set, fio will fill the IO buffers with this pattern. If not set, the contents of IO buffers is defined by the other options related to buffer contents. The setting can be any pattern of bytes, and can be prefixed with 0x for hex values. It may also be a string, where the string must then be wrapped with "", e.g.:
        buffer_pattern="abcd"
            or
        buffer_pattern=-12
            or
        buffer_pattern=0xdeadface

    Also you can combine everything together in any order:

        buffer_pattern=0xdeadface"abcd"-12

dedupe_percentage=int
    If set, fio will generate this percentage of identical buffers when writing. These buffers will be naturally dedupable. The contents of the buffers depend on what other buffer compression settings have been set. It's possible to have the individual buffers either fully compressible, or not at all. This option only controls the distribution of unique buffers.

nrfiles=int
    Number of files to use for this job. Default: 1.

openfiles=int
    Number of files to keep open at the same time. Default: nrfiles.

file_service_type=str
    Defines how files to service are selected. The following types are defined:

        random
            Choose a file at random.

        roundrobin
            Round robin over opened files (default).

        sequential
            Do each file in the set sequentially.

        zipf
            Use a zipfian distribution to decide what file to access.

        pareto
            Use a pareto distribution to decide what file to access.

        gauss
            Use a gaussian (normal) distribution to decide what file to access.

    For random, roundrobin, and sequential, a postfix can be appended to tell fio how many I/Os to issue before switching to a new file. For example, specifying file_service_type=random:8 would cause fio to issue 8 I/Os before selecting a new file at random. For the non-uniform distributions, a floating point postfix can be given to influence how the distribution is skewed. See random_distribution for a description of how that would work.

ioengine=str
    Defines how the job issues I/O. The following types are defined:

        sync
            Basic read(2) or write(2) I/O. fseek(2) is used to position the I/O location.

        psync
            Basic pread(2) or pwrite(2) I/O. Default on all supported operating systems except for Windows.

        vsync
            Basic readv(2) or writev(2) I/O. Will emulate queuing by coalescing adjacent IOs into a single submission.

        pvsync
            Basic preadv(2) or pwritev(2) I/O.

        pvsync2
            Basic preadv2(2) or pwritev2(2) I/O.

        libaio
            Linux native asynchronous I/O. This ioengine defines engine specific options.

        posixaio
            POSIX asynchronous I/O using aio_read(3) and aio_write(3).

        solarisaio
            Solaris native asynchronous I/O.

        windowsaio
            Windows native asynchronous I/O. Default on Windows.

        mmap
            File is memory mapped with mmap(2) and data copied using memcpy(3).

        splice
            splice(2) is used to transfer the data and vmsplice(2) to transfer data from user-space to the kernel.

        sg  SCSI generic sg v3 I/O. May be either synchronous using the SG_IO ioctl, or if the target is an sg character device, we use read(2) and write(2) for asynchronous I/O.

        null
            Doesn't transfer any data, just pretends to. Mainly used to exercise fio itself and for debugging and testing purposes.

        net Transfer over the network. The protocol to be used can be defined with the protocol parameter. Depending on the protocol, filename, hostname, port, or listen must be specified. This ioengine defines engine specific options.

        netsplice
            Like net, but uses splice(2) and vmsplice(2) to map data and send/receive. This ioengine defines engine specific options.

        cpuio
            Doesn't transfer any data, but burns CPU cycles according to cpuload and cpuchunks parameters. A job never finishes unless there is at least one non-cpuio job.

        guasi
            The GUASI I/O engine is the Generic Userspace Asynchronous Syscall Interface approach to asynchronous I/O.
            See <http://www.xmailserver.org/guasi-lib.html>.

        rdma
            The RDMA I/O engine supports both RDMA memory semantics (RDMA_WRITE/RDMA_READ) and channel semantics (Send/Recv) for the InfiniBand, RoCE and iWARP protocols.

        external
            Loads an external I/O engine object file. Append the engine filename as `:enginepath'.

        falloc
               IO engine that does regular linux native fallocate call to simulate data transfer as fio ioengine
              DDIR_READ does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE,)
              DIR_WRITE does fallocate(,mode = 0)
              DDIR_TRIM does fallocate(,mode = FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE|FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE)

        e4defrag
            IO engine that does regular EXT4_IOC_MOVE_EXT ioctls to simulate defragment activity request to DDIR_WRITE event

        rbd IO engine supporting direct access to Ceph Rados Block Devices (RBD) via librbd without the need to use the kernel rbd driver. This ioengine defines engine specific options.

        gfapi
            Using Glusterfs libgfapi sync interface to direct access to Glusterfs volumes without having to go through FUSE. This ioengine defines engine specific options.

        gfapi_async
            Using Glusterfs libgfapi async interface to direct access to Glusterfs volumes without having to go through FUSE. This ioengine defines engine specific options.

        libhdfs
            Read and write through Hadoop (HDFS). The filename option is used to specify host,port of the hdfs name-node to connect. This engine interprets offsets a little differently. In HDFS, files once created cannot be modified. So random writes are not possible. To imitate this, libhdfs engine expects bunch of small files to be created over HDFS, and engine will randomly pick a file out of those files based on the offset generated by fio backend. (see the example job file to create such files, use rw=write option). Please note, you might want to set necessary environment variables to work with hdfs/libhdfs properly.

        mtd Read, write and erase an MTD character device (e.g., /dev/mtd0). Discards are treated as erases. Depending on the underlying device type, the I/O may have to go in a certain pattern, e.g., on NAND, writing sequentially to erase blocks and discarding before overwriting. The writetrim mode works well for this constraint.

        pmemblk
            Read and write through the NVML libpmemblk interface.

iodepth=int
    Number of I/O units to keep in flight against the file. Note that increasing iodepth beyond 1 will not affect synchronous ioengines (except for small degress when verify_async is in use). Even async engines may impose OS restrictions causing the desired depth not to be achieved. This may happen on Linux when using libaio and not setting direct=1, since buffered IO is not async on that OS. Keep an eye on the IO depth distribution in the fio output to verify that the achieved depth is as expected. Default: 1.

iodepth_batch=int, iodepth_batch_submit=int
    This defines how many pieces of IO to submit at once. It defaults to 1 which means that we submit each IO as soon as it is available, but can be raised to submit bigger batches of IO at the time. If it is set to 0 the iodepth value will be used.

iodepth_batch_complete_min=int, iodepth_batch_complete=int
    This defines how many pieces of IO to retrieve at once. It defaults to 1 which
     means that we'll ask for a minimum of 1 IO in the retrieval process from the kernel. The IO retrieval will go on until we hit the limit set by iodepth_low. If this variable is set to 0, then fio will always check for completed events before queuing more IO. This helps reduce IO latency, at the cost of more retrieval system calls.

iodepth_batch_complete_max=int
    This defines maximum pieces of IO to retrieve at once. This variable should be used along with iodepth_batch_complete_min=int variable, specifying the range of min and max amount of IO which should be retrieved. By default it is equal to iodepth_batch_complete_min value. Example #1:
        iodepth_batch_complete_min=1

        iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth>
    which means that we will retrieve at leat 1 IO and up to the whole submitted queue depth. If none of IO has been completed yet, we will wait. Example #2:
        iodepth_batch_complete_min=0

        iodepth_batch_complete_max=<iodepth>
    which means that we can retrieve up to the whole submitted queue depth, but if none of IO has been completed yet, we will NOT wait and immediately exit the system call. In this example we simply do polling.

iodepth_low=int
    Low watermark indicating when to start filling the queue again. Default: iodepth.

io_submit_mode=str
    This option controls how fio submits the IO to the IO engine. The default is inline, which means that the fio job threads submit and reap IO directly. If set to offload, the job threads will offload IO submission to a dedicated pool of IO threads. This requires some coordination and thus has a bit of extra overhead, especially for lower queue depth IO where it can increase latencies. The benefit is that fio can manage submission rates independently of the device completion rates. This avoids skewed latency reporting if IO gets back up on the device side (the coordinated omission problem).

direct=bool
    If true, use non-buffered I/O (usually O_DIRECT). Default: false.

atomic=bool
    If value is true, attempt to use atomic direct IO. Atomic writes are guaranteed to be stable once acknowledged by the operating system. Only Linux supports O_ATOMIC right now.

buffered=bool
    If true, use buffered I/O. This is the opposite of the direct parameter. Default: true.

offset=int
    Offset in the file to start I/O. Data before the offset will not be touched.

offset_increment=int
    If this is provided, then the real offset becomes the offset + offset_increment * thread_number, where the thread number is a counter that starts at 0 and is incremented for each sub-job (i.e. when numjobs option is specified). This option is useful if there are several jobs which are intended to operate on a file in parallel disjoint segments, with even spacing between the starting points.

number_ios=int
    Fio will normally perform IOs until it has exhausted the size of the region set by size, or if it exhaust the allocated time (or hits an error condition). With this setting, the range/size can be set independently of the number of IOs to perform. When fio reaches this number, it will exit normally and report status. Note that this does not extend the amount of IO that will be done, it will only stop fio if this condition is met before other end-of-job criteria.

fsync=int
    How many I/Os to perform before issuing an fsync(2) of dirty data. If 0, don't sync. Default: 0.

fdatasync=int
    Like fsync, but uses fdatasync(2) instead to only sync the data parts of the file. Default: 0.

write_barrier=int
    Make every Nth write a barrier write.

sync_file_range=str:int
    Use sync_file_range(2) for every val number of write operations. Fio will track range of writes that have happened since the last sync_file_range(2) call. str can currently be one or more of:

    wait_before
        SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE

    write
        SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE

    wait_after
        SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE

So if you do sync_file_range=wait_before,write:8, fio would use
    SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE | SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE for every 8 writes. Also see the sync_file_range(2) man page. This option is Linux specific.

overwrite=bool
    If writing, setup the file first and do overwrites. Default: false.

end_fsync=bool
    Sync file contents when a write stage has completed. Default: false.

fsync_on_close=bool
    If true, sync file contents on close. This differs from end_fsync in that it will happen on every close, not just at the end of the job. Default: false.

rwmixread=int
    Percentage of a mixed workload that should be reads. Default: 50.

rwmixwrite=int
    Percentage of a mixed workload that should be writes. If rwmixread and rwmixwrite are given and do not sum to 100%, the latter of the two overrides the first. This may interfere with a given rate setting, if fio is asked to limit reads or writes to a certain rate. If that is the case, then the distribution may be skewed. Default: 50.

random_distribution=str:float
    By default, fio will use a completely uniform random distribution when asked to perform random IO. Sometimes it is useful to skew the distribution in specific ways, ensuring that some parts of the data is more hot than others. Fio includes the following distribution models:

    random
        Uniform random distribution

    zipf
        Zipf distribution

    pareto
        Pareto distribution

    gauss
        Normal (gaussian) distribution

    zoned
        Zoned random distribution

When using a zipf or pareto distribution, an input value is also
    needed to define the access pattern. For zipf, this is the zipf theta. For pareto, it's the pareto power. Fio includes a test program, genzipf, that can be used visualize what the given input values will yield in terms of hit rates. If you wanted to use zipf with a theta of 1.2, you would use random_distribution=zipf:1.2 as the option. If a non-uniform model is used, fio will disable use of the random map. For the gauss distribution, a normal deviation is supplied as a value between 0 and 100.

    For a zoned distribution, fio supports specifying percentages of IO access that should fall within what range of the file or device. For example, given a criteria of:

        60% of accesses should be to the first 10%
        30% of accesses should be to the next 20%
        8% of accesses should be to to the next 30%
        2% of accesses should be to the next 40%

    we can define that through zoning of the random accesses. For the above example, the user would do:

        random_distribution=zoned:60/10:30/20:8/30:2/40

    similarly to how bssplit works for setting ranges and percentages of block sizes. Like bssplit, it's possible to specify separate zones for reads, writes, and trims. If just one set is given, it'll apply to all of them.

percentage_random=int
    For a random workload, set how big a percentage should be random. This defaults to 100%, in which case the workload is fully random. It can be set from anywhere from 0 to 100. Setting it to 0 would make the workload fully sequential. It is possible to set different values for reads, writes, and trim. To do so, simply use a comma separated list. See blocksize.

norandommap
    Normally fio will cover every block of the file when doing random I/O. If this parameter is given, a new offset will be chosen without looking at past I/O history. This parameter is mutually exclusive with verify.

softrandommap=bool
    See norandommap. If fio runs with the random block map enabled and it fails to allocate the map, if this option is set it will continue without a random block map. As coverage will not be as complete as with random maps, this option is disabled by default.

random_generator=str
    Fio supports the following engines for generating IO offsets for random IO:

    tausworthe
        Strong 2^88 cycle random number generator

    lfsr
        Linear feedback shift register generator

    tausworthe64
        Strong 64-bit 2^258 cycle random number generator

Tausworthe is a strong random number generator, but it requires tracking on the
    side if we want to ensure that blocks are only read or written once. LFSR guarantees that we never generate the same offset twice, and it's also less computationally expensive. It's not a true random generator, however, though for IO purposes it's typically good enough. LFSR only works with single block sizes, not with workloads that use multiple block sizes. If used with such a workload, fio may read or write some blocks multiple times. The default value is tausworthe, unless the required space exceeds 2^32 blocks. If it does, then tausworthe64 is selected automatically.

nice=int
    Run job with given nice value. See nice(2).

prio=int
    Set I/O priority value of this job between 0 (highest) and 7 (lowest). See ionice(1).

prioclass=int
    Set I/O priority class. See ionice(1).

thinktime=int
    Stall job for given number of microseconds between issuing I/Os.

thinktime_spin=int
    Pretend to spend CPU time for given number of microseconds, sleeping the rest of the time specified by thinktime. Only valid if thinktime is set.

thinktime_blocks=int
    Only valid if thinktime is set - control how many blocks to issue, before waiting thinktime microseconds. If not set, defaults to 1 which will make fio wait thinktime microseconds after every block. This effectively makes any queue depth setting redundant, since no more than 1 IO will be queued before we have to complete it and do our thinktime. In other words, this setting effectively caps the queue depth if the latter is larger. Default: 1.

rate=int
    Cap bandwidth used by this job. The number is in bytes/sec, the normal postfix rules apply. You can use rate=500k to limit reads and writes to 500k each, or you can specify read and writes separately. Using rate=1m,500k would limit reads to 1MB/sec and writes to 500KB/sec. Capping only reads or writes can be done with rate=,500k or rate=500k,. The former will only limit writes (to 500KB/sec), the latter will only limit reads.

rate_min=int
    Tell fio to do whatever it can to maintain at least the given bandwidth. Failing to meet this requirement will cause the job to exit. The same format as rate is used for read vs write separation.

rate_iops=int
    Cap the bandwidth to this number of IOPS. Basically the same as rate, just specified independently of bandwidth. The same format as rate is used for read vs write separation. If blocksize is a range, the smallest block size is used as the metric.

rate_iops_min=int
    If this rate of I/O is not met, the job will exit. The same format as rate is used for read vs write separation.

rate_process=str
    This option controls how fio manages rated IO submissions. The default is linear, which submits IO in a linear fashion with fixed delays between IOs that gets adjusted based on IO completion rates. If this is set to poisson, fio will submit IO based on a more real world random request flow, known as the Poisson process (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_process). The lambda will be 10^6 / IOPS for the given workload.

rate_cycle=int
    Average bandwidth for rate and rate_min over this number of milliseconds. Default: 1000ms.

latency_target=int
    If set, fio will attempt to find the max performance point that the given workload will run at while maintaining a latency below this target. The values is given in microseconds. See latency_window and latency_percentile.

latency_window=int
    Used with latency_target to specify the sample window that the job is run at varying queue depths to test the performance. The value is given in microseconds.

latency_percentile=float
    The percentage of IOs that must fall within the criteria specified by latency_target and latency_window. If not set, this defaults to 100.0, meaning that all IOs must be equal or below to the value set by latency_target.

max_latency=int
    If set, fio will exit the job if it exceeds this maximum latency. It will exit with an ETIME error.

cpumask=int
    Set CPU affinity for this job. int is a bitmask of allowed CPUs the job may run on. See sched_setaffinity(2).

cpus_allowed=str
    Same as cpumask, but allows a comma-delimited list of CPU numbers.

cpus_allowed_policy=str
    Set the policy of how fio distributes the CPUs specified by cpus_allowed or cpumask. Two policies are supported:

        shared
            All jobs will share the CPU set specified.

        split
            Each job will get a unique CPU from the CPU set.

    shared is the default behaviour, if the option isn't specified. If split is specified, then fio will assign one cpu per job. If not enough CPUs are given for the jobs listed, then fio will roundrobin the CPUs in the set.

numa_cpu_nodes=str
    Set this job running on specified NUMA nodes' CPUs. The arguments allow comma delimited list of cpu numbers, A-B ranges, or 'all'.

numa_mem_policy=str
    Set this job's memory policy and corresponding NUMA nodes. Format of the arguments:

    <mode>[:<nodelist>]

    mode
        is one of the following memory policy:

    default, prefer, bind, interleave, local

For default and local memory policy, no nodelist is
    needed to be specified. For prefer, only one node is allowed. For bind and interleave, nodelist allows comma delimited list of numbers, A-B ranges, or 'all'.

startdelay=irange
    Delay start of job for the specified number of seconds. Supports all time suffixes to allow specification of hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds - seconds are the default if a unit is omitted. Can be given as a range which causes each thread to choose randomly out of the range.

runtime=int
    Terminate processing after the specified number of seconds.

time_based
    If given, run for the specified runtime duration even if the files are completely read or written. The same workload will be repeated as many times as runtime allows.

ramp_time=int
    If set, fio will run the specified workload for this amount of time before logging any performance numbers. Useful for letting performance settle before logging results, thus minimizing the runtime required for stable results. Note that the ramp_time is considered lead in time for a job, thus it will increase the total runtime if a special timeout or runtime is specified.

invalidate=bool
    Invalidate buffer-cache for the file prior to starting I/O. Default: true.

sync=bool
    Use synchronous I/O for buffered writes. For the majority of I/O engines, this means using O_SYNC. Default: false.

iomem=str, mem=str
    Allocation method for I/O unit buffer. Allowed values are:

        malloc
            Allocate memory with malloc(3). Default memory type.

        shm Use shared memory buffers allocated through shmget(2).

        shmhuge
            Same as shm, but use huge pages as backing.

        mmap
            Use mmap(2) for allocation. Uses anonymous memory unless a filename is given after the option in the format `:file'.

        mmaphuge
            Same as mmap, but use huge files as backing.

        mmapshared
            Same as mmap, but use a MMAP_SHARED mapping.

    The amount of memory allocated is the maximum allowed blocksize for the job multiplied by iodepth. For shmhuge or mmaphuge to work, the system must have free huge pages allocated. mmaphuge also needs to have hugetlbfs mounted, and file must point there. At least on Linux, huge pages must be manually allocated. See /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugehages and the documentation for that. Normally you just need to echo an appropriate number, eg echoing 8 will ensure that the OS has 8 huge pages ready for use.

iomem_align=int, mem_align=int
    This indicates the memory alignment of the IO memory buffers. Note that the given alignment is applied to the first IO unit buffer, if using iodepth the alignment of the following buffers are given by the bs used. In other words, if using a bs that is a multiple of the page sized in the system, all buffers will be aligned to this value. If using a bs that is not page aligned, the alignment of subsequent IO memory buffers is the sum of the iomem_align and bs used.

hugepage-size=int
    Defines the size of a huge page. Must be at least equal to the system setting. Should be a multiple of 1MB. Default: 4MB.

exitall
    Terminate all jobs when one finishes. Default: wait for each job to finish.

exitall_on_error =bool
    Terminate all jobs if one job finishes in error. Default: wait for each job to finish.

bwavgtime=int
    Average bandwidth calculations over the given time in milliseconds. If the job also does bandwidth logging through write_bw_log, then the minimum of this option and log_avg_msec will be used. Default: 500ms.

iopsavgtime=int
    Average IOPS calculations over the given time in milliseconds. If the job also does IOPS logging through write_iops_log, then the minimum of this option and log_avg_msec will be used. Default: 500ms.

create_serialize=bool
    If true, serialize file creation for the jobs. Default: true.

create_fsync=bool
    fsync(2) data file after creation. Default: true.

create_on_open=bool
    If true, the files are not created until they are opened for IO by the job.

create_only=bool
    If true, fio will only run the setup phase of the job. If files need to be laid out or updated on disk, only that will be done. The actual job contents are not executed.

allow_file_create=bool
    If true, fio is permitted to create files as part of its workload. This is the default behavior. If this option is false, then fio will error out if the files it needs to use don't already exist. Default: true.

allow_mounted_write=bool
    If this isn't set, fio will abort jobs that are destructive (eg that write) to what appears to be a mounted device or partition. This should help catch creating inadvertently destructive tests, not realizing that the test will destroy data on the mounted file system. Default: false.

pre_read=bool
    If this is given, files will be pre-read into memory before starting the given IO operation. This will also clear the invalidate flag, since it is pointless to pre-read and then drop the cache. This will only work for IO engines that are seekable, since they allow you to read the same data multiple times. Thus it will not work on eg network or splice IO.

unlink=bool
    Unlink job files when done. Default: false.

unlink_each_loop=bool
    Unlink job files after each iteration or loop. Default: false.

loops=int
    Specifies the number of iterations (runs of the same workload) of this job. Default: 1.

verify_only=bool
    Do not perform the specified workload, only verify data still matches previous invocation of this workload. This option allows one to check data multiple times at a later date without overwriting it. This option makes sense only for workloads that write data, and does not support workloads with the time_based option set.

do_verify=bool
    Run the verify phase after a write phase. Only valid if verify is set. Default: true.

verify=str
    Method of verifying file contents after each iteration of the job. Each verification method also implies verification of special header, which is written to the beginning of each block. This header also includes meta information, like offset of the block, block number, timestamp when block was written, etc. verify=str can be combined with verify_pattern=str option. The allowed values are:

        md5 crc16 crc32 crc32c crc32c-intel crc64 crc7 sha256 sha512 sha1 xxhash
            Store appropriate checksum in the header of each block. crc32c-intel is hardware accelerated SSE4.2 driven, falls back to regular crc32c if not supported by the system.

        meta
            This option is deprecated, since now meta information is included in generic verification header and meta verification happens by default. For detailed information see the description of the verify=str setting. This option is kept because of compatibility's sake with old configurations. Do not use it.

        pattern
            Verify a strict pattern. Normally fio includes a header with some basic information and checksumming, but if this option is set, only the specific pattern set with verify_pattern is verified.

        null
            Pretend to verify. Used for testing internals.
    This option can be used for repeated burn-in tests of a system to make sure that the written data is also correctly read back. If the data direction given is a read or random read, fio will assume that it should verify a previously written file. If the data direction includes any form of write, the verify will be of the newly written data.

verifysort=bool
    If true, written verify blocks are sorted if fio deems it to be faster to read them back in a sorted manner. Default: true.

verifysort_nr=int
    Pre-load and sort verify blocks for a read workload.

verify_offset=int
    Swap the verification header with data somewhere else in the block before writing. It is swapped back before verifying.

verify_interval=int
    Write the verification header for this number of bytes, which should divide blocksize. Default: blocksize.

verify_pattern=str
    If set, fio will fill the io buffers with this pattern. Fio defaults to filling with totally random bytes, but sometimes it's interesting to fill with a known pattern for io verification purposes. Depending on the width of the pattern, fio will fill 1/2/3/4 bytes of the buffer at the time(it can be either a decimal or a hex number). The verify_pattern if larger than a 32-bit quantity has to be a hex number that starts with either "0x" or "0X". Use with verify=str. Also, verify_pattern supports %o format, which means that for each block offset will be written and then verifyied back, e.g.:
        verify_pattern=%o
    Or use combination of everything:

        verify_pattern=0xff%o"abcd"-21

verify_fatal=bool
    If true, exit the job on the first observed verification failure. Default: false.

verify_dump=bool
    If set, dump the contents of both the original data block and the data block we read off disk to files. This allows later analysis to inspect just what kind of data corruption occurred. Off by default.

verify_async=int
    Fio will normally verify IO inline from the submitting thread. This option takes an integer describing how many async offload threads to create for IO verification instead, causing fio to offload the duty of verifying IO contents to one or more separate threads. If using this offload option, even sync IO engines can benefit from using an iodepth setting higher than 1, as it allows them to have IO in flight while verifies are running.

verify_async_cpus=str
    Tell fio to set the given CPU affinity on the async IO verification threads. See cpus_allowed for the format used.

verify_backlog=int
    Fio will normally verify the written contents of a job that utilizes verify once that job has completed. In other words, everything is written then everything is read back and verified. You may want to verify continually instead for a variety of reasons. Fio stores the meta data associated with an IO block in memory, so for large verify workloads, quite a bit of memory would be used up holding this meta data. If this option is enabled, fio will write only N blocks before verifying these blocks.

verify_backlog_batch=int
    Control how many blocks fio will verify if verify_backlog is set. If not set, will default to the value of verify_backlog (meaning the entire queue is read back and verified). If verify_backlog_batch is less than verify_backlog then not all blocks will be verified, if verify_backlog_batch is larger than verify_backlog, some blocks will be verified more than once.

trim_percentage=int
    Number of verify blocks to discard/trim.

trim_verify_zero=bool
    Verify that trim/discarded blocks are returned as zeroes.

trim_backlog=int
    Trim after this number of blocks are written.

trim_backlog_batch=int
    Trim this number of IO blocks.

experimental_verify=bool
    Enable experimental verification.

verify_state_save=bool
    When a job exits during the write phase of a verify workload, save its current state. This allows fio to replay up until that point, if the verify state is loaded for the verify read phase.

verify_state_load=bool
    If a verify termination trigger was used, fio stores the current write state of each thread. This can be used at verification time so that fio knows how far it should verify. Without this information, fio will run a full verification pass, according to the settings in the job file used.

stonewall , wait_for_previous
    Wait for preceding jobs in the job file to exit before starting this one. stonewall implies new_group.

new_group
    Start a new reporting group. If not given, all jobs in a file will be part of the same reporting group, unless separated by a stonewall.

numjobs=int
    Number of clones (processes/threads performing the same workload) of this job. Default: 1.

group_reporting
    If set, display per-group reports instead of per-job when numjobs is specified.

thread
    Use threads created with pthread_create(3) instead of processes created with fork(2).

zonesize=int
    Divide file into zones of the specified size in bytes. See zoneskip.

zonerange=int
    Give size of an IO zone. See zoneskip.

zoneskip=int
    Skip the specified number of bytes when zonesize bytes of data have been read.

write_iolog=str
    Write the issued I/O patterns to the specified file. Specify a separate file for each job, otherwise the iologs will be interspersed and the file may be corrupt.

read_iolog=str
    Replay the I/O patterns contained in the specified file generated by write_iolog, or may be a blktrace binary file.

replay_no_stall=int
    While replaying I/O patterns using read_iolog the default behavior attempts to respect timing information between I/Os. Enabling replay_no_stall causes I/Os to be replayed as fast as possible while still respecting ordering.

replay_redirect=str
    While replaying I/O patterns using read_iolog the default behavior is to replay the IOPS onto the major/minor device that each IOP was recorded from. Setting replay_redirect causes all IOPS to be replayed onto the single specified device regardless of the device it was recorded from.

replay_align=int
    Force alignment of IO offsets and lengths in a trace to this power of 2 value.

replay_scale=int
    Scale sector offsets down by this factor when replaying traces.

per_job_logs=bool
    If set, this generates bw/clat/iops log with per file private filenames. If not set, jobs with identical names will share the log filename. Default: true.

write_bw_log=str
    If given, write a bandwidth log for this job. Can be used to store data of the bandwidth of the jobs in their lifetime. The included fio_generate_plots script uses gnuplot to turn these text files into nice graphs. See write_lat_log for behaviour of given filename. For this option, the postfix is _bw.x.log, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.

write_lat_log=str
    Same as write_bw_log, but writes I/O completion latencies. If no filename is given with this option, the default filename of "jobname_type.x.log" is used, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). Even if the filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.

write_hist_log=str
    Same as write_lat_log, but writes I/O completion latency histograms. If no filename is given with this option, the default filename of "jobname_clat_hist.x.log" is used, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). Even if the filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.

write_iops_log=str
    Same as write_bw_log, but writes IOPS. If no filename is given with this option, the default filename of "jobname_type.x.log" is used, where x is the index of the job (1..N, where N is the number of jobs). Even if the filename is given, fio will still append the type of log. If per_job_logs is false, then the filename will not include the job index. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.

log_avg_msec=int
    By default, fio will log an entry in the iops, latency, or bw log for every IO that completes. When writing to the disk log, that can quickly grow to a very large size. Setting this option makes fio average the each log entry over the specified period of time, reducing the resolution of the log. See log_max_value as well. Defaults to 0, logging all entries.

log_max_value=bool
    If log_avg_msec is set, fio logs the average over that window. If you instead want to log the maximum value, set this option to 1. Defaults to 0, meaning that averaged values are logged.

log_hist_msec=int
    Same as log_avg_msec, but logs entries for completion latency histograms. Computing latency percentiles from averages of intervals using log_avg_msec is innacurate. Setting this option makes fio log histogram entries over the specified period of time, reducing log sizes for high IOPS devices while retaining percentile accuracy. See log_hist_coarseness as well. Defaults to 0, meaning histogram logging is disabled.

log_hist_coarseness=int
    Integer ranging from 0 to 6, defining the coarseness of the resolution of the histogram logs enabled with log_hist_msec. For each increment in coarseness, fio outputs half as many bins. Defaults to 0, for which histogram logs contain 1216 latency bins. See the LOG FILE FORMATS section.

log_offset=bool
    If this is set, the iolog options will include the byte offset for the IO entry as well as the other data values.

log_compression=int
    If this is set, fio will compress the IO logs as it goes, to keep the memory footprint lower. When a log reaches the specified size, that chunk is removed and compressed in the background. Given that IO logs are fairly highly compressible, this yields a nice memory savings for longer runs. The downside is that the compression will consume some background CPU cycles, so it may impact the run. This, however, is also true if the logging ends up consuming most of the system memory. So pick your poison. The IO logs are saved normally at the end of a run, by decompressing the chunks and storing them in the specified log file. This feature depends on the availability of zlib.

log_compression_cpus=str
    Define the set of CPUs that are allowed to handle online log compression for the IO jobs. This can provide better isolation between performance sensitive jobs, and background compression work.

log_store_compressed=bool
    If set, fio will store the log files in a compressed format. They can be decompressed with fio, using the --inflate-log command line parameter. The files will be stored with a .fz suffix.

log_unix_epoch=bool
    If set, fio will log Unix timestamps to the log files produced by enabling write_type_log for each log type, instead of the default zero-based timestamps.

block_error_percentiles=bool
    If set, record errors in trim block-sized units from writes and trims and output a histogram of how many trims it took to get to errors, and what kind of error was encountered.

disable_lat=bool
    Disable measurements of total latency numbers. Useful only for cutting back the number of calls to gettimeofday(2), as that does impact performance at really high IOPS rates. Note that to really get rid of a large amount of these calls, this option must be used with disable_slat and disable_bw as well.

disable_clat=bool
    Disable measurements of completion latency numbers. See disable_lat.

disable_slat=bool
    Disable measurements of submission latency numbers. See disable_lat.

disable_bw_measurement=bool
    Disable measurements of throughput/bandwidth numbers. See disable_lat.

lockmem=int
    Pin the specified amount of memory with mlock(2). Can be used to simulate a smaller amount of memory. The amount specified is per worker.

exec_prerun=str
    Before running the job, execute the specified command with system(3).
    Output is redirected in a file called jobname.prerun.txt

exec_postrun=str
    Same as exec_prerun, but the command is executed after the job completes.
    Output is redirected in a file called jobname.postrun.txt

ioscheduler=str
    Attempt to switch the device hosting the file to the specified I/O scheduler.

disk_util=bool
    Generate disk utilization statistics if the platform supports it. Default: true.

clocksource=str
    Use the given clocksource as the base of timing. The supported options are:

    gettimeofday
        gettimeofday(2)

    clock_gettime
        clock_gettime(2)

    cpu Internal CPU clock source

cpu is the preferred clocksource if it is reliable, as it is very fast
    (and fio is heavy on time calls). Fio will automatically use this clocksource if it's supported and considered reliable on the system it is running on, unless another clocksource is specifically set. For x86/x86-64 CPUs, this means supporting TSC Invariant.

gtod_reduce=bool
    Enable all of the gettimeofday(2) reducing options (disable_clat, disable_slat, disable_bw) plus reduce precision of the timeout somewhat to really shrink the gettimeofday(2) call count. With this option enabled, we only do about 0.4% of the gtod() calls we would have done if all time keeping was enabled.

gtod_cpu=int
    Sometimes it's cheaper to dedicate a single thread of execution to just getting the current time. Fio (and databases, for instance) are very intensive on gettimeofday(2) calls. With this option, you can set one CPU aside for doing nothing but logging current time to a shared memory location. Then the other threads/processes that run IO workloads need only copy that segment, instead of entering the kernel with a gettimeofday(2) call. The CPU set aside for doing these time calls will be excluded from other uses. Fio will manually clear it from the CPU mask of other jobs.

ignore_error=str
    Sometimes you want to ignore some errors during test in that case you can specify error list for each error type.
    ignore_error=READ_ERR_LIST,WRITE_ERR_LIST,VERIFY_ERR_LIST
    errors for given error type is separated with ':'. Error may be symbol ('ENOSPC', 'ENOMEM') or an integer.
    Example: ignore_error=EAGAIN,ENOSPC:122 .
    This option will ignore EAGAIN from READ, and ENOSPC and 122(EDQUOT) from WRITE.

error_dump=bool
    If set dump every error even if it is non fatal, true by default. If disabled only fatal error will be dumped

profile=str
    Select a specific builtin performance test.

cgroup=str
    Add job to this control group. If it doesn't exist, it will be created. The system must have a mounted cgroup blkio mount point for this to work. If your system doesn't have it mounted, you can do so with: # mount -t cgroup -o blkio none /cgroup

cgroup_weight=int
    Set the weight of the cgroup to this value. See the documentation that comes with the kernel, allowed values are in the range of 100..1000.

cgroup_nodelete=bool
    Normally fio will delete the cgroups it has created after the job completion. To override this behavior and to leave cgroups around after the job completion, set cgroup_nodelete=1. This can be useful if one wants to inspect various cgroup files after job completion. Default: false

uid=int
    Instead of running as the invoking user, set the user ID to this value before the thread/process does any work.

gid=int
    Set group ID, see uid.

unit_base=int
    Base unit for reporting. Allowed values are:

    0   Use auto-detection (default).

    8   Byte based.

    1   Bit based.

flow_id=int
    The ID of the flow. If not specified, it defaults to being a global flow. See flow.

flow=int
    Weight in token-based flow control. If this value is used, then there is a flow counter which is used to regulate the proportion of activity between two or more jobs. fio attempts to keep this flow counter near zero. The flow parameter stands for how much should be added or subtracted to the flow counter on each iteration of the main I/O loop. That is, if one job has flow=8 and another job has flow=-1, then there will be a roughly 1:8 ratio in how much one runs vs the other.

flow_watermark=int
    The maximum value that the absolute value of the flow counter is allowed to reach before the job must wait for a lower value of the counter.

flow_sleep=int
    The period of time, in microseconds, to wait after the flow watermark has been exceeded before retrying operations

clat_percentiles=bool
    Enable the reporting of percentiles of completion latencies.

percentile_list=float_list
    Overwrite the default list of percentiles for completion latencies and the block error histogram. Each number is a floating number in the range (0,100], and the maximum length of the list is 20. Use ':' to separate the numbers. For example, --percentile_list=99.5:99.9 will cause fio to report the values of completion latency below which 99.5% and 99.9% of the observed latencies fell, respectively.

  Ioengine Parameters List
Some parameters are only valid when a specific ioengine is in use. These are used identically to normal parameters, with the caveat that when used on the command line, they must come after the ioengine.

(cpuio)cpuload=int
    Attempt to use the specified percentage of CPU cycles.

(cpuio)cpuchunks=int
    Split the load into cycles of the given time. In microseconds.

(cpuio)exit_on_io_done=bool
    Detect when IO threads are done, then exit.

(libaio)userspace_reap
    Normally, with the libaio engine in use, fio will use the io_getevents system call to reap newly returned events. With this flag turned on, the AIO ring will be read directly from user-space to reap events. The reaping mode is only enabled when polling for a minimum of 0 events (eg when iodepth_batch_complete=0).

(pvsync2)hipri
    Set RWF_HIPRI on IO, indicating to the kernel that it's of higher priority than normal.

(net,netsplice)hostname=str
    The host name or IP address to use for TCP or UDP based IO. If the job is a TCP listener or UDP reader, the hostname is not used and must be omitted unless it is a valid UDP multicast address.

(net,netsplice)port=int
    The TCP or UDP port to bind to or connect to. If this is used with numjobs to spawn multiple instances of the same job type, then this will be the starting port number since fio will use a range of ports.

(net,netsplice)interface=str
    The IP address of the network interface used to send or receive UDP multicast packets.

(net,netsplice)ttl=int
    Time-to-live value for outgoing UDP multicast packets. Default: 1

(net,netsplice)nodelay=bool
    Set TCP_NODELAY on TCP connections.

(net,netsplice)protocol=str, proto=str
    The network protocol to use. Accepted values are:

        tcp Transmission control protocol

        tcpv6
            Transmission control protocol V6

        udp User datagram protocol

        udpv6
            User datagram protocol V6

        unix
            UNIX domain socket

    When the protocol is TCP or UDP, the port must also be given, as well as the hostname if the job is a TCP listener or UDP reader. For unix sockets, the normal filename option should be used and the port is invalid.

(net,netsplice)listen
    For TCP network connections, tell fio to listen for incoming connections rather than initiating an outgoing connection. The hostname must be omitted if this option is used.

(net,pingpong)=bool
    Normally a network writer will just continue writing data, and a network reader will just consume packets. If pingpong=1 is set, a writer will send its normal payload to the reader, then wait for the reader to send the same payload back. This allows fio to measure network latencies. The submission and completion latencies then measure local time spent sending or receiving, and the completion latency measures how long it took for the other end to receive and send back. For UDP multicast traffic pingpong=1 should only be set for a single reader when multiple readers are listening to the same address.

(net,window_size)=int
    Set the desired socket buffer size for the connection.

(net,mss)=int
    Set the TCP maximum segment size (TCP_MAXSEG).

(e4defrag,donorname)=str
    File will be used as a block donor (swap extents between files)

(e4defrag,inplace)=int
    Configure donor file block allocation strategy
    0(default): Preallocate donor's file on init

    1:  allocate space immediately inside defragment event, and free right after event

(rbd)clustername=str
    Specifies the name of the ceph cluster.

(rbd)rbdname=str
    Specifies the name of the RBD.

(rbd)pool=str
    Specifies the name of the Ceph pool containing the RBD.

(rbd)clientname=str
    Specifies the username (without the 'client.' prefix) used to access the Ceph cluster. If the clustername is specified, the clientname shall be the full type.id string. If no type. prefix is given, fio will add 'client.' by default.

(mtd)skipbad=bool
    Skip operations against known bad blocks.

OUTPUT
While running, fio will display the status of the created jobs. For example:

    Threads: 1: [_r] [24.8% done] [ 13509/ 8334 kb/s] [eta 00h:01m:31s]

The characters in the first set of brackets denote the current status of each threads. The possible values are:

    P   Setup but not started.
    C   Thread created.
    I   Initialized, waiting.
    R   Running, doing sequential reads.
    r   Running, doing random reads.
    W   Running, doing sequential writes.
    w   Running, doing random writes.
    M   Running, doing mixed sequential reads/writes.
    m   Running, doing mixed random reads/writes.
    F   Running, currently waiting for fsync(2).
    V   Running, verifying written data.
    E   Exited, not reaped by main thread.
    -   Exited, thread reaped.

The second set of brackets shows the estimated completion percentage of the current group. The third set shows the read and write I/O rate, respectively. Finally, the estimated run time of the job is displayed.

When fio completes (or is interrupted by Ctrl-C), it will show data for each thread, each group of threads, and each disk, in that order.

Per-thread statistics first show the threads client number, group-id, and error code. The remaining figures are as follows:

    io  Number of megabytes of I/O performed.

    bw  Average data rate (bandwidth).

    runt
        Threads run time.

    slat
        Submission latency minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation. This is the time it took to submit the I/O.

    clat
        Completion latency minimum, maximum, average and standard deviation. This is the time between submission and completion.

    bw  Bandwidth minimum, maximum, percentage of aggregate bandwidth received, average and standard deviation.

    cpu CPU usage statistics. Includes user and system time, number of context switches this thread went through and number of major and minor page faults. The CPU utilization numbers are averages for the jobs in that reporting group, while the context and fault counters are summed.

    IO depths
        Distribution of I/O depths. Each depth includes everything less than (or equal) to it, but greater than the previous depth.

    IO issued
        Number of read/write requests issued, and number of short read/write requests.

    IO latencies
        Distribution of I/O completion latencies. The numbers follow the same pattern as IO depths.

The group statistics show:
    io  Number of megabytes I/O performed.
    aggrb
        Aggregate bandwidth of threads in the group.
    minb
        Minimum average bandwidth a thread saw.
    maxb
        Maximum average bandwidth a thread saw.
    mint
        Shortest runtime of threads in the group.
    maxt
        Longest runtime of threads in the group.

Finally, disk statistics are printed with reads first:
    ios Number of I/Os performed by all groups.
    merge
        Number of merges in the I/O scheduler.
    ticks
        Number of ticks we kept the disk busy.
    io_queue
        Total time spent in the disk queue.
    util
        Disk utilization.

It is also possible to get fio to dump the current output while it is running, without terminating the job. To do that, send fio the USR1 signal.

TERSE OUTPUT
If the --minimal / --append-terse options are given, the results will be printed/appended in a semicolon-delimited format suitable for scripted use. A job description (if provided) follows on a new line. Note that the first number in the line is the version number. If the output has to be changed for some reason, this number will be incremented by 1 to signify that change. The fields are:

    terse version, fio version, jobname, groupid, error

    Read status:
        Total I/O (KB), bandwidth (KB/s), IOPS, runtime (ms)

        Submission latency:
            min, max, mean, standard deviation
        Completion latency:
            min, max, mean, standard deviation
        Completion latency percentiles (20 fields):
            Xth percentile=usec
        Total latency:
            min, max, mean, standard deviation
        Bandwidth:
            min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, standard deviation

    Write status:
        Total I/O (KB), bandwidth (KB/s), IOPS, runtime (ms)

        Submission latency:
            min, max, mean, standard deviation
        Completion latency:
            min, max, mean, standard deviation
        Completion latency percentiles (20 fields):
            Xth percentile=usec
        Total latency:
            min, max, mean, standard deviation
        Bandwidth:
            min, max, aggregate percentage of total, mean, standard deviation

    CPU usage:
        user, system, context switches, major page faults, minor page faults

    IO depth distribution:
        <=1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, >=64

    IO latency distribution:
        Microseconds:
            <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000
        Milliseconds:
            <=2, 4, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, >=2000

    Disk utilization (1 for each disk used):
        name, read ios, write ios, read merges, write merges, read ticks, write ticks, read in-queue time, write in-queue time, disk utilization percentage

    Error Info (dependent on continue_on_error, default off):
        total # errors, first error code

    text description (if provided in config - appears on newline)

TRACE FILE FORMAT
There are two trace file format that you can encounter. The older (v1) format is unsupported since version 1.20-rc3 (March 2008). It will still be described below in case that you get an old trace and want to understand it. In any case the trace is a simple text file with a single action per line.

Trace file format v1
    Each line represents a single io action in the following format: rw, offset, length where rw=0/1 for read/write, and the offset and length entries being in bytes. This format is not supported in Fio versions => 1.20-rc3.

Trace file format v2
    The second version of the trace file format was added in Fio version 1.17. It allows one to access more then one file per trace and has a bigger set of possible file actions. The first line of the trace file has to be: fio version 2 iolog Following this can be lines in two different formats, which are described below. The file management format: filename action The filename is given as an absolute path. The action can be one of these:

        add Add the given filename to the trace
        open
            Open the file with the given filename. The filename has to have been previously added with the add action.
        close
            Close the file with the given filename. The file must have previously been opened.

    The file io action format: filename action offset length The filename is given as an absolute path, and has to have been added and opened before it can be used with this format. The offset and length are given in bytes. The action can be one of these:

        wait
            Wait for 'offset' microseconds. Everything below 100 is discarded. The time is relative to the previous wait statement.
        read
            Read length bytes beginning from offset
        write
            Write length bytes beginning from offset
        sync
            fsync() the file
        datasync
            fdatasync() the file
        trim
            trim the given file from the given offset for length bytes

CPU IDLENESS PROFILING
In some cases, we want to understand CPU overhead in a test. For example, we test patches for the specific goodness of whether they reduce CPU usage. fio implements a balloon approach to create a thread per CPU that runs at idle priority, meaning that it only runs when nobody else needs the cpu. By measuring the amount of work completed by the thread, idleness of each CPU can be derived accordingly. An unit work is defined as touching a full page of unsigned characters. Mean and standard deviation of time to complete an unit work is reported in "unit work" section. Options can be chosen to report detailed percpu idleness or overall system idleness by aggregating percpu stats.

VERIFICATION AND TRIGGERS
Fio is usually run in one of two ways, when data verification is done. The first is a normal write job of some sort with verify enabled. When the write phase has completed, fio switches to reads and verifies everything it wrote. The second model is running just the write phase, and then later on running the same job (but with reads instead of writes) to repeat the same IO patterns and verify the contents. Both of these methods depend on the write phase being completed, as fio otherwise has no idea how much data was written. With verification triggers, fio supports dumping the current write state to local files. Then a subsequent read verify workload can load this state and know exactly where to stop. This is useful for testing cases where power is cut to a server in a managed fashion, for instance. A verification trigger consists of two things:
    Storing the write state of each job

    Executing a trigger command
The write state is relatively small, on the order of hundreds of bytes to single kilobytes. It contains information on the number of completions done, the last X completions, etc. A trigger is invoked either through creation (touch) of a specified file in the system, or through a timeout setting. If fio is run with --trigger-file=/tmp/trigger-file, then it will continually check for the existence of /tmp/trigger-file. When it sees this file, it will fire off the trigger (thus saving state, and executing the trigger command). For client/server runs, there's both a local and remote trigger. If fio is running as a server backend, it will send the job states back to the client for safe storage, then execute the remote trigger, if specified. If a local trigger is specified, the server will still send back the write state, but the client will then execute the trigger.

Verification trigger example
    Lets say we want to run a powercut test on the remote machine 'server'. Our write workload is in write-test.fio. We want to cut power to 'server' at some point during the run, and we'll run this test from the safety or our local machine, 'localbox'. On the server, we'll start the fio backend normally: server# fio --server and on the client, we'll fire off the workload: localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger-remote="bash -c "echo b > /proc/sysrq-triger"" We set /tmp/my-trigger as the trigger file, and we tell fio to execute echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger on the server once it has received the trigger and sent us the write state. This will work, but it's not really cutting power to the server, it's merely abruptly rebooting it. If we have a remote way of cutting power to the server through IPMI or similar, we could do that through a local trigger command instead. Lets assume we have a script that does IPMI reboot of a given hostname, ipmi-reboot. On localbox, we could then have run fio with a local trigger instead: localbox$ fio --client=server --trigger-file=/tmp/my-trigger --trigger="ipmi-reboot server" For this case, fio would wait for the server to send us the write state, then execute 'ipmi-reboot server' when that happened.

Loading verify state
    To load store write state, read verification job file must contain the verify_state_load option. If that is set, fio will load the previously stored state. For a local fio run this is done by loading the files directly, and on a client/server run, the server backend will ask the client to send the files over and load them from there.

LOG FILE FORMATS
Fio supports a variety of log file formats, for logging latencies, bandwidth, and IOPS. The logs share a common format, which looks like this: time (msec), value, data direction, offset Time for the log entry is always in milliseconds. The value logged depends on the type of log, it will be one of the following:

Latency log
    Value is in latency in usecs
Bandwidth log
    Value is in KB/sec
IOPS log
    Value is in IOPS

Data direction is one of the following:

0   IO is a READ
1   IO is a WRITE
2   IO is a TRIM

The offset is the offset, in bytes, from the start of the file, for that particular IO. The logging of the offset can be toggled with log_offset. If windowed logging is enabled though log_avg_msec, then fio doesn't log individual IOs. Instead of logs the average values over the specified period of time. Since data direction and offset are per-IO values, they aren't applicable if windowed logging is enabled. If windowed logging is enabled and log_max_value is set, then fio logs maximum values in that window instead of averages. For histogram logging the logs look like this: time (msec), data direction, block-size, bin 0, bin 1, ..., bin 1215 Where 'bin i' gives the frequency of IO requests with a latency falling in the i-th bin. See log_hist_coarseness for logging fewer bins.

CLIENT / SERVER
Normally you would run fio as a stand-alone application on the machine where the IO workload should be generated. However, it is also possible to run the frontend and backend of fio separately. This makes it possible to have a fio server running on the machine(s) where the IO workload should be running, while controlling it from another machine. To start the server, you would do: fio --server=args on that machine, where args defines what fio listens to. The arguments are of the form 'type:hostname or IP:port'. 'type' is either 'ip' (or ip4) for TCP/IP v4, 'ip6' for TCP/IP v6, or 'sock' for a local unix domain socket. 'hostname' is either a hostname or IP address, and 'port' is the port to listen to (only valid for TCP/IP, not a local socket). Some examples: 1) fio --server
   Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on the default port (8765). 2) fio --server=ip:hostname,4444
   Start a fio server, listening on IP belonging to hostname and on port 4444. 3) fio --server=ip6:::1,4444
   Start a fio server, listening on IPv6 localhost ::1 and on port 4444. 4) fio --server=,4444
   Start a fio server, listening on all interfaces on port 4444. 5) fio --server=1.2.3.4
   Start a fio server, listening on IP 1.2.3.4 on the default port. 6) fio --server=sock:/tmp/fio.sock
   Start a fio server, listening on the local socket /tmp/fio.sock. When a server is running, you can connect to it from a client. The client is run with: fio --local-args --client=server --remote-args <job file(s)> where --local-args are arguments that are local to the client where it is running, 'server' is the connect string, and --remote-args and <job file(s)> are sent to the server. The 'server' string follows the same format as it does on the server side, to allow IP/hostname/socket and port strings. You can connect to multiple clients as well, to do that you could run: fio --client=server2 --client=server2 <job file(s)> If the job file is located on the fio server, then you can tell the server to load a local file as well. This is done by using --remote-config: fio --client=server --remote-config /path/to/file.fio Then fio will open this local (to the server) job file instead of being passed one from the client. If you have many servers (example: 100 VMs/containers), you can input a pathname of a file containing host IPs/names as the parameter value for the --client option. For example, here is an example "host.list" file containing 2 hostnames: host1.your.dns.domain
host2.your.dns.domain The fio command would then be: fio --client=host.list <job file> In this mode, you cannot input server-specific parameters or job files, and all servers receive the same job file. In order to enable fio --client runs utilizing a shared filesystem from multiple hosts, fio --client now prepends the IP address of the server to the filename. For example, if fio is using directory /mnt/nfs/fio and is writing filename fileio.tmp, with a --client hostfile containing two hostnames h1 and h2 with IP addresses 192.168.10.120 and 192.168.10.121, then fio will create two files: /mnt/nfs/fio/192.168.10.120.fileio.tmp
/mnt/nfs/fio/192.168.10.121.fileio.tmp

AUTHORS
fio was written by Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>, now Jens Axboe <axboe@fb.com>.
This man page was written by Aaron Carroll <aaronc@cse.unsw.edu.au> based on documentation by Jens Axboe.

REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to the fio mailing list <fio@vger.kernel.org>. See README.

SEE ALSO
For further documentation see HOWTO and README.
Sample jobfiles are available in the examples directory.